Special Folders Research Articles

PARTY DOCUMENTS OF THE LUBLIN VOIVODSHIP PARTY COMMITTEE OF THE PZPR: FEATURES OF STORAGE AND USE

The article describes the creation, activities and composition of documents kept in the voivodship archives of the PZPR party, which became the ruling party in Poland after World War II with the support of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Among them, the historical value of the documents of the religious section of the party committee, which was aimed at combating the activities of the Catholic Church, which at that time received great public authority in Poland, is described. The assessment of the value of documents of the Lublin Voivodship Party Archive, types of confidential documents, measures aimed at preserving state and party secrets are considered. The assessment of the value of documents, types of confidential documents, measures aimed at preserving the state and party secrets of the Lublin Voivodeship Party Archive are considered. At the same time, information is provided on the level of access of researchers to archival documents, the number and composition of researchers who worked in the party archives of voivodships in different periods. The normative organizational base regulating the work of the archives of the party committees of the voivodeship is described. The issue of protection of state and party secrets in the work of voivodeship party committees is considered. It describes the difficulties in the process of transferring party documents to state storage after the PZPP was terminated in 1990 and the facts of the destruction of party documents of historical significance. A comparative analysis of secret documents of special importance with documents of "special folders" stored in the fund of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out.

The attitude of the soviet authorities to the first wave of ‘nomaders’ according to the documents of the ‘special folders’ of the CC CP(B)K

The central party organs dealt with all issues of the internal and foreign policy of the republic, led the national economy, public organizations, and personnel policy. Therefore, the documents of the ‘special folders’ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) Kazakhstan reflect various spheres of the life of the republic, which for a long time were not available to researchers due to the highest secrecy stamp imposed. The article deals with one of such areas of the problem – the settlement of Kazakh repatriates and representatives of other nationalities from China, who left during the civil war, collectivization, famine and repressions, who, unable to withstand the attitude of local residents and the persecution of the authorities of the country, republic or regions to which they moved, returned back to Kazakhstan. The ways of solving problems related to their settlement in Soviet farms, organization of trade with them, their cultural services, medical care, their resettlement, maintenance and veterinary services for their livestock are analyzed. Authors describes the reasons and measures to prevent the mass return of "nomads" back to China, despite all the decisions taken, the measures taken by the leadership of the republic in connection with the gaps made by some representatives of local authorities during their placement.

Винтики большого механизма. К изданию справочника «Аппарат ЦК ВКП(б): структура, функции, кадры. 10 июля 1948 - 5 октября 1952 гг.»

This review is devoted to examination of the reference book “Apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks: Its Structure, Functions, and Cadres. July 10, 1948 – October 5, 1952.” Throughout the entire period of the USSR’s existence, it was impossible to study this subject scholarly. Researchers were only aware of the most important figures within party, state, and economic institutions. A great number of people, who prepared policy documents and were daily monitoring their implementation, remained hidden behind the institutions’ signboards. By mid-1920s the USSR was a “party-state” and the apparatus of the Central Committee of the RCP (B)—AUCP (B)—CPSU became essentially its highest institution. Therefore, it is important to study the organization of its activities and the history of functioning and development of its departments. The authors of the reference book have studied the Central Committee apparatus as a notion, as well as its structure, functions, personnel, and periodic restructuring (in 1946, 1948, 1949, 1952) in order to understand the role of the Central Committee apparatus in the political system at its different levels. The first part of the reference book, “The Structure and Staffing of the Central Committee Apparatus” (pp. 41–183), contains detailed information on the staffing and structure of all departments of the Central Committee apparatus, outlining 25 departments and standing commissions, naming their leaders and employees. It should be noted that this is the first time that the structure and leadership of the Technical Secretariat of the Organizational Bureau (Orgburo), Special Sector, Central Committee Administrative Directorate, Party Control Commission, and Central Audit Commission have been detailed. The second part, “Biographical Index of Leading Officials of the Central Committee” (pp. 184–617), contains 577 biographies of all heads of structural divisions of the Central Committee (heads of departments and their deputies, heads of sectors and their deputies, assistants to the Central Committee secretaries). The third part, “Central Committee Apparatus Personnel Summaries for 1948–52,” gives a complete picture of positions and staffing dynamics of the Central Committee apparatus from July 1948 to October 1952 (pp. 618–737). These documents are also being published for the first time. The fourth part, “Documents. Regulations for Departments” (pp. 738–762), contains all relevant Central Committee resolutions (including those from the so-called “Special Folders”) and several memoranda from department heads (Department of Foreign Relations, Department of Personnel of Diplomatic and Foreign Trade Bodies, Foreign Policy Commission of the Central Committee) on powers and functions of the Central Committee departments in 1948–52 (25 documents in total). As a result, this collection provides readers with a multifaceted picture of this important institution and its divisions (departments) in which several thousand executive and technical employees worked.

