Specific Legislation Research Articles

OS DESAFIOS DO DIREITO DAS SUCESSÕES NA HERANÇA DE BENS DIGITAIS NO BRASIL

This scientific article addresses the Inheritance of Digital Assets and the role of Succession Law in Brazil, with information regarding current legislation and examples of concrete cases. It presents examples of digital goods such as cryptoassets, items in virtual games, items stored on the Blockchain, among others. In this way, without intending to exhaust the topic, the authors bring up the importance of Succession Law linked to the lack of specific legislation on the topic, leaving it at the mercy of the judiciary to resolve broad issues or even the need for the owner of the assets to make a will directing instructions to heirs on how to access a certain asset, given the variety of items and their diverse economic value, which in some cases can even be compared to the values ​​of real estate in Brazil.

Influence of Longitudinal Fragmentation on Length–Weight Relationships of Fishes in the Someșul Cald River, Romania

Romania has a rich hydrographic network, which permitted the construction of over 80 large dams on its water courses, estimating a number between 545 and 674 hydropower plants that were either built or were in a different construction stage on the rivers of Romania in 2021. These hydropower plants were often built outside specific legislation regarding ecological impacts, especially before 1990. Longitudinal fragmentation of rivers causes severe ecological impacts on biodiversity, food chains, and nutrient cycles. Someșul Cald River is the main tributary of Someșul Mic River, the most important water source for the northwestern region of Transylvania. On its course, several dams and reservoirs were built from 1968 to 1980 for electricity production and population freshwater supply. The present study aimed to analyze the length–weight relationships (LWRs) and condition factors occurring in the longitudinally fragmented Someșul Cald River. The LWRs, relative condition factor Kn, and Fulton condition factor K were determined based on total length and wet body weight. Comparisons of LWRs, Kn, and K across river sections constrained by dams showed that some fish species exhibited similar growth patterns and physiological conditions, while others differed significantly. Freshwater fish physiology is altered by longitudinal fragmentation, both natural and artificial. Barriers such as dams influence the energy gradient, limiting feed availability and, consequently, the life history of fish species. Long-term management plans regarding conservation should take into consideration existing fish species population dynamics, along with their physiological and somatic status.

Risk Profile of Stalking in South Korea: Analyzing the First Year of Court Decisions Following Initial Legal Responses.

South Korea implemented specific legislation titled the Act on Punishment of Crimes of Stalking (APCS) on October 21, 2021, to address the issue of stalking. This study evaluated the risks associated with stalking incidents in South Korea by reviewing and analyzing legal cases with finalized judgments within the first year of the APCS. Data were collected through a systematic search of the Korean Supreme Court's Written Judgment Management System database. We identified 193 stalking-related cases between October 21, 2021, and October 14, 2022. These cases were analyzed based on four risk profile criteria: profiles of stalkers and victims, the nature of stalker-victim relationships, motivations behind stalking, and patterns of stalking behavior. Further, we reviewed cases to which the APCS and the Criminal Act applied by analyzing stalker-victim relationships and the stalkers' underlying motivations to assess the risks associated with stalking. Approximately 16.6% of stalkers were diagnosed with mental disorders, the most common disorder being psychosis. The average age of the victims was 42.84 years, with a higher prevalence of female victims compared to male ones. Predominantly, stalkers were former intimate partners of the victims, with most cases motivated by rejection. Direct contact methods, such as physical approaches, have been observed more frequently than indirect methods, such as repeated unwanted messages, or non-contact behaviors, including surveillance and loitering. The findings provide an up-to-date overview of the under-examined criminal stalking issue in South Korea.

International practice of state regulation in the field of gambling

State regulation in the field of gambling is an important factor for the harmonization of these relations and their adjustment. Currently, world practice does not have special legislation that would establish international requirements for the organization and conduct of gambling. However, the development of gambling business in other countries of the world has a long history and considerable experience of successful state regulation of these legal relations. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to study similar practices of other states and their possible consideration for further improvement of state regulation in the field of gambling in Ukraine. The article presents certain aspects of state regulation of activities related to the organization and conduct of gambling in some countries of Europe (Switzerland, France, Malta) and North America (United States of America, Canada). It is emphasized that public management and administration in the field of gambling should be aimed at solving the main problems of this sphere of social relations: meeting the needs and interests of a certain group of people; prevention of gambling; protection of citizens from criminal encroachments that pose a danger to a large segment of the population; full and timely receipt of taxes provided for by law to the state budget and their allocation to socially important needs; prevention of types of gambling addiction not permitted by law; combating corruption offenses and legalization (laundering) of proceeds obtained through crime, etc. As evidenced by international practice, in order to solve these problems and eliminate existing problems and risks in this area, a more or less permanent trend is developing in the world (for those countries in which gambling is allowed and controlled): the adoption at the national level of a special regulatory law (legal act); creation of a system of relevant authorized state bodies of public administration with the distribution of organizational, permitting, supervisory and jurisdictional powers; maintenance of the necessary balance of public interests and the interests of business entities and individuals by introducing a system of permissive, agreeable and prohibitive methods of legal regulation and relevant organizational and legal measures.

