Special Form Research Articles

Subject-wise English language reading skill of bachelor level engineering students of Mid-West University of Nepal

This research investigates the subject-wise English language reading skills of bachelor level engineering students at Mid-West University in Nepal, aiming to bridge a crucial gap in understanding their comprehension levels, vocabulary acquisition, and reading strategies across various disciplines. Drawing on the specialized form of English language instruction known as English for Academic Purposes (EAP), the study assesses students' proficiency in comprehending academic materials. Despite challenges in implementation, EAP instructors recognize the value of formative assessment in enhancing student learning and academic performance. The findings reveal significant variations in reading preferences and habits across engineering disciplines, highlighting areas for focused assistance and development of reading abilities. Specifically, students studying computer engineering demonstrate higher mean reading proficiency compared to their counterparts in civil and hydropower engineering. The study underscores the importance of English language proficiency for academic success, particularly in fields like engineering where collaboration and communication span global boundaries. It also sheds light on the gradual progress and reforms in English language education in Nepal, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions and resources to enhance reading skills among engineering students. Recommendations include investing in teacher training programs focused on EAP methodologies, developing tailored resources, and promoting interdisciplinary collaborations to address subject-specific reading challenges. By addressing these recommendations, Nepal can better prepare its engineering students to succeed in academic and professional contexts where English proficiency is essential.

The syntactic variety and semantic unity of the V de resultative construction in Mandarin Chinese

Abstract The V de resultative construction has been an intriguing issue in Chinese linguistics. Theories have been put forth regarding what the morpheme de (here called de result to avoid confusion) does in this construction. In this article, the preexisting theories are empirically questioned. It is shown that the presence of de result is not obligatory when the result predicate takes some special forms. A procedural account is proposed of how the typical V de result construction and its variants deliver the same logical form although they involve different functional morphemes. As a bonus, this account provides an improved model explaining the phenomenon that the V de result construction can have multiple readings.

Altered gut microbiota is associated with the formation of occult hepatitis B virus infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a common blood transmission pathogen worldwide, can lead to viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and other liver diseases. In particular, occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) may be caused by an immune response leading to suppressed virus replication. Gut microbiota can change the immunity status of the human body and, therefore, affect the replication of HBV. Thus, to identify whether there are differences in gut microbiota between HBV carriers and OBI carriers, we collected fecal samples from 18 HBV carriers, 24 OBI blood donors, and also 20 healthy blood donors as negative control. After 16S sequencing, we found that the abundance of Faecalibacterium was significantly reduced in samples from OBI blood donors compared with those from healthy blood donors. Compared with samples from HBV carriers, the samples from OBI blood donors had a significantly increased abundance of Subdoligranulum, which might stimulate immune activation, thus inhibiting HBV replication and contributing to the formation of occult infection. Our findings revealed the potential role of gut microbiota in the formation of OBI and further provided a novel strategy for the treatment of HBV infection.IMPORTANCEOccult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is a special form of hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA negative. Gut microbiota may contribute to the immune response leading to suppressed virus replication and, thus, participates in the development of OBI. The study on gut microbiota of OBI blood donors provides novel data considerably advancing our understanding of the immune mechanism for the determination of occult hepatitis B virus infection, which is helpful for improving the strategy of the treatment of HBV infection.

Root and stem allomorphy without multiple exponence: the case of special nominatives

AbstractThis paper explores an approach to root and stem allomorphy that does not make use of context sensitive rules (i.e., secondary exponence) and relies on primary exponence only. In such a system, each feature is referenced by realisation rules only once and multiple exponence is eliminated. The study applies this system to the phenomenon of root and stem allomorphy in declension systems (McFadden in Glossa 3:8.1-36, 2018, Christopoulos & Zompì in Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 1–31, 2022). The paper argues that in this domain, the theory makes different empirical predictions than models based on context-sensitive rules. Specifically, the current model allows for an account of special nominative singular forms and the so-called pseudo-ABA patterns (Middleton in Morphology 31:329–354, 2021, Davis in Glossa 6, 2021). The proposal relies on the Nanosyntax model of grammar, using phrasal lexicalisation and lexicalisation-driven movements (Starke in Exploring nanosyntax, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 239–249, 2018), though alternative implementations of this idea are conceivable.

