Spearman's Rho Research Articles

Observational prospective study to determine the association and diagnostic utility of salivary nitrites levels in periodontitis.

There has been found that patients with chronic periodontitis showed higher salivary concentrations of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) than healthy subjects. However, only a study from elderly Koreans has reported that high salivary RNS concentrations are associated independently with periodontitis. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether salivary nitrites concentrations are associated with periodontitis controlling risk factors in other populations (such as European population). This was a prospective and observational study carried out in a Dental Clinic including European subjects without periodontitis (including subjects with periodontal health or with localized gingivitis in <30% sites) or with periodontitis (thus, with loss of periodontal tissue). The levels of nitrite in saliva were assessed using the Griess method. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine that variables were associated independently with periodontitis. To determine the association between salivary malondialdehyde levels and severity of periodontitis was used Spearman's rho correlation coefficient. A receiver operating characteristic analysis with salivary nitrites levels and periodontitis diagnostic was performed. Subjects with periodontitis (n=54) in comparison to subjects without periodontitis (n=30) had higher salivary nitrites levels (p=0.003), higher rate of arterial hypertension history (p=0.02) and were older age (p<0.001). Nevertheless, differences between subject with and without periodontitis in other variables were not found. A positive correlation was found between salivary nitrites levels and periodontitis severity (rho=0.23; p=0.04). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that elevated salivary nitrites levels > 209 nmol/mL were associated with periodontitis controlling for arterial hypertension history and age (OR=10.212; 95% CI=2.665-39.128; p=0.001) and controlling for diabetes mellitus and smoker (OR=8.793; 95% CI=3.038-24.450; p<0.001). The area under the curve for periodontitis diagnostic by salivary nitrites levels was of 69% (95% CI=58%-79%; p<0.001). The selected point of salivary nitrites levels > 209 nmol/mL for periodontitis diagnostic had 72% of sensitivity (58%-84%), 77% of specificity (58%-90%), 3.1 of p ositive likelihood ratio (1.6-6.1), 0.4 of negative likelihood ratio (0.2-0.6), 85% of positive predictive value (74%-92%) and 61% of negative predictive value (49%-71%). Salivary nitrites concentrations could be associated independently with periodontitis, could be associated with periodontitis severity and could help in periodontitis diagnosis in a European population according to the results of this preliminary study.

Pulmonary artery peak Doppler velocity as an estimator of systemic blood flow and predictor of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants: a multicentre prognostic accuracy study

Objectives(1) To assess how main pulmonary artery peak Doppler velocity (MPAVpeak) correlates with right ventricular output (RVO) and superior vena cava flow (SVCf), (2) to assess the reproducibility of MPAVpeak...

Bifidobacterium species serve as key gut microbiome regulators after intervention in gestational diabetes mellitus

Gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and its modulation represents a promising approach for enhancing glycemic control. In this study, we aimed to discover specific alterations in the gut microbiome through lifestyle management. We performed metagenome sequencing on fecal samples and measured short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in plasma samples from 27 well-controlled GDM pregnancies before and after glycemic control. At the same time, 38 normal glucose tolerance (NGT) samples served as controls. Additionally, we employed two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) to validate our findings against Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) database. Our dynamic analysis revealed Bifidobacterium genus increased in GDM patients after intervention. The MR analysis confirmed that the family of Bifidobacteriaceae (OR 0.929, 95% CI, 0.886–0.975; P = 0.003) was the only negatively associated family with GDM. Further analysis indicated the increased abundance of Bifidobacterium species were negatively correlated with glycemic traits (Spearman rho mean − 0.32 ± 0.34) but positively correlated with plasma SCFA levels (Spearman rho mean 0.24 ± 0.19). Functional analysis revealed that the quorum-sensing pathway had the strongest effect on the ability of Bifidobacterium to promote glucose homeostasis (Spearman rho = -0.34), suggesting its role in regulating intestinal microbiota. Finally, the multivariable MR analysis demonstrated that two pathways, COLANSYN PWY and PWY 7323, responsible for cell surface compound synthesis in gram-negative bacteria, mediated 14.83% (P = 0.017) and 16.64% (P = 0.049) of the protective effects of Bifidobacteriaceae against GDM, respectively. In summary, Bifidobacterium is an effective gut microbiota regulator for GDM-related glucose homeostasis.