Features of the regulation of the legal status of public law legal entities in France

In the article, the author considers issues related to the legal status of legal entities under public law in France. The legal status of legal entities under public law is regulated by the Constitution of France, special legislation in the field of administrative law. The article analyzes the criteria for distinguishing legal entities into legal entities of private and public law, developed by the judicial practice of French courts. In the article, the author examines the types of legal entities of French public law, in particular, the latter include: the state, territorial entities, public institutions. The article examines the legal nature and types of public service, which is carried out in the field of defense, transport, and industry management. The article defines a public service, as a rule, the specified services do not have the status of a legal entity, the specified status belongs to the state that creates these services. The author researches public institutions of France that belong to legal entities under public law. The article defines the concept of a public institution, classifies public institutions according to various criteria, and defines the organizational structure of these institutions. A variety of public institutions is industrial and commercial in nature. The author examines the historical aspects of the emergence and development of this type of institution. The article examines the characteristics of a public institution, in particular, the following characteristics are distinguished: 1) it is a legal entity under public law; 2) has a socially beneficial purpose; 3) is under the supervision (guardianship) of the state can be fully applied to the legal regulation of public benefit institutions, which also have the status of a legal entity, pursue a socially beneficial goal, and are under the supervision (guardianship) of the state. The article examines the legal nature of associations of persons of liberal professions (lawyers, attorneys, notaries, doctors, pharmacists, veterinarians, and others). The article examines the judicial practice of French courts on issues of compensation for damage caused by the activities of a state institution. The author examines and investigates issues of the legal regime of property of legal entities under public law.

Current state of legal regulation of economic activities in the field of organizing and conducting gambling

The article is devoted to the issues of characterizing the current state of development of legal regulation of economic activity in the field of organization and conduct of gambling. The development of the gambling industry and market in Ukraine, their impact on social processes, including negative ones, the speed of regulatory reaction, tax revenues and other factors, shows the importance of this type of economic activity in the general economic environment and the need for its comprehensive study. It was determined that the regulation of social relations of this type of economic activity is characterized by a variety of norms that are involved in this process from different branches of law and the presence of current socially significant problems, the response to which is associated with possible changes to legislation. A separate component of these processes is the effect of martial law in Ukraine and the efforts of the subjects of regulatory and legal regulation to use the discretionary powers granted in connection with this. In turn, such actions, regardless of their positive nature, have law enforcement risks associated with the «legal purity» of the adopted normative legal acts. The author examines the current state of legal regulation of economic activity in the field of gambling, considers the possibility of alternative approaches to the generalization of the results of such an analysis, depending on the type of economic relations. It was determined that at the current stage of the development of legislation on gambling, the regulation of such economic activity can be carried out not only with the help of special legislation, but also by individual legal acts (Decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine on the introduction of sanctions), which is contrary to legal principles and the jurisdictional criterion of the origin of regulatory influence. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account the priority of legislative procedures before the regulatory reaction caused by the resonance of social problems, and it is proposed, taking into account the state of development of the gambling business in Ukraine, to apply special management regimes.