Floating quantifiers, specificity and focus in Lalo Yi

AbstractLalo Yi presents a distribution of numeral-classifier pairs that appears to be the complete inverse of the norm found in other numeral-classifier languages. With many numerically-quantified, discourse-new referents, Lalo Yi permits only the use of a floated pattern, and it is not possible to combine numerals and classifiers with NPs as in other numeral-classifier languages. This patterning presents a clear challenge to the oft-adopted assumption that floating quantifiers are derived from non-floated forms by applications of movement (stranding), and potentially favors a base-generation/adverbial approach. A broader consideration of Lalo Yi, however, leads to the proposal that the occurrence of the floating pattern results from a combination of two occurrences of movement—DP movement to a low focus position/FocP, followed by NP-raising to a higher case position. Obligatory stranding of the DP remnant containing numeral-classifier pairs is suggested to result from the FocP being a (low) criterial position in the sense of Rizzi (in: Cheng and Corver (eds) Wh-movement: moving on, MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 97–134, 2006), requiring freezing-realization of the DP in SpecFocP but permitting sub-extraction of NP to satisfy case requirements licensed by a higher functional head. Quite generally, it is suggested that the paradigm in Lalo Yi demonstrates the grammaticalization of an optional tendency found elsewhere in numeral-classifier languages to use special forms for the specific and non-specific indefinite interpretations of numerically-quantified nominals. Additionally, the paper contributes to the growing description and typology of low focus phenomena across languages and observations of variation in the ways that focus may be realized in different languages.

Mitophagy in health and disease. Molecular mechanisms, regulatory pathways, and therapeutic implications.

Mitophagy, a specialised form of autophagy, selectively targeting damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria, and is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and mitochondrial quality control. Dysregulation of mitophagy contributes to various pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms, regulatory pathways, and interplay with other cellular processes governing mitophagy, emphasizing its importance in physiological and pathological contexts. We explore the PINK1/Parkin-mediated and receptor-mediated mitophagy pathways, encompassing BNIP3/NIX, FUNDC1, and Bcl2-L-13. Additionally, we discuss post-translational modifications and cellular signalling pathways modulating mitophagy, as well as the connection between mitophagy and ageing, highlighting the decline in mitophagy efficiency and its impact on age-related pathologies. The review also investigates mitophagy's role in human diseases such as cancer, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. We assess the potential of mitophagy-targeting therapeutic strategies, focusing on the development of dietary therapies, small molecules, drugs, and gene therapy approaches that modulate mitophagy levels and efficiency for treating these diseases and dysfunctions commonly observed in ageing individuals. In summary, this review offers an extensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks involved in mitophagy, its association with autophagy, and implications in human health and disease. By examining the potential of mitophagy-modulating therapies in disease and non-disease settings, we aim to inspire further research to develop innovative treatment strategies for various pathological conditions linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and to ageing.

Commercial disputes resolution regarding non-fulfillment of obligations as a result of sanctions (restrictive measures)