The Effect of Characteristics, Patient Knowledge and Availability of Pulmonary TB Drugs with Compliance with Taking Pulmonary TB Drugs at the Jambi City Health Center in 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*. One of the factors contributing to the low cure rate is non-adherence to TB treatment. Non-adherence is influenced by patient-related factors, including respondent characteristics, knowledge about pulmonary TB, and drug availability. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of respondent characteristics, namely age, gender, education, knowledge about pulmonary TB, and drug availability on adherence to medication. This is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. Samples were collected proportionally from 59 pulmonary TB patients undergoing treatment at 20 community health centers. The instrument used was a questionnaire based on MMAS-8, and the data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses with Spearman Rho correlation test and Ordinal Logistic Regression. Adherence to pulmonary TB treatment was better in the older age group (36-45 years) with 85.4%, those with a high school education at 73.2%, respondents with high knowledge at 63.4%, and those reporting good drug availability at 88.9%. No respondents were categorized as non-adherent. The factors significantly affecting adherence to TB treatment were age (p = 0.046), education level (p = 0.013), knowledge (p = 0.021), and drug availability (p = 0.000), with drug availability having the greatest influence. Meanwhile, gender did not have a significant effect on adherence. The R-Square value was 0.525, and the regression equation was \( Y = 0.492 + 0.190 X1 – 0.101 X2 + 0.195 X3 + 0.356 X4 + 0.505 X5 + \epsilon \).

Urinary incontinence in elite female powerlifters aged 20-30: correlating musculoskeletal exam data with incontinence severity index and survey data.

Urinary incontinence (UI) in the powerlifting community has been a hot topic due to its noticeability during competition and the burden it places on female athletes who experience it. UI is even experienced in those we least expect: young, high-performing, females with no history of pregnancy. Current studies have utilized primarily survey methodology, thus there is a lack of clinical information on this topic. Furthermore, the top athletes are underrepresentedbecause previous surveys were open to anyone reporting themselves as a powerlifter, regardless of competition level. The objectives of this study were to determine whether UI in elite female powerlifters is correlated with any musculoskeletal diagnoses and to further evaluate potentially contributing factors for UI within this group. Subjects underwent an osteopathic structural examination and then completed two surveys: the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI/Sandvik Test for Urinary Incontinence) and the Study Questionnaire. In total, there were 31 female participants, all of whom were in the top 2 % of powerlifters in the world between the ages of 20 and 30 years old (as of May 21, 2023) and reside in the United States. The survey results displayed a moderately positive relationship between age (rho=0.449, where rho refers to Spearman's rho), history of pelvic floor examination (rho=0.413), and self-care practice with ISI (rho=0.340). Other survey information such as weight class, height, best total in competition, number of years training, average duration of training day, confidence in ability to contract pelvic floor muscles, history of abdominal or pelvic surgery, history of urinary tract infection (UTI), and sexual activity status all had rho values less than 0.300. With atlantoaxial (AA) rotation to the right, there was an increase in ISI score (p=0.009). Similarly, with AA rotation to the left, there was a decrease in ISI score (p=0.030). All patients with severe ISI had nonphysiologic sacral dysfunctions (p=0.051). Severe ISI-scored participants were more likely to yield a dysfunctional clavicle upon screening (p=0.027). There was a strong correlation between increasing severity of UI and findings of a restricted right clavicle and/or AA rotation to the right (p=0.010). In addition, there were only two individuals with both a restricted right clavicle and AA rotation to the right, and these two individuals both scored severe on the ISI (p=0.012). A pelvic diaphragm dysfunction was present in 74.2 % of the participants. Extension diagnoses of the lumbar spine were found in those with mild UI over those with severe UI (p=0.012). Most other diagnoses were largely unremarkable due to a wide distribution across all ISI scores. Our study revealed a relationship between UI and somatic dysfunctions in this population. These findings may help providers, especially in the fields of primary care, sports medicine, and urogynecology, to expand treatment options for UI in this group in the future. Survey results yielded a positive relationship of moderate strength between age, history of pelvic floor exination, and engaging in leakage prevention practices with ISI. No survey category was found to have a relationship of high strength with ISI. These findings contribute to our knowledge on factors that do (or do not) contribute to incontinence severity.

