Spearman Correlation Test Research Articles

Relationship Between the PERFECT Scheme, Vaginal Manometry, and Transperineal Ultrasound in Women With and Without Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The objective was to compare the functional assessment of the pelvic floor (PERFECT [P = power; E = endurance; R = repetitions; F = fast contractions; ECT = every contraction timed] scheme), vaginal manometry and transperineal ultrasound in women with and in those without stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and to evaluate the correlation among the variables of the three modalities of assessment in both groups. This was a cross-sectional study involving nonpregnant women with and those without SUI aged between 18 and 60years. Women with sphincter deficiency, Oxford scale = 0, and prolapse grade ≥ 2 were excluded. Women were evaluated using the PERFECT scheme, vaginal manometry, and transperineal ultrasound. Groups were compared using the Student's t test,the chi-square test andgeneral linear models. The Spearman correlation test was also performed. Fifty-one women with SUI (aged 48.5 ± 9.5years) and 47 women without SUI (aged 47.2 ± 9.2years) were evaluated. In women with SUI, there was a correlation between vaginal manometry and power (r = 0.87), endurance (r = 0.47) and fast (r = 0.69); between power and endurance (r = 0.53) and fast (r = 0.67); and between endurance and fast (r = 0.61). For the ultrasound variables, there was correlation between the bladder neck and H height, both at rest (r = 0.44) and under stress (r = -0.62); between the ureteric angle at stress and H height at rest (r = 0.49); the ureteric angle at rest (r = 0.74); and the levator anterior area (r = 0.40; p = 0.05 for all measures). None of the ultrasound variables correlated with the PERFECT scheme or the vaginal manometry. There was no correlation between the ultrasound variables and vaginal manometry or the PERFECT scheme. There was correlation between specific measurements of the PERFECT scheme and vaginal manometry and among some of the ultrasound variables.

Hubungan antara Prokrastinasi Akademik dengan Kecemasan Akademik pada Mahasiswa Mengerjakan Tugas Akhir di Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

This research is based on the phenomenon of academic procrastination found in final students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Academic procrastination is task avoidance caused by feelings of displeasure with the task and fear of failing to complete the task. One of the factors that trigger academic procrastination is academic anxiety. The academic anxiety variable was measured using the academic anxiety scale adopted from Ridwan with a validity coefficient value moving from 0.926 -0.746 and an alpha reliability coefficient (α) value of 0.907. The academic procrastination variable was measured by the academic procrastination scale in completing the thesis adapted from Rahayu. with a validity coefficient value moving from 0.094 to 0.596 and with an alpha (α) reliability coefficient value of 0.858. The correlation between variables was analyzed using Spearman's Rho correlation test with the help of JASP 19.0 software. The results showed that there was a relationship between the two variables with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.703 with a significance (p) of 0.001 (<0.05).

Pengaruh antara Tingkat Kepatuhan Orang Tua dalam Menjalankan Home Program dengan Kemampuan Pragmatik pada Anak ASD di PLDPI Kota Surakarta

Background: The presence of parents as one of the components in society is one of the supporting components in the growth and development process of autistic children. Parental support becomes one of the factors for the success of therapies conducted by children, such as providing full support to the child, motivating the child, consulting about the child's issues, as well as parenting style. Regarding the pragmatic abilities of children with autism, they have difficulties in developing interactive conversations. This happens because the symptoms of autism make it difficult for them to understand and predict the thoughts and feelings of others. Objectives: This study aims to determine whether there is an Influence Between Parental Compliance Level in Conducting Home Programs and Pragmatic Abilities in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder at PLDPI Surakarta City. Methods: This research is a quantitative study with an observational analytic research design, and the experimental design used is the One group pretest-posttest design. The sample size in this study is 30 autistic children at PLDPI Surakarta City using the Purposive Sampling technique. The statistical test used is Spearman rank.Results: The description of parental compliance in conducting home programs yielded highly compliant results from 17 respondents, compliant from 9 respondents, and less compliant from 4 respondents. The description of pragmatic abilities in autistic children yielded highly capable results from 6 respondents, capable from 9 respondents, and less capable from 15 respondents. The Spearman's rank correlation test results showed ρ = 0.000 (ρ < 0.05 = Ha accepted), with an r value of 0.619 and a positive correlation direction. Conclusion: Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that there is an influence between the level of parental compliance in conducting home programs on pragmatic abilities in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder at PLDPI Surakarta City. The strength of the influence between these two variables falls into the strong category. Keywords: Level of Parental Compliance, Home Program, Pragmatic Ability, Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