The article examines the problematic aspects of the economic and legal consequences of the application of state sanctions, which lead to the need for actual termination of economic relations with the counterparty to which state restrictive measures (sanctions) have been applied and the need to resolve property issues and disputes that may arise as a result of such termination. It was established that the legislation on sanctions does not contain special legal rules regarding the procedure for termination of legal relations involving the sanctioned entity. In fact, interested parties are forced to act at their own discretion, using general commercial and civil law remedies, which are not adapted to the special sanctions conditions, and therefore are sometimes unable to resolve disputed situations. It was concluded that there are legal problems in determining the legal grounds for terminating economic relations in connection with the application of sanctions (restrictive measures) and its legal consequences. The solution to this problem should be based on a broad analysis of the practice of similar controversial situations that arise when sanctions are applied. At the same time, the conducted research provides grounds for a conclusion regarding the direction of improving the legal regulation of the application of state sanctions. We believe that economic, civil legislation and legislation on sanctions (restrictive measures) should be systematically supplemented with a complex of legal provisions aimed at regulating the economic and civil legal consequences of the application of sanctions (restrictive measures) to subjects who, at the time of such application, were in contractual relations according to the legislation of Ukraine. In particular, it would be expedient to determine special legal grounds, forms and procedures for termination of contractual obligations in connection with the application of sanctions (restrictive measures) to their party(ies), as well as special rules for the settlement of property and non-property interests of the parties as a result of such termination, since the general commercial and civil law remedies are not adapted to special sanction conditions, and therefore are sometimes unable to resolve disputed economic situations.

Continuum Growth Mechanics: Reconciling Two Common Frameworks.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the two most common growth mechanics modeling frameworks, the constrained-mixture growth model and the kinematic growth model, could be reconciled mathematically. The purpose of this effort was to provide practical guidelines for potential users of these modeling frameworks. Results showed that the kinematic growth model is mathematically consistent with a special form of the constrained-mixture growth model, where only one generation of a growing solid exists at any given time, overturning its entire solid mass at each instant of growth in order to adopt the reference configuration dictated by the growth deformation. The thermodynamics of the kinematic growth model, along with the specialized constrained-mixture growth model, requires a cellular supply of chemical energy to allow deposition of solid mass under a stressed state. A back-of-the-envelope calculation shows that the amount of chemical energy required to sustain biological growth under these models is negligibly small, when compared to the amount of energy normally consumed daily by the human body. In conclusion, this study successfully reconciled the two most popular growth theories for biological growth and explained the special circumstances under which the constrained-mixture growth model reduces to the kinematic growth model.

Biomarker Evaluation in Toxoplasma gondii-infected Patients

Back ground: This study used Toxoplasma IgG/IgM Antibody Rapid test to detect Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and evaluate their lipid profile compared to a healthy control group. The aim of the study: Serodiagnosis of parasite infection in aborted pregnant women using the rapid detection method. Evaluating the level of some immunological parameters in infected women such as IL17-A, TNA-, lactoferrin, shedding light on the lipid profile of parasite-infected women. Patients and Methods: blood samples 240 were collected from aborted pregnant women attending some governmental hospitals and private medical clinics in some areas of Salah al-Din Governorate during the period from 1/7/2022 to 1/2/2023 and the required information was recorded according to a special questionnaire form. The results: were analyzed statistically using the IBM SPSS Statistics (version 23) program, according to the t-test, at a significant level of p≤0.05. The results of Rapid Test (93 positive samples) 38.7% (divided into 80) 86.02% (positive samples for IgG, while 13 sample) 13.97% (positive for IgM and 147 negative samples) 61.25%. (There is a positive correlation between (LTF, IL-17A, TNF-a) (highly significant). The lipid profile analysis revealed a non-significant increase for each of cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in infected women, as Mean ± S.E concentration was (168.4±8.2 Pg/ml); (33±1.5pg/ml) respectively, compared to the control group, where the Mean ± S.E concentration was (141.6±15.5 Pg/ml); (28±3.09Pg/ml) respectively. While there was a non-significant decrease in each of LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides in pateints group, as Mean ± S.E concentration was (80.6±3.7pg/ml); (45.4±1.07 pg/ml); (159.7±4 pg/ml), respectively, compared to the control group, where the average concentration was (84.3±5.3pg/ml); (48.6±2pg/ml) 161.3±6.7pg/ml) respectively.