Hubungan antara Prokrastinasi Akademik dengan Kecemasan Akademik pada Mahasiswa Mengerjakan Tugas Akhir di Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

This research is based on the phenomenon of academic procrastination found in final students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Academic procrastination is task avoidance caused by feelings of displeasure with the task and fear of failing to complete the task. One of the factors that trigger academic procrastination is academic anxiety. The academic anxiety variable was measured using the academic anxiety scale adopted from Ridwan with a validity coefficient value moving from 0.926 -0.746 and an alpha reliability coefficient (α) value of 0.907. The academic procrastination variable was measured by the academic procrastination scale in completing the thesis adapted from Rahayu. with a validity coefficient value moving from 0.094 to 0.596 and with an alpha (α) reliability coefficient value of 0.858. The correlation between variables was analyzed using Spearman's Rho correlation test with the help of JASP 19.0 software. The results showed that there was a relationship between the two variables with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.703 with a significance (p) of 0.001 (&lt;0.05).

To Identify and Compare ActivPAL Objectively Measured Activity Levels With Self-Reported Activity From the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Older Adults With Intellectual Disability.

The positive impact of physical activity on health is widely known. A comparison between activPAL objective measures and International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF) self-reported activity levels was completed with older adults with intellectual disability. Understanding differences between the two methodologies will better support the interpretations of findings and recommendations. ActivPAL measures including intensity, time and type were considered for 72 participants. Similarly, the IPAQ-determined measures were investigated. Implications of different numbers of activPAL valid days were considered. Comparisons between the activPAL and IPAQ-SF scores were examined using multiple correlation coefficients. Low to moderate agreement was found between the activPAL and IPAQ-SF using Spearman's Rho and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The IPAQ-SF may not be the optimal tool for the accurate determination of activity levels in this population.

Cybersex behavior and related factors among adolescents in Indonesia

Cybersex behavior can lead to potential harm and addiction among adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze factors that influence cybersex behavior among adolescents. The design used in this study was a cross-sectional. Data was collected from students at senior high school from March to June 2022 using simple random sampling. Total sample was 140 students. The questionnaire were parental sexual communication questionnaires, family monitoring questionnaires, peer interaction questionnaires, internet addiction test (IAT), internet sex screening test. Data was analyzed using Spearman's Rho test. The results showed that parental sexual communication was in the low category (55.7%), family monitoring was in the low category (39.3%), most of the adolescent’s peer interaction was at a moderate level (88.6%), the use of social media was moderate (85%), cybersex behavior was at risk was 97.1%. The results show that there was a relationship between parental sexual communication and cybersex behavior (p=0.002); peer interaction and cybersex behavior (p=0.002), social media and cybersex behavior (p=0.000); family monitoring and cybersex behavior (ρ=0.000) among adolescents. Parental monitoring and communication, social media use education and look for positive peer are important factors to prevent cybersex behavior among adolescents.

INTERPERSONAL SKILLS AND ADOLESCENTS’ SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT: THE IMPLICATION OF THE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BUEA, CAMEROON

The study investigated interpersonal skills as determinants of adolescents’ social adjustment in the University of Buea. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design, specifically utilizing a sample survey approach. The research focused on a population of 5,736 adolescent students across three faculties. To determine an appropriate sample size, the researchers applied the Krejcie and Morgan model, which indicated that 361 students would constitute a representative sample. The sampling process combined purposive sampling to identify the population of interest, followed by random selection of individual participants. For data collection, the researchers developed and administered a questionnaire that included both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The data management process began with entering the collected data into EpiData version 3.1. To ensure data quality, the researchers then conducted rigorous data cleaning and validation checks using SPSS version 23.0, which helped identify and address any invalid codes in the dataset. To establish the reliability of the research instrument, the team assessed the internal consistency of responses using Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient. The statistical analysis employed two main tests: Chi-square analysis was used to examine and compare descriptive differences in the data, while Spearman's rho correlation test was selected for hypothesis testing due to the normal distribution of the data. This comprehensive methodological approach allowed the researchers to systematically collect, process, and analyze data while maintaining scientific rigor throughout the study. The combination of purposive and random sampling techniques helped ensure both the relevance and representativeness of the sample, while the statistical tests chosen were appropriate for the nature of the data and research objectives. The data analysis incorporated both descriptive and inferential statistical methods to examine the relationship between social adjustment and interpersonal relationships among university adolescents. The fundings yielded a statistically significant positive correlation (R = 0.411, p &lt; 0.01) between interpersonal relationship formation and social adjustment outcomes in the university environment. This moderate correlation coefficient indicates that adolescent students who successfully establish and maintain quality interpersonal relationships demonstrate enhanced social adjustment within the university context. The strength of this correlation (R = 0.411) suggests a meaningful association between these variables, though it also indicates that other factors are likely to contribute to social adjustment outcomes. This empirical evidence underscores the importance of interpersonal relationship development as a key facilitator of successful social adaptation among adolescent university students.