INTERPERSONAL SKILLS AND ADOLESCENTS’ SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT: THE IMPLICATION OF THE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BUEA, CAMEROON

The study investigated interpersonal skills as determinants of adolescents’ social adjustment in the University of Buea. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design, specifically utilizing a sample survey approach. The research focused on a population of 5,736 adolescent students across three faculties. To determine an appropriate sample size, the researchers applied the Krejcie and Morgan model, which indicated that 361 students would constitute a representative sample. The sampling process combined purposive sampling to identify the population of interest, followed by random selection of individual participants. For data collection, the researchers developed and administered a questionnaire that included both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The data management process began with entering the collected data into EpiData version 3.1. To ensure data quality, the researchers then conducted rigorous data cleaning and validation checks using SPSS version 23.0, which helped identify and address any invalid codes in the dataset. To establish the reliability of the research instrument, the team assessed the internal consistency of responses using Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient. The statistical analysis employed two main tests: Chi-square analysis was used to examine and compare descriptive differences in the data, while Spearman's rho correlation test was selected for hypothesis testing due to the normal distribution of the data. This comprehensive methodological approach allowed the researchers to systematically collect, process, and analyze data while maintaining scientific rigor throughout the study. The combination of purposive and random sampling techniques helped ensure both the relevance and representativeness of the sample, while the statistical tests chosen were appropriate for the nature of the data and research objectives. The data analysis incorporated both descriptive and inferential statistical methods to examine the relationship between social adjustment and interpersonal relationships among university adolescents. The fundings yielded a statistically significant positive correlation (R = 0.411, p < 0.01) between interpersonal relationship formation and social adjustment outcomes in the university environment. This moderate correlation coefficient indicates that adolescent students who successfully establish and maintain quality interpersonal relationships demonstrate enhanced social adjustment within the university context. The strength of this correlation (R = 0.411) suggests a meaningful association between these variables, though it also indicates that other factors are likely to contribute to social adjustment outcomes. This empirical evidence underscores the importance of interpersonal relationship development as a key facilitator of successful social adaptation among adolescent university students.

HbA1c and Blood Pressure Correlation in Patients with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The primary metabolic symptom of diabetes mellitus is hyperglycemia. Analysing HbA1c levels can help determine blood glucose management. Elevations in blood pressure can be caused by abnormalities in the metabolism of glucose. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may experience elevated blood pressure. To ascertain whether blood pressure and HbA1c levels are correlated in patients with uncontrolled DM. There were 90 subjects aged between 31-65 years consisting of 48 men and 42 women. HbA1c levels were checked using the boronate affinity method and blood pressure was measured using a sphygmomanometer. Data analysis used the independent difference t-test and Mann-Whitney U test as well as the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of α=0.05. Research subjects had an average HbA1c level of 10 ± 2.08% (7.1-15). Mean systolic blood pressure was 132.75 ± 18.04 mmHg (90-180). The average diastolic blood pressure was 83.28 ± 10.38 mmHg (60-120). Subjects who experienced hypertension were 36.66%. There were no differences in blood pressure between men and women (systolic p=0.70 and diastolic p=0.58). There was no correlation between HbA1c levels and blood pressure (systolic: r=0.022, p=0.81 and diastolic: r=0.022, p=0.81). There was no correlation between duration of DM and blood pressure (systolic: r=.093 and p=0.38 and diastolic: r= -.032 and p=0.76). There was no correlation between HbA1c levels and blood pressure

The Relationship Between Protein, Iron, Folic Acid, Vitamin C Intake and Breakfast Habits With The Incidence of Anemia in Female Students of SMPN 152 Jakarta