Advancing neonatal hearing screening in Latin America: Insights from pediatric otolaryngologists

ObjectiveTo assess the real-world application of legislative measures and regulations governing newborn hearing testing in Latin America. MethodsAn online survey was sent to the Interamerican Association of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology (IAPO) network to investigate neonatal hearing screening practices. Twelve questions were asked about legislation, implementation, and barriers to neonatal hearing screening. ResultsA total of 89 pediatric otolaryngologists representing 20 Latin American nations participated in this survey. The majority of respondents (64 %) indicated the existence of neonatal hearing laws within their respective countries and correctly named the specific legislation. However, it is noteworthy that over half (58 %) of pediatric ear, nose, and throat specialists reported that these laws are not consistently put into practice in their daily clinical routines. Respondents from five countries disclosed that neonatal hearing screening is not conducted within the first month of an infant’s life. ConclusionsWhile the majority of Latin American nations have established legislation concerning neonatal hearing screening, its application in clinical practice is lacking due to economic obstacles. Marked disparities across Latin America persist for neonatal hearing screening. Our study provides key insights and recommendations aimed at addressing these issues, including the need for stronger legislative enforcement, increased funding, improved infrastructure, targeted professional training, and expanded public education to strengthen this vital aspect of healthcare in Latin America.

Emerging Contaminants Related to Brazilian Aquaculture

ABSTRACTResearch efforts around the world have focused on identifying the occurrence of emerging contaminants in aquaculture areas. In the Brazilian context, studies have aimed to identify emerging contaminants in water used for this activity. This systematic review covered studies published without a specific time frame with the following criteria: research conducted in aquaculture areas or with species and cultured water in Brazil and analysis of emerging contaminants. Out of the 42 studies identified, 132 emerging contaminants were observed. The Southeast and South regions accounted for most of these studies, with limited research conducted in the North and Northeast regions. Tilapia was the most studied species, followed by mollusks. In toxicity tests, animals showed several effects, such as decreased oxygen consumption and swimming patterns, histopathological changes, inhibition of sperm production, cardiac edema, spinal deformity, and antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, advancements in research on emerging contaminants in Brazilian aquaculture are needed as the number of existing studies is lower compared to global numbers. Few studies have focused on analyzing cultivation sites to identify the contaminants present and their sources. Also noteworthy is the scarcity of work in the Northern region of Brazil and on native species. Characterizing these environments in terms of the types of contaminants and main sources of contamination is essential to finding ways to mitigate ecological and human health risks, as well as developing specific legislation for these contaminants because they are currently not part of routine monitoring programs and are therefore not regulated, especially in aquaculture environments.

BANK INDONESIA’S ROLE IN MITIGATING ISSUES OF MONETARY ECONOMIC SOVEREIGNTY AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Bank Indonesia has strategic authority to maintain the stability of monetary conditions in Indonesia through monetary policy. One concern is the risk is the emergence of shadow banking where fintech companies channel funds from the public. In the long term, this situation can impact the operational conditions of the banking system. One of Bank Indonesia’s mandates is to supervise the provision of services by fintech companies (peer-to-peer lending) to align with the national financial and payment vision and mission, including establishing interlinks between fintech and banking to avoid risks posed by shadow banking. Interlinking works if each party is willing to share customer data. If Bank Indonesia requires fintech companies to share customer or user data, it must be based on clear and specific legislation. This is crucial because user data falls under personal data, and the state must guarantee the protection of its citizens’ personal data. This article discusses the importance of legislation regarding the legitimacy of Bank Indonesia’s authority to regulate interlinks between fintech companies and Bank Indonesia, as well as banking institutions, to avoid shadow banking. The article employs a normative legal approach using literature and legal sources.

Право на необходимую оборону при защите имущественных и личных неимущественных прав: иллюзорное или реальное

Introduction. By virtue of the provisions of Article 45 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone is guaranteed the right to defend personal rights and freedoms in all ways not prohibited by law. This fundamental constitutional principle is reflected in Article 37 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), which enshrines the right of any person to the necessary defence, that is, to harm (up to deprivation of life) an encroaching person while suppressing socially dangerous encroachments protecting oneself or other persons, the legally protected interests of society or the state. For a long time, the issue of the possibility of protecting property rights, including housing, within the framework of necessary defense remained debatable. Finally, in May 2022, amendments were made to the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 09/27/2012 Nº 19, enshrining the right for necessary defense in the event of expected changes that will empower citizens to serve as a basis for their revision. In this regard, it should be recognised as relevant to consider the issue of determining the limits of lawful infliction of harm in the suppression of encroachments related to illegal penetration of housing. Within the framework of this work, the authors also consider the issue of determining the limits of lawful infliction of harm in defence against encroachments on personal non-property rights, both associated and not associated with the use or threat of use of violence dangerous to the life of the defender. Research methods: theoretical, comparativelegal, method of formal logics, method of interpretation of legal norms. Due to the results of the research, the authors give a list of situations which were not taken into account by the judicial community including the right to defend the house, which should serve as a basis for legal review of the case. In addition, the authors point to the need to optimize Article 37 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated September 27, 2012 No. 19 in terms of expanding the right for necessary defense due to the possibility of suppressing administrative offenses within its framework and bringing it into line with Article 37 of the Criminal Code, as well as other circumstances excluding criminality acts, «special legislation» defining the procedure and grounds for the use of force and weapons by law enforcement officers.