Designing an evaluation tool for evaluating training programs of medical students in clinical skill training center from consumers’ perspective

IntroductionThe Clinical Skill Training Center (CSTC) is the first environment where third year medical students learn clinical skills after passing basic science. Consumer- based evaluation is one of the ways to improve this center with the consumer. This study was conducted with the aim of preparing a consumer-oriented evaluation tool for CSTC among medical students.MethodThe study was mixed method. The first phase was qualitative and for providing an evaluation tool. The second phase was for evaluating the tool. At the first phase, after literature review in the Divergent phase, a complete list of problems in the field of CSTC in medicine schools was prepared. In the convergent step, the prepared list was compared with the standards of clinical education and values of scriven. In the second phase it was evaluated by the scientific and authority committee. Validity has been measured by determining CVR and CVI: Index. The face and content validity of the tool was obtained through the approval of a group of specialists.ResultsThe findings of the research were in the form of 4 questionnaires: clinical instructors, pre-clinical medical students, and interns. All items were designed as a 5-point Likert. The main areas of evaluation included the objectives and content of training courses, implementation of operations, facilities and equipment, and the environment and indoor space. In order to examine the long-term effects, a special evaluation form was designed for intern.ConclusionThe tool for consumer evaluation was designed with good reliability and trustworthiness and suitable for use in the CSTC, and its use can improve the effectiveness of clinical education activities.

PEDAGOGICAL MONITORING OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN THE SOCIAL SPHERE IN THE PROCESS OF APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC LEARNING

The article examines the content of pedagogical monitoring of e-learning of future social workers in higher education institutions. The modern level of e-learning in the institution of higher education has been revealed. Special forms and methods of working with students - future specialists in the social sphere are analyzed and substantiated. The list of necessary conditions for the formation of applicants for higher education with a system of theoretical knowledge, practical abilities and skills necessary for the effective realization of oneself as a professional social worker is provided; development and formation of theoretical knowledge that will contribute to the development of the student as a future specialist in the social sphere. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of professional training and to study the special requirements for the development and implementation of electronic training courses in the process of professional training of social sector specialists capable of solving social problems. Considerable attention is paid to the problems of pedagogical interaction between the teacher and the student, based on the analysis, the strengths of e-learning are highlighted, and the expediency of its use is clarified. The main tasks are defined as follows: to identify and generalize the components of professional self-development as one of the complex forms of transformation of the inner world, which occurs in the process of self-movement of a person along his life path, on which a person knows himself, builds himself, understands the essence of his functioning; to investigate the peculiarities of vocational pre-university education as a focus for personal development on self-building, professional self-determination for the successful growth of professionals in the social sphere. Based on the results of the generalized analysis, it was concluded that the effectiveness and feasibility of e-learning takes into account not only the general principles of learning, but also the specifics of a specific field or subject. These technologies allow students to independently organize their educational process, develop independent work skills and improve their knowledge. The proposed e-learning technologies can be used in universities, faculties and departments where future specialists in social spheres are trained, as well as in advanced training courses with the aim of increasing readiness to interact with clients based on mastering a set of knowledge and skills aimed at transforming informational and reflective, professional-practical and professional-development technologies in the real conditions of the environment of the higher education institution. The conclusions confirmed the substantiation of the necessary pedagogical conditions for improving the quality of extracurricular activities in the environment of institutions of professional pre-higher education regarding future social workers in the conditions of globalization.

ISSUES OF REPORTING ORGANIZATIONS FINANCIAL RESULTS IN THE ESG FRAMEWWORK

Currently, solutions to the problems of accounting and control of the financial results of the activities of organizations related to the ESG system are highlighted. In particular, this problem is exacerbated in the food industry, where the "agriculture-food processing-final realization" value chain clearly operates, in each of which the financial results arising from entrepreneurial activities with ESG requirements take special forms, which manifest not only in internal management, but also in public control challenges. The article introduces the principles of accounting for the results of the application of the ESG concept, as well as approaches to coordinating information in this direction.