Anemia is a condition where the number of red blood cells or the level of hemoglobin is lower than normal. In Indonesia, the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls remains quite high at 32%. Inadequate nutrient intake can disrupt red blood cell formation, particularly important nutrients such as protein, iron, vitamin C, and folic acid. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the intake of protein, iron, folic acid, vitamin C, and breakfast habits with the incidence of anemia among female adolescents in junior high school. This is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design, analyzed using Spearman correlation tests, conducted at SMPN 152 Jakarta with a sample size of 50 individuals. Data on protein, iron, folic acid, and vitamin C intake were obtained through 24-hour food recall interviews, breakfast habits were assessed via a questionnaire, and anemia data were collected through blood samples using a digital Hb checker. The analysis results indicate a relationship between protein intake (p = 0.000), iron intake (p = 0.000), folic acid intake (p = 0.030), vitamin C intake (p = 0.010) and the incidence of anemia, while no relationship was found between breakfast habits (p = 0.161) and anemia incidence. It is concluded that there is a correlation between protein intake, iron intake, folic acid intake, and vitamin C intake with anemia incidence at SMPN 152 Jakarta. The variable most strongly correlated with anemia incidence is iron intake with a value of (r = 0.640).

Correlation between Self-compassion and Academic Procrastination with Learning Achievement among the Medical Students at Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia

Background: Learning achievement is primarily measured by GPA. A positive self-concept, nurtured by self-compassion, is essential for achieving academic excellence. Self-compassion helps students cope with stress and boost motivation. On the other hand, procrastination is a common obstacle to academic success. Ineffective time management and organizational skills are hallmarks of procrastination. Aims: To describe the levels of self-compassion and procrastination among medical students and to examine how these factors relate to academic performance. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design involving 266 active medical students at UGJ, selected through stratified random sampling. Data was collected using an online questionnaire, including the Self-Compassion Scale and the Academic Procrastination Scale. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted, with a Spearman correlation test used to assess the correlation between variables due to the non-normal distribution of self-compassion and academic achievement. Results: The majority of participants exhibited moderate levels of self-compassion (56%). Similarly, the majority (38.7%) demonstrated moderate levels of academic procrastination. In terms of learning achievement, the majority of participants achieved a GPA between 3.01 and 3.50 (32.3%). A significant positive correlation was found between self-compassion and learning achievement (p-value<0.001, r=0.339). Conversely, a significant negative correlation was observed between academic procrastination and learning achievement (p-value<0.001, r=-0.234). Conclusion: This research shows that higher self-compassion is associated with better learning outcomes whereas higher academic procrastination is associated with worse learning outcomes. Received: 25 September 2024 | Reviewed: 17 October 2024 | Revised: 17 November 2024 | Accepted: 30 November 2024.

Study of Complementary Feeding and Children’s Nutritional Status in Jambi City

Providing adequate complementary feeding, quantitatively and qualitatively, supports children’s nutritional status. This study aims to analyze complementary feeding and children’s nutritional status in Jambi City. This type of research is quantitative with a cross-sectional study design conducted in 2023. The population used in this research was children aged 6-24 months in Jambi City with 116 respondents as sample taken using accidental sampling technique. Primary data collection was carried out through validated questionnaires, 1x24 hour food recall forms, and food frequency questionnaires. Data processing was carried out univariately and bivariately to see the correlation between complementary feeding and nutritional status which was tested using spearman correlation test. Nutritional status data shows that 6.9% of children are underweight and 13.8% of children are at risk of being overweight; as many as 24.1% of children were severely stunted and 15.5% were stunted; and as many as 53.4% ​​of children experience problems of under- and over-nutrition. As many as 62% of children at the age of 6 months have the first food/drinks given consisting of: formula milk, rice porridge/tim rice/rice/mashed side dishes, and mashed fruit with mashed texture/thick porridge fed by parent or caregiver. The average nutrition intake obtained by children from complementary feeding is 889 kcal energy (90.2 %) and 34.3 g protein (201.1 %). There is no significant correlation between complementary feeding and nutritional status of children because this study has not followed the continuous complementary feeding. Complementary feeding for children needs controlling of daily nutrition intake by parents.