О коллизии норм гражданского законодательства в части определения порядка управления автономной некоммерческой организацией

Introduction. The article is devoted to the comparative legal analysis of the civil legislation norms establishing the requirements to the management of an autonomous non-profit organisation, which allowed us to identify the conflict of certain provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law ‘On Non-Profit Organisations’. Resolving the identified contradictions requires amendments to the special legislation on non-profit organisations to bring it into line with the requirements of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The aim of the work is to propose improvements to the Russian legislation on non-profit organisations, in particular, determining the procedure for managing autonomous non-profit organisations. Methods. When writing the article, the author used the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods of cognition, namely, analysis and synthesis, as well as such specific scientific methods as comparative-legal, formal-logical and other methods. Results. Based on the study of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law ‘On Non-Profit Organisations’, the measures to resolve the identified conflict regarding the definition of management of an autonomous non-profit organisation are proposed. Guided by the principle of priority of a codified normative act, the author proposes to exclude from the Federal Law ‘On Non-Profit Organisations’ the norms that contradict the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which will make it possible to distinguish the competing norms of the above legal acts and preserve the norms concerning public legal aspects of the status of a non- profit society.

Соотношение свободы труда и обязанности граждан трудиться: конституционно-правовое исследование

Introduction. Amendments to the Constitution of 2020 of the Russian Federation have marked the problem of changing the state approach to the interaction of the individual, society and the state. The basic content of freedom of work should not be identified with the right of a person not to carry out any socially useful activity. At the same time, the constitutional concept of mutual rights and obligations of the individual and the state cannot be built on the same principles as in the Soviet times. The purpose of the work is to identify the constitutional and legal meaning of the provisions on the obligations of a citizen to work or carry out other socially useful activities and to determine the prospects for establishing the relevant obligations in the legislation of Russia in the modern period. Methods. The main methods of scientific research are: system analysis, formal-legal method. Within the framework of historical-legal and comparative-legal methods the norms of the Constitutions of the RSFSR of 1918, 1925, 1937 and 1978 and constitutions of foreign countries were analysed in comparison with the corresponding provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Results. Based on the analysis of constitutional and labour legislation of Russia and foreign countries the author’s attitude to the possibility of establishing in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and special legislation the obligations of citizens related to participation in socially useful activities. The conditions for the establishment of such obligations in the future, which should have a constitutional basis, are revealed.The theoretical issues that arose after the adoption of the 2020 amendments to the onstitution of the Russian Federation are outlined, which can serve as a direction for further constitutional and legal research. The conclusions are formulated about the inexpediency of introducing at present any coercive measures in relation to persons who do not perform any socially useful activity, and the conditions for their appearance in the legislation in the future.

К вопросу об отнесении линейных объектов к объектам капитального строительства, недвижимого имущества, категории единого недвижимого комплекса

This article examines the classification of linear objects within the context of capital construction, real estate, and single real estate complexes. The study reviews relevant provisions of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as other federal laws and subordinate regulations. The explanations of authorized authorities, acts of judi-cial authorities, opinions of researchers of civil law science on the concept of linear objects and their inherent characteristics, belonging of linear objects to capital construction objects, real estate, the ratio of these con-cepts, belonging of linear objects to the category of a single immovable complex, things of auxiliary purpose, the specifics of linear objects in comparison are analyzed with other objects of civil rights in terms of restrictions on the interests of land rights holders, necessary for the placement, maintenance and repair of linear objects, the extension of the protected zone of linear objects with a special legal regime to a certain part of the land plots. Conflicts of law, controversial issues of judicial practice are revealed, the author’s definition of linear ob-jects is formulated, including their inherent features. The directions of the development of regulatory regulation, including in terms of the unification of terminology and proposals to consolidate the types of linear objects re-lated to real estate by the norms of special legislation, are determined.