Peer support and healthy lifestyle among adolescents in urban areas in Indonesia

Unhealthy lifestyles among adolescents in urban areas are still a problem. Peers are role models in adolescent's lifestyle. However, little is known about the peer support in eating behavior, sedentary lifestyle and physical activities, which thus needs to be explored. This study aims to analyze the relationship between peer support and adolescent lifestyle. This study used a cross-sectional design with a sample size of 105 adolescents using proportional stratified random sampling. Data were collected by questionnaire. The Spearman rho test was performed to identify the relationship between peer support within a sedentary lifestyle and eating behavior, while to identify the relationship between peer support and physical activity using pearson, the level of significance was determined as p≤0.05. The results showed that there was a relationship between peer support and eating behavior (p=0.012; r=0.243) as well as adolescents' physical activity (p=0.001; r=0.324). There is no relationship between peer support and a sedentary lifestyle both on weekdays (p=0.181; r=0.131) and on weekends (p=0.735; r=0.033). The results show that peers have an important role in improving healthy lifestyle patterns in adolescents, especially in eating behavior and physical activity, so peer involvement interventions to improve healthy lifestyles in adolescents are recommended.

Job Insecurity Mediates the Influence of Organizational Culture on Innovative Work Behavior among Manufacturing Employees in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

Today's professional world is moving towards increasing productivity by involving technological developments in the workplace. With technology, employees are required to do things that current technology cannot do, such as providing innovation. Innovative work behavior is behavior that employees are expected to be able to carry out in order to survive in the world of work. This research aims to examine the relationship between organizational culture and innovative work behavior and the role of job insecurity in this relationship. This research uses quantitative correlational methods. A total of 144 manufacturing employees in Surabaya were involved as respondents in this research. The analytical technique used for analysis is mediation analysis and Spearman's rho correlation. The research results show that job insecurity is able to mediate the relationship between organizational culture and innovative work behavior. There is a positive relationship between organizational culture, job insecurity, and innovative work behavior.

HUBUNGAN PERILAKU IBU MENYUSUI DENGAN MOTIVASI MEMBERIKAN ASI PADA BAYI USIA (0-9 BULAN) DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS MAESAN

The behavior of breastfeeding mothers is a series of actions and skills performed by a mother to provide breast milk to her baby. This study used a descriptive quantitative research design with a cross-sectional method which aims to determine the relationship between the behavior of breastfeeding mothers with breastfeeding motivation in infants aged (0-9 months) in the working area of the Maesan Health Center. The population in this study were breastfeeding mothers who had babies aged 0-9 months, totaling 100 people. The sampling technique used Simple Random Sampling. Assessment using a questionnaire regarding the behavior and motivation of breastfeeding mothers in providing breast milk. The results of the study using the Spearman Rho Rank test (a = 0.05) showed that there was a significant relationship between the behavior of breastfeeding mothers and the motivation to provide breast milk to infants. The results of the research on breastfeeding motivation showed 66.3% good motivation, 26.3% sufficient motivation, and 7.5 lack of motivation. The relationship between breastfeeding behavior of mothers with breastfeeding motivation in infants with the Spearman Rho Rank test obtained a p value of 0.00. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between the behavior of breastfeeding mothers with breastfeeding motivation in infants aged (0-9 months) in the working area of the Puskesmas.

Hubungan Lama Penggunaan Gadget dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa SDN Harapan Mulya Parongpong

Prolonged use of gadgets can affect elementary school students' learning achievement. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between the length of gadget use and the learning achievement of class IV and V students at SDN Harapan Mulya Parongpong. Method: This research uses a quantitative correlation design with the Spearman rho statistical test. The questionnaire used to assess the length of gadget use consists of 7 questions. To assess student learning achievement, it is seen from the final semester grades. This research was conducted on class IV and V students of SDN Harapan Mulya Parongpong, totaling 58 respondents. The sampling method used was total sumpling. Results: Based on the results of data analysis, it is known that 72.4% of respondents used gadgets in the short category and the remaining 27.6% used gadgets in the long category. Based on statistical tests using the Spearman rho test, the p value = 0.307 &gt; a value (0.05). Conclusion: The conclusion is that there is no relationship between the length of gadget use and the learning achievement of class IV and V students at SDN Harapan Mulya Parongpong. The suggestion given is that future researchers can look for other factors that can influence learning achievement.