The Influence Functional Status on The Quality Life Post Patients Stroke

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>Stroke is a functional brain disorder that occurs suddenly and is characterised by clinical symptoms both vocal and global which persist for a period exceeding 24 hours. These symptoms are caused by disorders affecting the blood circulation system. In patients who have suffered a stroke can result in difficulties for carrying out activities of daily living and in the development of motor skills. The research design was a correlational observational study with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample comprised 30 post-stroke patients. Inclusion criteria were patients post-stroke one year or more, seeking outpatient treatment at the Neurology Clinic from June to August 2024. Sampling was conducted using the purposive sampling technique. Spearman rho test for bivariat analysis is used to assess the impact of functional status on the quality of life of post-stroke patients. The research instrument was a questionnaire. The Functional Status Questionnaire employs the Barthel Index scale. The respondent indicated that they were fully independent. The quality of life questionnaire employs the Short Form Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale (SSQOL). P-value for the spearman correlation test is 0.046 (<0.05) indicates that there is a statistically significant influence between functional status and the patient's quality of life. The correlation coefficient value is r=0.368, indicating that the influence between functional status and quality of life is moderate to strong. These positive results indicate that as an individual's functional status improves, so does their quality of life one year after stroke. Consequently, the functional status of these patients can be improved through stroke rehabilitation, which is designed to enhance quality of life.</em></p><p><em> </em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong><em>Keywords: Functional Status, Stroke, Quality of Life</em></strong></p>

Correlation between Urine Albumin Creatinin Ratio (UACR) Value to Urine Osmolality Value and Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate (EGFR) Value on Patient with Kidney Failure

BACKGROUND : Kidney failure is one of the causes of death in the world. Laboratory tests related to kidney function are very important in the management of patients with kidney failure because they are useful in identifying any decline in kidney function, monitoring treatment and progression of kidney disease. The aim of checking the urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR): is to assess the protein filtration function in the glomerulus. The aim of checking urine osmolality is to assess pre-renal, renal and post-renal hemodynamic status. The aim of examining the estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) is to assess overall glomerular function. EGFR is the gold standard. AIMS : The aim of this research is to determine 1). the relationship between UACR values and EGFR, 2). The relationship between urine osmolality and EGFR. UACR and urine osmolality are independent variables. Meanwhile, EGFR is the dependent variable. The research sample was all chronic kidney failure in one group. Acute renal failure was made into a group and a separate analysis. METHOD : This study is a quantitative study with analytical observations through a cross sectional design using 30 samples and was conducted from May to June 2024 at the Central Laboratory Installation of Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital, East Java Province. UACR and EGFR examination used the principle of photometric test while urine osmolality examination used the principle of electrical conductivity. The data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the Spearman non-parametric correlation test through SPSS 27. RESULT : In the normality test results, it was found that UACR and EGFR values were not normally distributed (p = <0.001) while urine osmolality values were normally distributed (p = 0.523). Spearman's non-parametric correlation test showed that there was no correlation between UACR value to urine osmolality value (p = 0.342) and EGFR value (p = 0.481). CONCLUSION : The results of this study showed no correlation between UACR value to urine osmolality value and EGFR value in patients with kidney failure.

ESTIMATIVA DO COMPORTAMENTO SEDENTÁRIO POR MEIO DE ACELERÔMETRO EM MULHERES IDOSAS: CORRELAÇÃO COM A FUNCIONALIDADE

The objective was to evaluate the relationship between SC estimation and functionality in elderly women. Cross-sectional observational study (48 elderly women), in two phases: I) sample characterization and application of functional tests [5 times sit-to-stand test (5TSTS), Gait speed test (GST), Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and manual dynamometry); II) use of the accelerometer for 7 days. Spearman's correlation test was used according to normality (Shapiro-Wilk); and significance level p<0.05. There were positive and significant relationships between estimated CS and time in 5TSTS, TUG and GST. The SC estimate showed a positive correlation with the execution time of tests linked to functionality in elderly women.

Reducing antimicrobial use in livestock alone may be not sufficient to reduce antimicrobial resistance among human Campylobacter infections: an ecological study in the Netherlands.

Reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock may be one of the keys to limit the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial populations, including zoonotic pathogens. This study assessed the temporal association between AMU in livestock and AMR among Campylobacter isolates from human infections in the Netherlands between 2004 - 2020. Moreover, the associations between AMU and AMR in livestock and between AMR in livestock and AMR in human isolates were assessed. AMU and AMR data per antimicrobial class (tetracyclines, macrolides and fluoroquinolones) for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from poultry, cattle, and human patients were retrieved from national surveillance programs. Associations were assessed using logistic regression and the Spearman correlation test. Overall, there was an increasing trend in AMR among human C. jejuni/coli isolates during the study period, which contrasted with a decreasing trend in livestock AMU. In addition, stable trends in AMR in broilers were observed. No significant associations were observed between AMU and AMR in domestically produced broilers. Moderate to strong positive correlations were found between the yearly prevalence of AMR in broiler and human isolates. Reducing AMU in Dutch livestock alone may therefore not be sufficient to tackle the growing problem of AMR in Campylobacter among human cases in the Netherlands. More insight is needed regarding the population genetics and the evolutionary processes involved in resistance and fitness among Campylobacter.

N2 exchanges in hyperbaric environments: towards a model based on physiological gas transport (O2 and CO2).

Decompression sickness can occur in divers even when recommended decompression procedures are followed. Furthermore, the physiological state of individuals can significantly affect bubbling variability. These informations highlight the need for personalized input to improve decompression in SCUBA diving. The main objective of this study is to propose a fundamental framework for a new approach to inert gas exchanges. A physiological model of oxygen delivery to organs and tissues has been built and adapted to nitrogen. The validation of the model was made by transferring the N2 to CO2. Under normobaric conditions (air breathing, oxygen breathing, and static apnea) and hyperbaric conditions, the O2 model replicates the reference physiological Po2 (Spearman correlation tests p<0.001). The inert gas models can simulate inert gas partial pressures under normobaric and hyperbaric conditions. However, the lack of reference values prevents direct validation of this new model. Therefore, the N2 model has been transferred to CO2. The resulting CO2 model has been validated by comparing it with physiological reference values (Spearman correlation tests p<0.01). The validity of the CO2 model constructed from the N2 model demonstrates the plausibility of this physiological model of inert gas exchanges. In the context of personalized decompression procedures, the proposed model is of significant interest as it enables the integration of physiological and morphological parameters (blood and respiratory flows, alveolo-capillary diffusion, respiratory and blood volumes, oxygen consumption rate, fat mass, etc.) into a model of nitrogen saturation/desaturation, in which oxygen and CO2 partial pressures can also be incorporated.

Comparison of serum vitamin D levels in patients with and without posterior subcapsular cataract

Comparison of serum vitamin D levels in patients with and without posterior subcapsular cataract

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Hospitalizations Due to Primary Care-Sensitive Conditions Related to Diabetes Mellitus in a State in the Northeast of Brazil.

Hospitalizations due to primary care-sensitive conditions (PCSCs) can be considered a proxy for the effectiveness of primary healthcare (PHC), especially diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal, spatial, and space-time patterns of PCSCs associated with DM in a state in Northeast Brazil from 2008 to 2022. An ecological and time-series study that included all records related to PCSCs-DM from the 75 municipalities of Sergipe was conducted. Segmented linear regression, global (I) and local (LISA) Moran indices, spatial scanning, Spearman correlation tests, bivariate I, and LISA were used in our analysis to examine the temporal trends and clusters of high spatial risk. Overall, 14,390 PCSCs-DM were recorded between 2008 and 2022. There was a higher prevalence of PCSCs-DM among women (53.75%) and individuals over 70 years old (57.60%). Temporal trends in PCSCs-DM were increasing with regard to the overall rate (AAPC: 2.39); males (AAPC: 3.15); age groups ≤ 19 years (AAPC: 6.13), 20-39 years (AAPC: 4.50), and 40-59 years (AAPC: 2.56); and 3 out of the 7 health regions. There was a positive spatial correlation between per capita income (I = -0.23; p = 0.004) and diabetic foot examination being performed by a nurse in a PHC (I = -0.18; p = 0.019) setting. The heterogeneous spatial distribution of DM hospitalizations demonstrated that this condition is a persistent public health problem in Sergipe.