Challenges Facing Rural Women in Accessing Economic Empowerment Opportunities in Tanzania

This paper examines the challenges faced by women in accessing economic empowerment opportunities in Kahama Municipal, Shinyanga Region of Tanzania. Specifically, the study identifies the challenges facing rural women in accessing economic empowerment opportunities. The study used purposive sampling and randomly selected one hundred and twenty (120) respondents. Data collection was done through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Data was analyzed using content analysis. Findings indicate that financial empowerment services for rural women are severely limited by inadequate infrastructure, lack of knowledge, and financial constraints, hindering their economic progress. The fragmented nature of empowerment organizations also lead to unequal distribution of opportunities for rural women. The absence of specific legislation addressing women's economic empowerment further exacerbates the challenges faced by rural women. This study concludes that the lack of financial empowerment among women in rural areas poses a significant challenge, resulting in poverty, insufficient income, and impeding progress for both women and the nation. The absence of a law addressing empowerment issues has hindered efforts to achieve gender equality in supporting women in rural areas. This study suggests that the government, particularly the Ministry of Community Development, Gender, Women, and People with Special Needs, and the National Economic Empowerment Council (NEEC), should collaborate with women's forums, Civil Society Organizations, women's organizations and private sectors supporting women to develop the Tanzania Inclusive Women Economic Empowerment Model (TIWEEM). This model aims to promote economic empowerment and gender equality for women in urban and rural areas under a unified government framework. Additionally, the establishment of an Economic Empowerment Law (EEL) specifically for women is recommended to provide clear operational guidance on women's economic empowerment in the country

Development of Welfare Protocols at Slaughter in Farmed Fish.

The study investigated fish welfare at slaughter. Killing animals may induce suffering to the animals even under the best available technical conditions. Moreover, fish have different physiological characteristics and are slaughtered differently from terrestrial animals. The use of commercially available methods exposes farmed fish to pain and suffering during slaughter, which could lead to acute stress and post mortem changes in fish quality. The study aimed to discuss (i) the current knowledge and knowledge gaps on fish welfare related to stunning and killing methods; (ii) the variables that affect the post mortem changes in fish meat, and (iii) the indicators of welfare during slaughter. Application of welfare protocols at slaughter improves fish welfare. Specific protocols for fish are not provided in EC Regulation 1099/2009 on animal protection at killing. Detailed guidelines in the fish welfare assessment may allow the development of specific fish legislation. Developing humane technologies might have important effects on fish quality, consumer perception and aquaculture economics.

Megaevents of Public Selection in Brazil: a Study on the Leasing of Physicalspace in the Federal District

Objective: The study aims to investigate the leasing of physical space for the execution of public selections in the Federal District, analyzing the evolution of expenses with leasing and the revenue of CESPE-UnB between 2009 and 2014. The research seeks to understand the criteria used in the contracting of these spaces, especially in large-scale events like ENEM, and to identify the gaps in the logistics of public selection mega-events. Theoretical Framework: The research addresses the historical evolution of public competitions in Brazil, from the 1824 Imperial Constitution to the 1988 Constitution, which made it mandatory to pass a public competition for public positions or jobs. The study also considers the "public competition industry," highlighting the importance of CESPE-UnB as one of the country's main organizing boards. The literature review includes contributions on sports mega-events, programmatic requirements in public accounting, and the control of the legality of public competitions. Method: The methodology employed involved documentary and content analysis, using descriptive statistics for the presentation of results. Primary data collection was carried out through interviews with representatives of CESPE-UnB and visits to educational institutions in the Federal District. Secondary data were collected from the School Census and SIAFI databases, covering the period from 2009 to 2014. Results and Discussion: The results highlight the importance of adequate physical space for the execution of mega-events but point out the absence of formalized criteria in regulations guiding the event organizer. Despite the infrastructure of public institutions in the Federal District being above the national average, CESPE/UnB prioritized the contracting of private spaces, resulting in significant expenditure on leases. The lack of clear criteria for selecting physical spaces for public competitions was identified as a gap needing regulation. Research Implications: The research suggests that defining clear criteria and formalizing regulations for the selection of physical spaces for the execution of public competitions can bring greater efficiency and transparency to the process. Prioritizing the use of public spaces, such as educational institutions, would not only reduce costs associated with leasing private spaces but also generate additional revenue for public schools, contributing to the improvement of their infrastructure. Additionally, adopting specific legislation could encourage the creation of public policies aimed at optimizing the resources used in public selections, promoting more effective and sustainable management. Originality: The research highlights the need for specific legislation prioritizing the use of public spaces for competitions, which could reduce costs and benefit public educational institutions. The originality of the study lies in the analysis of the logistics of public selection mega-events and the proposal to optimize the use of public resources through better management of physical space leases for competitions.