Russian-German Relations and the Resignation of Otto von Bismarck

The resignation of the first chancellor of the German Empire, Prince Otto von Bismarck, has been studied by German historians for a long time and from various points of view, but at the same time, due to the diversity of causes and controversial consequences, it is still a debatable problem. The relevance of the history of bilateral Russian-German relations remains unchanged, and even becomes significant at the present stage of European history. No one has specifically dealt with the issue of Russian-German relations and negotiations, as well as the identification of particularly acute issues that occupied both sides in the midst of the chancellor crisis in the winter-spring of 1890, and this article is intended to fill this gap. The main sources of the work were the reports, letters and telegrams of the Russian ambassador Count P. A. Shuvalov to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire N. K. Girs, stored in a special folder in the Secret Archive of the Minister of the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI). An analysis of these documents, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, shows: Russia's main task was to achieve an extension of the Reinsurance Treaty, which would expired in the summer of 1890. The treaty ensured the stability of bilateral relations, which was one of the cornerstones of the security system in Central Europe and the Balkans. The more specific issue of the “Bulgarian loan” and the provocative activity of Austria-Hungary in Bulgaria, which Russia was extremely concerned about, was also connected with the Balkan region. The non-renewal of the Reinsurance Treaty, which was a result of Bismarck's resignation, marked the beginning of the rapprochement between Russia and France and, consequently, the folding of the Entente, which meant that the main Bismarck's fear — the “nightmare of coalitions” — came true and the further narrowing of mutually beneficial contacts between Russia and Germany, which single-handedly were the guarantee of peace in Europe.

Evaluation of Contemporary Opportunities in Theological Studies: The Example of al-Mektebetü’ş-şamile

The literature on Islamic sciences is expanding every year due to both current issues and the re-examination of previous works from different perspectives. For this reason, Miftah" and Etraf type works, which have been written from past to present in order to obtain information quickly and systematically, have gained a different dimension today. In our age, reaching information in the fastest way is a bigger problematic area than reaching information. In this context, although there were different examples before it, al-Maktaba al-Shamela, which is the most comprehensive online study at the moment, was released for the first time with approximately one thousand books in twenty-five topics. In each subsequent year, it has become more comprehensive by improving itself and its database. In this paper, the use of this program, which has reached a very useful level at the moment, the possibilities and conveniences it offers and the problems that can be encountered if it is not used correctly will be discussed. First, the installation of the program and the introduction of shortcuts will be made; Subsequently, each chapter’s own sub-headings will be discussed. Especially; Special search methods, search saving options, creating special folders, chronological lists of works and authors, and importing and exporting works will be introduced. In addition, intellectual problems arising from the minds of producers who are likely to be present in such programs and reflected in the selection of books, software problems related to the program itself, problems with writing during the transfer of works to the program, and most importantly, academic problems that such applications detach one from the holistic view of the works and push them to a fragmentary approach will be discussed. Because learning the program superficially can lead to both obtaining wrong results and misinterpreting the results obtained. Therefore, the aim of such a study is to prevent the problematic issues in question and to channel the researchers to the right methodological elements in this way. The importance of research is that it offers clues to do this in the fastest and most effective way, without forgetting the fact that the main thing is to access the right information. As a result; In scientific studies, all kinds of systems and applications that will facilitate the search are becoming increasingly necessary. al-Maktaba al-Shamela program is an extremely important and valuable work that cannot be ignored when used correctly.

Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.• Type of peer review: Double-blind (Papers received by MICES committee were double-blindly reviewed by our colleagues who have expertise in related conference tracks.• Conference submission management system: MICES uses its official website with certain submission system where authors were asked to send their papers via this system. The system can be found via this link: https://100tahunitb-iaitbsumut.info/conference/cpapersub. When submitting the paper, authors were asked to determine their track in the conference. Paper files submitted via the system would then automatically be named started with track code. Papers received from this system then managed by paper management team who distributed the papers to reviewers and back to authors.• Number of submissions received: 60• Number of submissions sent for review: 60• Number of submissions accepted: 57, but 5 authors did not send back their revision version to MICES Committee, therefore there were 52 papers presented in the conference• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 57/60 = 95%.• Average number of reviews per paper: 1.2• Total number of reviewers involved: 38 persons• Any additional info on review process: Grammarly application was utilized to check grammar and plagiarism issues in all received papers. Besides, a plagiarism checker was also used to check plagiarism in all papers. Papers can only be fully accepted (and submitted to publisher) when they got the plagiarism score of less than 10%.The papers then were sent back to authors, along with the reviewer comments, Grammarly score (and plagiarism score) and the editorial format that must be followed by authors. Although editorial format has been written in our website to inform authors, several authors wrote their paper without following the format. Thus, we decided to send the editorial format directly to authors by email together with the reviewer comments.After making revision, author then sent their revision paper to MICES committee, and the papers then were checked and edited by editorial team lead by editorial board. Papers approved by editorial board then grouped into special folder ready to be sent to IOP Publisher.• Contact person for queries: Zaid Nasution, Ph.D, University of Sumatra Utara (North Sumatra, Indonesia) (zaid@usu.ac.id or zpn.usu@gmail.com)

Этнические меньшинства на южных территориях страны: проблемы становления лазов в условиях советского периода. (1918–1950-е годы)

The proposed article, based on new archival documents identified in the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with the involvement of researchers in the history of ethnic minorities on the territory of the USSR, Russia, reveals the role and place of the Laz ethnic minority in the south within Abkhazia and Georgia. Laz, as an ethnic minority, have undergone all those difficulties of transformation, including negative ones. Destructive measures were taken against them by the Government of the USSR – forced resettlement, deportation. Mohamed Vanlishi, Laz by nationality, being a member of the government of the Adjarian ASSR, minister, writer, sent a letter to L. Be-ria, the content of which touched Beria's feelings. The Lazes were returned from the special resettlement to their own homes. This side of the life of the ethnic minority of Georgia – Laz was reflected in the documents of "Stalin's special folder" The publication mentions many of the current representatives of the Laz in different periods of the his-tory of Georgia and Abkhazia and ethnic minorities living on their territory. The life of the Laz was also influenced by the policy carried out in Georgia to implement the "crys-tallization of society", pursuing the formation of statehood with one ethnic community, one culture. Introduction. The development of the problem itself in the scientific works of the author and other researchers is briefly stated. This is also a kind of reaction to complaints from the Laz themselves that the history of the ethnic minority is not being paid enough attention to. Little is known in the historiography of the Laz and their leaders, who led various kinds of movements for freedom and justice, the solution of social problems in society, the involvement of the Laz in party and state building. The content of punitive measures taken against Laz is partially revealed, the reasons and possibilities to overcome the built system in relations between the state and society, ethnic minorities are shown. Methods. The content of the article is based on different research methods. First of all, the method of historicism, a sequential presentation of the series of events that charac-terize the content of historical events, their relationship with accompanying events. It is also important to use the prosopographic method of presenting material about the main political figure of the Laz, representatives of the highest authorities. By using the narrative method, the ethnic community of the Laz is more widely represented and its participation in solving many issues in national state policy, the interaction of the ethnic community itself in the system of interethnic ties. The use of the information method is of particular value for building up an event series. This method is also quite applicable to the analysis of national processes taking place in the region where the Laz live. In the presentation of the article, the method of comparative historical analysis was also ap-plied. Results. This article was based primarily on archival documents about the holes, identi-fied in the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This allowed a broader charac-terization of the Laz as an ethnic minority. Along with the well-known materials, show the settlement of Laz in the territory of the regions of residence. The documents of the archive make it possible to reveal the role and place of the Section for the Study of the National Question created in the structure of the Communist Academy. The forms and methods of work in the Communist Academy in the study of the history of the national question and ethnic minorities have been clarified.