The Relationship of Chollinesterase Levels to Cognitive Status In Village Farmers Pakis, Jember District

This study aims to analyze the relationship between cholinesterase levels and cognitive status in farmers in Village, Panti District, Jember Regency. High use of pesticides in the agricultural sector can increase the risk of poisoning, which has an impact on health, especially the nervous system and cognitive function. The research method used was observational with a cross-sectional design, involving 30 farmers who used organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. Cognitive status was measured using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). The results showed that there was a decrease in cholinesterase levels in some farmers, but the analysis with the Spearman correlation test showed no significant relationship between cholinesterase levels and cognitive status (p &gt; 0.05). This research is expected to provide information about the impact of pesticides and the importance of using personal protective equipment for farmers

Differential correlations of refractive error, axial length, and axial length-to-corneal curvature ratio with anterior segment biometrics in myopic refractive surgery candidates

PurposeTo investigate the correlations of spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), and AL to corneal curvature radius ratio (AL/CR) with anterior segment biometrics in candidates for myopic refractive surgery. MethodsAnterior segment biometrics of 2,478 myopic refractive surgery candidates measured by Pentacam were collected retrospectively. The anterior segment biometrics included anterior corneal curvature (ACC), posterior corneal curvature (PCC), white-to-white corneal diameter (WTW), central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal volume at 3 mm (CV), anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA), posterior corneal astigmatism (PCA), anterior corneal eccentricity (ACE), posterior corneal eccentricity (PCE), anterior corneal asphericity (ACAP), posterior corneal asphericity (PCAP), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and anterior chamber volume (ACV). The eyes were divided into four groups according to the AL: group 1, AL≤24 mm; group 2, 24mm<AL≤26 mm; group 3, 26mm<AL≤28 mm; group 4, AL≥28mm. The correlations between these biometrics with SE, AL, and AL/CR were assessed by Pearson or Spearman correlation tests. A correlation with a coefficient ≥0.3 and a p value <0.05 were considered significant. ResultsIn all AL groups, ACC was positively correlated with SE (r = 0.446 to 0.620) and negatively correlated with AL/CR (r = -0.704 to -0.894), whereas PCC was positively correlated with SE (r = 0.394 to 0.612) and negatively correlated with AL/CR (r = -0.606 to -0.787). WTW was positively correlated with SE (r = 0.304 to 0.474) in every group, and negatively correlated with AL/CR (r = -0.405 and -0.412) in group 1 and 4. ACA was positively correlated with AL (r = 0.310) and AL/CR (r = -0.333) in group 4. ACD was negatively correlated with AL (r = -0.304) in group 4, and positively correlated with AL/CR (r = -0.325) in group 2. ACV was positively correlated with SE (r = 0.344) in group 4, and positively correlated with AL (r = 0.303) in group 2. CCT, CV, PCA, ACE, PCE, ACAP, and PCAP was not significantly correlated with SE, AL, or AL/CR in any of group. ConclusionsDifferential correlations were observed between anterior segment biometrics and SE, AL, and AL/CR, suggesting that various myopia indicators have different effects on ocular structures. These findings may help identify the ocular structures that can be targeted of refractive surgery.

Medicalization without legalization: the European policy for medical and recreational cannabis use