Correlation Between Parenting Pattern of Working Moms and Children's Independence at Kindergarten Hang Tuah 1 Surabaya

Social and economic changes in modern society have increased the number of parents working outside the home. This phenomenon has a significant impact on family dynamics and parenting patterns. One important aspect that needs to be investigated is how working parents affect the development of children's independence. Independence is an important aspect of child development, including the ability to make decisions, solve problems, and take responsibility for their actions. This study aims to explore the correlation between the parenting pattern of working moms and children's independence aged 5-6 years. This research is an observational study (non-experimental) with a cross-sectional research design. This study aims to examine the correlation between parenting patterns of working mothers (independent variable) and the independence of children aged 5-6 years (dependent variable). The research was conducted at Hang Tuah 1 Surabaya Kindergarten. The instruments used in this study were a modified Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version (PSDQ) and a questionnaire for children's independence. The statistical test used in this study is Spearman analysis. After processing the data using the spearman's rho test the results obtained p = 0.036 &lt;0.05. These results, show that there is a correlation between parenting patterns of working mothers and the independence of children aged 5-6 years at Hang Tuah 1 Surabaya Kindergarten. Working mothers should provide attention, affection, and warmth so that children's independence both in the home and school environment will be higher.

PENGARUH BEBAN KERJA DAN JOB- INSECURITY TERHADAP STRES KERJA PADA KARYAWAN DI PT. INTIDRAGON SURYATAMA MOJOKERTO

Workload and job insecurity are two main factors that support each other and influence stress that occurs in employees. A workload that is too high can make employees feel stressed and overwhelmed. This can cause stress both physically and mentally plus feelings of insecurity at work. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of workload and job insecurity on work stress among employees at PT. Intidragon Suryatama Mojokerto. The research design used correlational analytic with a cross sectional approach. The total population was 2500 respondents, a sample of 97 respondents was taken using random sampling techniques. The measuring tool used questionnaire, the results are processed through the stages of editing, coding, scoring, tabulating and analyzed by using the Spearman Rho test. The research results showed that there was no influence of workload on job stress (pvalue= 0.50), there was an influence of job insecurity on job stress (pvalue=0.036). The higher the level of job insecurity, the higher the level of work stress, conversely, the higher the workload does not guarantee that the work stress felt by employees will be higher

(TTTCA)exp Drives the Genotype-Phenotype Correlation and Genetic Anticipation in FCMTE1.

The pentanucleotide (TTTCA) repeat expansion (exp) insertion, along with the accompanying (TTTTA)exp, causes familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy (FCMTE). The genotype-phenotype correlations and intergenerational instabilities related to (TTTCA)exp and (TTTTA)exp are still unclear. The aim was to investigate the genotype-phenotype correlations and intergenerational instabilities related to (TTTCA)exp and (TTTTA)exp in FCMTE1. We performed targeted long-read sequencing on 77 FCMTE1 patients. After quality control, metrics such as total repeat count, respective (TTTTA)exp and (TTTCA)exp count, and interruptions were assessed in 73 patients. Correlations between metrics and the patients' clinical features, as well as repeat instability during parental transmission, were analyzed. Among 73 alleles, the average total repeat counts were 848 ± 152 units, with (TTTTA)exp and (TTTCA)exp averaging 498 ± 196 units and 356 ± 110 units, respectively. (TTTCA)exp counts were inversely correlated with the age at onset for cortical tremor (Spearman's rho = -0.348, P = 0.005) and epilepsy (Spearman's rho = -0.424, P = 0.003). A negative correlation was found between (TTTCA)exp counts and relatively moderate seizure pattern with prodrome (odds ratio = 0.988, 95% confidence interval: 0.980-0.995, P = 0.002). During parental transmission, (TTTCA)exp counts increased significantly (P = 0.007), with maternal transmission showing a significantly larger increase compared to paternal transmission (P = 0.013). The (TTTCA)exp insertion serves as the length-dependent pathogenic component within the two-motif repeat expansion. Its differential expanding nature during parental transmissions is highly associated with the genetic anticipation in FCMTE1. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Relationship Marketing and Its Influence on Customer Loyalty in A Market in Piura

This research focused on the fulfillment of ODS 8, based on promoting decent work and economic growth, while the mein objective of the study was to evaluate the influence between relational marketing and customer loyalty in a market in the city of Piura 2024. Through a quantitative approach methodology, non-experimental and transversal design with a correlational depth level. A population of 187,926 in habitants was used with a sample of 383 potential clients, to whom a survey was applied. The results allowed to identify that 46.5% of clients gave importance to the development of relational marketing, and 38.1% highlighted the relevance of strengthening loyalty. Likewise, a highly significant relationship between the variables was verified, due to the Spearman's Rho coefficient of 0.638 with a p-value &lt; 0.01 and R2 of 40.7%. It was concluded that stores seeking to increase customer loyalty in Piura should promote customer relationships through relational marketing.