Некоторые аспекты экономической преступности в годы войны: 1941-1945 гг. (на примере Казахской ССР)

At present, scientists focus on the problems of social history, and psychology of the population as they create a holistic view of the social life of society, the system of labor organization, labor relations of workers as well as material and domestic conditions during the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, such aspects of social life as economic crime during the war received little or no attention in the sphere of special scientific research for a long time. The aim of this article is a comprehensive analysis of economic crime in the USSR by the example of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War. Authors attempted to study economic crime during the war, features of labor motivation, collective psychology, and the inner world of ordinary Soviet citizens through the analysis of historical sources, which allows considering complex social roots of economic crime. The article identifies factors that influenced the growth of crime during the war years, such as the forced evacuation of the population; mobilization in the army; shortage of industrial and food essentials; introduction of card system; difficult working and living conditions of workers, improper work of internal bodies of the Soviet state. The most widespread types of law violations and the ways of their perpetration are revealed in the example of specific enterprises of the Kazakh SSR. The article presents the role of Soviet legislation and state bodies in solving this problem. This article is based on a new set of historical sources extracted from archives («Special Folders» of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, documents of the Party Control Commission, letters and complaints to the authorities, business correspondence, etc.).

Diagnostic Aids Credibility in Dentigerous Cyst Identification; Radiological Analysis

Objectives: To assess the incidence of dentigerous cyst in the jaw bones and the benefits of clinical and radiological analysis in diagnosis and treatment plan of odontogenic dentigerous cyst. Methods: 25 patients presenting with chronic recurrent jaw swelling not responding to routine dental treatment for dental infection. Special folders done for each patient including personal and medical information, investigations, treatment plan and follow up. The cases treated by enucleation or marsupialization and specimens send for histopathological examination. Results: 25 patients diagnosed as a cases of dentigerous cyst depending on clinical and radiological analysis and confirmed by histopathology. Most cases detected in the anterior maxillary region. The most common involved tooth is the maxillary canine. The mean age of the patients is (24.5 years). The circumferential pattern is the most common type of dentigerous cyst detected on radiograph. Conclusions: dentigerous cyst most commonly detected in the anterior maxillary region. Panoramic view is one of the corner stones in management of dentigerous cyst.

Files, Folders, and Special Folders: A Research Note on Stalinist Document Secrecy

This research note offers an outline of the origins of Stalinist secrecy policy: the conceptions behind it and the concrete practices for handling documents. It also provides an introduction to a recently declassified and still under-used set of documents, the Special Folders of the Politburo, the most secret documents of all.

The migration and institutional sheltering of children and adolescents in the Federal District, Brazil

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to relate the phenomenon of migration to the Federal District (DF, Brazil), with the figures for institutional shelter of children and adolescents.Design/methodology/approachThe method chosen was the documental analysis of special folders that were processed in the Defense Office for Children and Adolescents of the DF from January 2007 to August 2009. The sample consisted of 545 special folders, referring to a total of 1,007 children and adolescents.FindingsThe results indicate that most children and adolescents received at the shelters were from families living in the satellite cities of the DF (53.4 percent) and surroundings (8.3 percent), and were mainly from rural areas of the Northeast region of the country and also from the deprived areas of the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais, near the DF. Among the main reasons for institutional shelter, is violence, abandonment by family, poverty and living on the streets.Research limitations/implicationsIt can be inferred that the policies of “population clusters” in the DF were responsible for this migratory process and population growth of satellite cities and surrounding areas. It is understood in this way that the migration processes resulted in the rupture of the bond with the family of origin and an insertion into a reality, which again challenge these families in a situation of poverty and violence.Social implicationsThe reality of vulnerability and social exclusion of migrant families who leave their support networks in their home states need urgent attention of local public policies, especially with regard to encouraging the construction of other support networks and creating contexts of cultural identification in the communities, especially the neediest. The support and presence of quality public services in these communities and the preventive action of social policies are also considered essential to ensure quality of life and adequate subsistence to the people who migrate to the DF.Originality/valueBrasília became the symbol of hope for unemployed people or for those suffering from their income being below the poverty level. Faced with this migratory reality, this paper discusses the situation of families of children and adolescents institutionally sheltered in the DF, given their social situation regarding poverty, unemployment, lack of support from their family of origin and lack of access of distribution of public policies and income generation.