Abstract Aim Cannabis, unlike other illicit drugs, possesses medical properties. This unique characteristic necessitates a distinction between its clinical and legal status, prompting an inquiry into the nature of the relationship between these two dimensions. Countries are adopting one of three clinical policies regarding medical use (opposition, pharmaceuticalization, and medicalization) and one of three legal regimes regarding recreational use (prohibition, decriminalization, and legalization). This study examines the correlation between the clinical policy and the legal regime for cannabis in European countries. Subject and methods We used data from 39 European countries to classify every country’s clinical policy and legal regime. Then, we employed chi-squared and Spearman correlation tests to assess the relationships between the clinical and legal dimensions. Results The chi-squared test results indicate a strong and statistically significant relationship between the clinical policy for cannabis and the legal regime for recreational cannabis (p &lt; 0.01). Spearman correlation test results also reveal a positive, strong, and significant relationship (p &lt; 0.001). We found that medicalization as a clinical policy is associated with decriminalization as a legal regime (68% of medicalization countries decriminalize recreational use). Conclusion This study proposes a novel perspective that separates the concepts of medicalization and legalization, challenging previous assumptions about their interconnectedness. We argue that medicalization and decriminalization of cannabis are closely associated, likely because decriminalization facilitates patient access and fosters a medical cannabis market while avoiding the extremes of prohibition or full-scale legalization. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of cannabis policy development in Europe and suggest that policymakers should consider the complex interplay between clinical and legal approaches when formulating cannabis policies. This research provides valuable insights for future policy discussions and highlights the need for further investigation into the long-term implications of these policy choices.

Perception towards personal enrichment competency modules and interprofessional collaboration readiness among students

To evaluate the correlation between perception towards Personal enrichment competency (PEC) modules effectiveness and interprofessional collaboration readiness among students. A cross-sectional study design was used. Two different variables were used to measure the perception towards PEC modules and the readiness for interprofessional collaboration; this was done using the readiness for interprofessional learning scale (RIPLS). A convenience sampling method was used. The respondent was drawn from current medical, health science and pharmacy undergraduate students from the first year to the fifth year in a private University in Malaysia. A Spearman's rank-order correlation test was run to determine the statistical relationship between both variables.The scores for the perception towards PEC modules (inclusive of overall scores, content structure, practicum and assessment) and readiness towards IP learning (comprised of teamwork and collaboration, negative professional identity, positive professional identity and roles and/or responsibilities) showed above average score (4.04 ± 0.92 and 3.77± 0.81 respectively) among students of various healthcare programs. There was a strong, positive correlation between PEC module effectiveness and IP collaboration readiness, which was statistically significant (r = 0.713, p &amp;#60; 0.001). There was an effective PEC delivery among undergraduates in medical school, pharmacy school and faculty of health sciences. Undergraduates in medical school, pharmacy school and faculty of health sciences were shown to be ready for interprofessional collaboration when entering professional careers. Interprofessional learning should be incorporated into the curriculum such as in the PEC modules for all medical, health science and pharmacy programs, which may nurture students to become more competent healthcare givers and appreciate each professional role.

Dietary patterns and bone density among school-aged children: a cross-sectional study in China.

Diet is an essential modifiable determinant of bone health, yet the associations between dietary patterns (DPs) and bone mineral density (BMD) in Chinese children remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between overall diet and low BMD risk among school-aged children in China. A total of 1,099 children aged 9-12 in China were recruited for this cross-sectional study. A semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake. A priori numerical index, the Chinese Dietary Guidelines Index for Children and Adolescents [CDGI (2021)-C] was utilized to assess dietary quality. Specific DPs were identified by using principal components analysis (PCA). The BMD of the left forearm was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Spearman correlation test was conducted to investigate the associations between DPs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic spline models (RCS) were applied to explore the associations between DPs and BMD. Three distinct DPs were identified: the plant-animal balanced pattern, the grain-tuber-meat pattern, and the bean-dairy pattern. We found a weak but significant positive correlation of the CDGI (2021)-C with the plant-animal balanced pattern (R = 0.318, P < 0.001), and with the bean-dairy pattern (R = 0.266, P < 0.001), respectively. After adjusting for covariates, adherence to the CDGI (2021)-C (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.27-0.75), the plant-animal balanced pattern (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31-0.81), and the bean-dairy pattern (Q3 vs. Q1, OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.33-0.96) were associated with a lower risk of low BMD. No significant association was observed between the grain-tuber-meat pattern and low BMD (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.90-1.31). Adherence to the CDGI (2021)-C and the plant-animal balanced pattern is advantageous for bone health and inversely correlated with the risk of low BMD among school-aged children in China. Additionally, moderate adherence to the bean-dairy pattern may also confer benefits to bone health. A balanced and overall healthy diet should be recommended in our daily life.