The Association Between Glycemic Variability and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study.

Background: Glycemic variability (GV) is a prevalent and significant condition observed in critically ill patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between early glycemic variability parameters and 28-day mortality in critically ill patients. Methods: A multicenter, prospective, and observational study was performed at five tertiary intensive care units (ICUs) in Turkey. All patients who had more than six blood glucose level (BGL) measures per 24 h were included. The parameters of GV including the SD, MGL, MGD (the difference between the maximal and minimal glucose level), and the CV (the percentage of SD to the MGL) in the first 24 h were recorded. Results: A total of 578 eligible patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 43.6% were women. The mean age of the patients was 68.09 ± 16.62 years. Overall mortality was 31.5% (n = 182). The glycemic parameters of the CV, SD, and MGD were significantly higher in the non-survivor group than in the survivor group (p = 0.040, 0.006, and 0.002, respectively). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the CV (OR 1.023; 95% CI 1.004-1.042; p = 0.017) was an independent factor that increased mortality. Spearman's rho correlation analysis revealed a strong (r:0.871) and statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001) between the CV and MGD. Conclusions: The CV calculated within the first 24 h of ICU admission is independently associated with 28-day mortality. The MGD is correlated with the CV and is maybe a practical tool to predict increased risk of mortality at the bedside. However, further studies are needed to establish the independent association of the MGD with mortality.

Impact of Open Government on Municipal Management Effectiveness: A study in the San Martin Region, Peru

The main objective of the research was to determine the relationship between open government and the effectiveness of municipal management in the region of San Martín (Peru). It is basic research because it sought to expand knowledge of the two variables, with a quantitative approach because it sought to demonstrate whether there is a relationship, a non-experimental design because the variables were not manipulated, descriptive correlational and cross-sectional because the instruments were applied at a single point in time. The population consisted of 926,000 citizens between 23 and 65 years of age who have had the experience of using the services of provincial municipalities and who, therefore, can offer a better criterion for evaluating open government and the effectiveness of municipal management. The sample consisted of 1537 people. The technique used was the survey, and two questionnaires were used as instruments, one for each variable, which made it possible to collect information from the ten provincial municipalities in the region. The results obtained were that the degree of open government was fair with 67% and the degree of effectiveness of municipal management was fair with 68%. It was concluded that there is a high and significant positive relationship between open government and municipal management effectiveness, as Spearman's Rho was 0.824 (high positive correlation) and a p-value equal to 0.000 (p-value ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, 74% of the variability between open government and municipal management effectiveness is due to other factors.

The Sustainable Future: Solid Waste Management and Sustainable Development in the Peruvian Amazon

The research is important because it allows us to reflect and seek successful management of solid waste to achieve sustainable development in the Amazon region of Peru, as a constant form of protection of health and life; at the same time, becoming an incentive for family economies. The study sought to establish a relationship between solid waste management and sustainable development in the Peruvian Amazon. The type of basic research, with a non-experimental design, correlational scope and cross-sectional, whose population was 8,000 thousand users and the sample was 1,000 thousand. The data collection technique was the survey and the questionnaire was used as an instrument. The results found: The level of solid waste management is low at 60.1%. The level of sustainable development is low with 52.5%. There is a low and significant positive correlation between the dimensions permanent external conditions, institutional condition, waste treatment, collection - transportation and final disposal of the variable solid waste management and the variable sustainable development with a Spearman's Rho coefficient of 0.342; 0.325; 0.063; 0226; 0.239 and a p-value of 0.000, significance level of 0.001. It was concluded that, There is a low and significant positive correlation between the solid waste management variable and sustainable development in the Peruvian Amazon, with a Spearman's Rho of 0.309 and a p-value of 0.000, which is &lt; 0.01; Others, it only has a variability of 30% between variables.