Radiographic follow up for clinical cases of mandibular implant retained overdenture MIR-OD

The use of osseointegrated fixtures in dentistry has been demonstrated both histologically and clinically to be beneficial in providing long term oral rehabilitation in completely edentulous individual. Most patients suffer from denture instability; particularly with mandibular prosthesis, the use of dental implant will be benefit significantly from even a slight increase in retention. The concept of implanting two to four fixtures in a bony ridge to retain a complete denture prosthesis appealing therefore, as retention, stability and acceptable economic compromise to the expanse incurred with the multiple fixture supported fixed prosthesis . Materials and methods in this study the sample were eight patients selected from a hospital of specialized surgery, these patient were wearing a mandibular implant retained over denture for two years these patients having MIR-OD with Bar-clip, ball-cup and O- ring attachments. Preparative radiography was obtained for this patient from the center .these radiograph was taken to the patient at time of insertion. The second radiograph image was taken to the patient after two years of function with prosthesis. .the scanned images were transfer to special folder in a computer then analysis of bone loss done using Dimax software. After that an accurate calibrations of crestal bone measurement were analyzed for both groups of Radiography . Results it was appeared that the amount of bone loss in ball and bar designs (of mandibular Implant retained overdenture) were within the criteria of successful rate of bone loss during the period of examination, and there was statistically significant difference between both types of anchorage system. Conclusions The amount of bone loss was 0.1 mm after two years follow up, and it was within the acceptable limits of bone lose. A significant difference appeared between both designs of MIR-OD, Ball and bar designs.

Researching Perestroika in the Archive of the TsK KPSS

One enters the archive of the former Central Committee of the Soviet Communist party with mixed feelings of trepidation, excitement burgeoning on exaltation, and a sense of history's burden. Here may lie the answers to the greatest questions about Soviet rule and the most closely held secrets of the closing century's most mysterious and terrifying historico-political experience. This thought is constantly reinforced by the stern gazes, emanating from two mammoth portraits, of Karl Marx and Vladimir Il'ich, whose ideas combined to produce the first Communist state. Although the Central Committee Archive once held the biographical material of this party-state, those who wish to conduct research on the perestroika era and other periods of Soviet history would be wise to temper their expectations about its present offerings. The Central Committee Archive is incomplete. The bulk of the archive reportedly was moved from the archive's building on Il'inka Street, near Staraya ploshchad', to the Moscow Kremlin, where the are stored in the as yet closed Archive of the President of Russia (Presidential Archive). Therefore, what remains in the Central Committee Archive, which is now called the Center for the Preservation of Contemporary Documents (TsKhSD) and is under the competence of the Russian Committee for Archives (Roskomarkhiv), are the least sensitive and least revealing party documents. The Central Committee apparat employed three categories of secrecy for its documents, which in descending order of sensitivity were osobaia papka (special folder), sovershenno (top secret) and, finally, sekretno (secret). An official order defined this last category as documents which do not contain information consisting of party and state secrets, but which disclose the methods of work of party committees.' For the most part, I encountered only the latter two categories of documents. The relatively few number of stenographic reports of Politburo meetings which I encountered were probably included in the notorious special folders. The that had been removed from the TsKhSD are probably making their way back from the Presidential Archive, albeit slowly. Rumors that this would occur were extant in Moscow in the spring of 1993.2 Indeed, when I began my dissertation research in the Central Committee Archive in mid-January 1993, there

(91) A Proposed Recommendation for Labelling Type Specimens

Most herbaria are rightly proud of having material in their possession, they take special care of it, often filing it separately or in special folders. Authors in the last century usually did not indicate on their herbarium sheets what they considered their original material when they established new taxa, such as is now required. In many cases it has been possible for later students by different means to prove what specimens could with certainty be considered the type, and the sheet has then been labelled type (isotype etc.). Great care has to be taken before such a determination is made. Study of the original literature must be combined with taxonomic study of the specimen in question, evaluation of the different labels attached, the handwriting, etc. To attach a label should involve a firm judgment based on all circumstantial evidence so as to ensure that the specimen in question is actually the one the original author had in his hand. Is a specimen with a Wall. Cat. number in Wallich's herbarium the type, or is the specimen rather the one with the same number in Lindley's herbarium? Are the many specimens in the Reichenbach herbarium now marked with a red label actually Reichenbach's type?