Protection of Seafarers' Rights and Interests by International Treaties

In 2006, the ILO adopted the Maritime Labour Convention, which has had an important impact on the rights of seafarers worldwide and the promotion of the international maritime industry. In recent years, China's labor and social security legal system has been gradually improved, and legal norms such as the Regulations on Seafarers and the Maritime Traffic Safety Law have been promulgated and implemented successively, laying a certain foundation for the system of labor norms for seafarers. However, these special legislation has some limitations, such as not strong operability and not identical with the international treaty system. This paper mainly studies the framework structure and implementation mechanism of maritime labor conventions, finds out China's application method of international law, and puts forward the shortcomings of China's implementation process and corresponding countermeasures and suggestions suitable for the current situation of Chinese seafarers. By combining theory with practice, this paper uses literature analysis and analysis deduction to find out the strategies that can optimize the implementation mechanism in China. At present, China has made a lot of preparations for the implementation of maritime labor conventions, carried out a lot of legislative activities, and has already acquired relevant legislative experience and technology. Improving the labor supervision system and making full use of the tripartite mechanism platform and industry associations are the top priorities for China to better implement international conventions and protect the rights and interests of seafarers in the next stage.

Physicochemical and microbiological analyzes of Tetragonisca angustula, Melipona mondury and Scaptotrigona postica honey from the first public meliponary in Marília City (São Paulo – Brazil)

Native stingless bees (NSBs) are widely distributed in Brazilian territory. They are responsible for pollinating plants, maintaining biodiversity, and producing honey, a natural and therapeutic sweetener, used by different populations. This study aimed to identify physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of honey samples collected during the first harvesting of Tetragonisca angustula, Melipona mondury, and Scaptotrigona postica bees kept in the first public meliponary situated in Marília, São Paulo state, Brazil. Samples were collected directly from NSB’s hives in the meliponary and sequentially matured in plastic bottles with airlock valves, duringn 90 days, in the Physicochemical Analyzes Laboratory at Fatec Marília. Subsequently, analyzes were carried out to determine pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. In addition, analyzes to determine free acidity, reducing sugars, total soluble solids, apparent sucrose, humidity, insoluble solids, pH, water activity, and hydroxymethylfurfural were performed. Results showed the presence of molds and yeasts. Nevertheless, because the values agreed with the current legislation and the pathogenic and deteriorating contaminants were absent in the honey samples, one may suggest that they were brought to the hive by bees, since floral nectaries are their normal habitats. The physicochemical parameters, with the exception of reducing sugars, agreed with other scientific studies and reinforced the proposal for technical regulation, considering the absence of specific national legislation for NSB’s honey. Therefore, it is considered relevant to establish regulations for NSB’s honey to define identity and standard requirements to guarantee safe consumption and direction for scientific studies in the area.

Ensuring Soil Security to Secure Our Planetary Future$

Turning the dirt, we have cultivated back into soil is critical to securing our planetary future. The world’s principal existential challenges – food, water and energy security, climate change abatement, biodiversity protection and human health1 – are all underpinned by soil dysfunction. Yet, little is known about soil function, soil services and threats to soil, or how the state of our soils, determined by land use and land management, cause desertification and climate change. As greenhouse gases are transparent to incoming solar radiation, we must mitigate excess atmospheric heat by reducing the amount of organic matter mined from the soil, because when the sun’s rays fall on exposed, drained, baked dry soil, most of the solar radiation is converted from latent heat to sensible heat. Soil specific policy and legislation must be developed to regulate sources of excess sensible heat, consistent with limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Through soil security, we can deliver a better present and safeguard our planetary future.

Production and toxicological analysis of a powdered beverage based on Brazil nut milk and acai

Considered one of the main seeds in the Amazon region, the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) has a very high nutritional and economic potential, being rich in minerals and serving as an alternative source of proteins. Allied to it, there is açaí (Euterpe oleracea), an extremely energetic Amazonian fruit, rich in anthocyanins with antioxidant power and with several benefits for the body. In this context, the project aimed to combine these beneficial characteristics of these two foods to create a healthy product with high energy potential, also carrying out its toxicological analysis, measuring the level of selenium and the presence of aflatoxins at the end of the process. It was then observed that the produced product showed potentially positive results, however, specific legislation for these functional beverages is necessary .