Emotional burnout syndrome among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an unprecedented challenge to society. Supporting the mental health of medical personnel was a critical public health concern. Throughout the pandemic, many tragic deaths from suicide were reported. Consequently, attention to the well-being of healthcare professionals worldwide has become imperative for proper support and monitoring. The specificity of professional activity, which involves risk and situations of uncertainty, contributes to the formation of special forms of protective coping behavior in health care professionals. Nurses approach the problem situation rationally, strive to maintain control over their actions and the situation, and keep their attention on the goals of the activity. They consider the problem as a situation for personal growth, analyze the problem situation and make conscious attempts to get out of it.

Chemical etching to boost medium-entropy metal oxide for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline

It is crucial to improve the catalytic activity of medium-entropy materials by adjusting the surface electronic structure of medium-entropy materials. In this research, we utilize a chemical etching method for synthesizing a medium-entropy metal oxide E-FeCoNiZn with abundant defects. Owing to the etching of Zn, a special form of electron-transfer by means of electron-accepting-donating is introduced, which greatly optimizes OER activity. The E-FeCoNiZn displays a superior OER activity with a low overpotential of 259 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 37.1 mV dec-1 in 1 M KOH solution, outperformingtheperformanceofFeCoNiZn and Ni-foam,whilemaintainingexcellentstabilityover48 h. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the introduction of defects regulates the surface electronic structure of the E-FeCoNiZn via modifying the number of electrons transferred and then optimize the OER activity. Thisworkprovidesa newstrategyfordesigning medium-entropy materials possessing high catalytic activity.

On well-posedness of Navier–Stokes variational inequalities

In this paper, well-posedness is carried out on variational inequalities in a general form for the stationary Navier–Stokes equations modeling viscous incompressible fluid flows with a nonsmooth slip boundary condition of friction type. For a special form of the variational inequality commonly studied in existing literature, our proof technique leads to a substantial improvement on the well-posedness condition.

Biochemical mechanisms preventing wilting under grafting: a case study on pumpkin rootstock grafting to wax gourd.

Wax gourd wilt is a devastating fungal disease caused by a specialized form of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. benincasae (FOB), which severely restricts the development of the wax gourd industry. Resistant rootstock pumpkin grafting is often used to prevent and control wax gourd wilt. The "Haizhan 1" pumpkin has the characteristic of high resistance to wilt, but the mechanism through which grafted pumpkin rootstock plants acquire resistance to wax gourd wilt is still poorly understood. In this study, grafted wax gourd (GW) and self-grafted wax gourd (SW) were cultured at three concentrations [2.8 × 106 Colony Forming Units (CFU)·g-1, 8.0 × 105 CFU·g-1, and 4.0 × 105 CFU·g-1, expressed by H, M, and L]. Three culture times (6 dpi, 10 dpi, and 13 dpi) were used to observe the incidence of wilt disease in the wax gourd and the number of F. oxysporum spores in different parts of the soil and plants. Moreover, the physiological indices of the roots of plants at 5 dpi, 9 dpi, and 12 dpi in soil supplemented with M (8.0 × 105 CFU·g-1) were determined. No wilt symptoms in GW. Wilt symptoms in SW were exacerbated by the amount of FOB in the inoculated soil and culture time. At any culture time, the amount of FOB in the GW soil under the three treatments was greater than that in the roots. However, for the SW treatments, at 10 dpi and 13 dpi, the amount of FOB in the soil was lower than that in the roots. The total phenol (TP) and lignin (LIG) contents and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase (CHI) activities were significantly increased in the GWM roots. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) initially decreased but then increased in the GWM roots. When the TP content decreased significantly, the LIG content and PAL and CHI activities increased initially but then decreased, whereas the PPO and POD activities did not change significantly in the SWM roots. The results indicated that the roots of the "Haizhan 1" pumpkin stock plants initiated a self-defense response after being infected with FOB, and the activities of PPO, POD, PAL, and CHI increased, and additional LIG and TP accumulated, which could effectively prevent FOB infection.

Evaluation of tensile properties of ABS material specimen using commercial and manufactured filaments in FDM process

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is the most common of engineering plastic materials; it is copolymer of Styrene-Acrylonitrile and butadiene styrene in special form. It is widely used in substantive and Additive Manufacturing (AM) applications. AM is a promising manufacturing technology that can fulfill future needs as products and their configurations are changing day by day. Fused Deposition Modeling FDM is an AM technique that fabricates parts layer upon layer. This paper analyses the effect of different process variables and orientations on the tensile properties of the FDM manufactured specimens. Standard specimens are printed using commercial ABS and manufactured ABS filaments for analysis of tensile properties. The ABS filament is fabricated using a mini filament extruder. After modeling, the specimens are printed using an FDM printer. The tensile testing of specimens is carried out on the Instron 3360 table frame UTM machine. Tensile properties obtained for different specimens are presented.

Study on Rock Mechanical Properties of Deep Volcanic Rock Reservoir

Volcanic rocks exhibit complex mechanical properties due to their special diagenetic forms. Laboratory tests were conducted to study the influence of confining pressure changes on the mechanical properties of deep volcanic rocks, and outcrop volcanic rocks single triaxial tests were conducted simultaneously to study the mechanical properties of deep volcanic rocks. The maximum deviatoric stress and elastic modulus are used to study the variation of mechanical properties of volcanic rocks with confining pressure. The maximum deviatoric stress of underground core increases linearly with the increase of confining pressure. The elastic modulus reaches its maximum at 80MPa confining pressure. Although the variation trend of mechanical parameters of underground core with confining pressure is similar to that of outcrop core with confining pressure, the underground core shows a larger maximum deviatoric stress and elastic modulus. It can be seen from the 80MPa confining pressure comparison test that the mechanical properties of underground core under high confining pressure are superior to those of outcrop core. The mechanical properties of outcrop core under high confining pressure are significantly affected by natural fractures, while the mechanical properties of underground core are less affected by natural fractures.The brittleness index of volcanic rocks decreases with the increase of confining pressure, and the decreasing range is relatively low. The brittleness index of outcrop volcanic rocks decreases with the increase of confining pressure, but its sensitivity to confining pressure is much higher than that of underground core.

Cobalt -supported [Aemim]Br ionic liquid for the catalytic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions

This communication describes a highly recyclable, ecologically friendly, ionic liquid catalyst supported by cobalt that is active in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction at 70 °C. To be more precise, the procedure is initiated with a special form of the ecologically safe solvent 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide [Aemim]Br. A few benefits of the coupling process include its simplicity of use, broad range of substrate compatibility with high yields, environmental friendliness, high reaction rate, low catalyst loading (0.001 mol%), and recyclability (up to 7 cycles).

REHABILITATION OF SPINAL DEFORMITIES IN ADOLESCENTS – THE FAMILY DOCTOR'S POINT OF VIEW

The spinal deformities that are commonly detected in the adolescent years has a significant impact on public health. In recent years, additional risk factors have been identified such as the modern lifestyle, sedentary lifestyle, online school during the Covid 19 pandemic. The spinal deformities that are commonly detected in the teenagers are scoliosis - with the special form adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and kyphosis – the special form Scheuermann kyphosis. The risk for spinal deformity among teenagers whose parents had a spinal deformity is higher in most situations. The family physician usually monitors both parents and children. Considering this, the family physician performs targeted screening on teenagers whose parents suffer from a spinal deformity, due to their genetic predisposition. Teenagers with spinal deformities without further limitations or pain have to be treated according to the indication guidelines. Kinetotherapy alone or in combination with medical massage, orthopaedic approaches, are approach to correct of posture, improve and maintain flexibility, to reduce the pain, the pulmonary dysfunction. Adolescents and adults with restrictive ventilation disorders can only be addressed in specialized centres for rehabilitation of breathing. The role of the family physician is to identify spinal deformities early, to intervene through physical therapy in order to correct the posture and reduce complications. Keywords: spinal deformities, rehabilitation, adolescent, family physician.