Spatiotemporal Relationships Research Articles

A Systematic Review of Event-Matching Methods for Complex Event Detection in Video Streams

Complex Event Detection (CED) in video streams involves numerous challenges such as object detection, tracking, spatio–temporal relationship identification, and event matching, which are often complicated by environmental variations, occlusions, and tracking losses. This systematic review presents an analysis of CED methods for video streams described in publications from 2012 to 2024, focusing on their effectiveness in addressing key challenges and identifying trends, research gaps, and future directions. A total of 92 studies were categorized into four main groups: training-based methods, object detection and spatio–temporal matching, multi-source solutions, and others. Each method’s strengths, limitations, and applicability are discussed, providing an in-depth evaluation of their capabilities to support real-time video analysis and live camera feed applications. This review highlights the increasing demand for advanced CED techniques in sectors like security, safety, and surveillance and outlines the key opportunities for future research in this evolving field.

Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Hypergraph Convolutional Network for Traffic Flow Forecasting

Graph convolutional networks (GCN) are an important research method for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), but they also face the challenge of how to describe the complex spatio-temporal relationships between traffic objects (nodes) more effectively. Although most predictive models are designed based on graph convolutional structures and have achieved effective results, they have certain limitations in describing the high-order relationships between real data. The emergence of hypergraphs breaks this limitation. A dynamic spatio-temporal hypergraph convolutional network (DSTHGCN) model is proposed in this paper. It models the dynamic characteristics of traffic flow graph nodes and the hyperedge features of hypergraphs simultaneously, achieving collaborative convolution between graph convolution and hypergraph convolution (HGCN). On this basis, a hyperedge outlier removal mechanism (HOR) is introduced during the process of node information propagation to hyper-edges, effectively removing outliers and optimizing the hypergraph structure while reducing complexity. Through in-depth experimental analysis on real-world datasets, this method has better performance compared to other methods.

A novel structural equation modelling-based framework for identifying hydrometeorological multi-factor interaction

Study regionThe Hanjiang River Basin, China. Study focusIn this study, we proposed a new integrated framework based on structural equation models to identify hydrometeorological multi-factor interaction relationship. The spatiotemporal distribution and interaction relationship of hydrological, meteorological, and vegetation indicators in the Hanjiang River Basin were analyzed based on the national long-series monitoring data. New hydrological insights for the regionThe findings reveal that: (1) The rainfall is the maximum in the lower reaches (968.87 mm), and the runoff depth fluctuated the most in the lower reaches (1181.70 mm to 2934.88 mm). (2) Dew point temperature is an important influencing factor of rainfall in the upper and middle reaches, and relative humidity is an important influencing factor of rainfall in the lower reaches. High vegetation cover is an important influencing factor for runoff depth. (3) Rainfall and runoff depth are significantly negatively affected by meteorological characteristics, with effect values ranging from −0.24 to −0.68. However, runoff depth is positively affected by rainfall, relative humidity, vegetation characteristics, and canopy interception, with effect values ranging from 0.02 to 0.58. The size and mode of influence have significant regional differences.

Temporal relationships between the red fox and the European badger in a Mediterranean protected area

AbstractNiche partitioning according to time, space, or resources is the key to interspecific coexistence. Interactions among carnivore species are complex: interference is common, although positive relationships may develop through trophic facilitation. In turn, different behavioral responses to coexistence may be reported, ranging from avoidance to attraction, the outcome of which is highly dependent on the local environmental context. Here, we evaluated the temporal partitioning by analyzing spatiotemporal relationships between the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the European badger Meles meles in a Mediterranean?protected area for three full years, using intensive camera trapping. The two species showed similar temporal activity patterns, with a nocturnal activity and peaks at dawn and dusk. We found a substantial temporal overlap between red fox and badger (Δ > 0.78, on a 0‐1 scale). However, we detected some differences in temporal activity patterns across these species and no evidence of interspecific spatiotemporal avoidance. Previous work provided no evidence supporting spatial avoidance among the study species. Our results suggest a role of temporal partitioning at a finer scale during the night to facilitate interspecific coexistence.

Zircon and garnet U-Pb dating reveals the mineralization history of volcanic-related skarn iron deposits

The genesis of skarn garnet in volcanic-related skarn iron deposits is controversial because of the absent or ambiguous spatiotemporally related intrusions. In this study, we present combined LA-ICP-MS garnet U-Pb and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages to determine the spatiotemporal relationship between skarn garnet and a potentially related intrusion or causative volcanic rock. Three types of garnet (Grt1, Grt2, and Grt3) are identified in the Yamansu deposit, and Grt1 yields a lower intercept age of 326 ± 9 Ma (n = 32, MSWD = 0.3). SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of the associated volcanic rock yields a weighted mean age of 327 ± 3 Ma (n = 10, MSWD = 1.4), suggesting an isochronous relationship between the volcanic rock and Grt1. Grt2 and Grt3 yield lower intercept ages of 316 ± 6 Ma (n = 22, MSWD = 1.4) and 315 ± 6 Ma (n = 35, MSWD = 1.5), respectively. However, the zircon U-Pb weighted mean age of 252 ± 4 Ma (n = 5, MSWD = 0.8) obtained from the associated intrusion is obviously younger than the skarn age and the previously reported ore-forming age, implying no temporal relationship between mineralization and the intrusion. More significantly, precise 206Pb/238U weighted mean ages of 325 ± 9 Ma (n = 15, MSWD = 0.3), 316 ± 8 Ma (n = 11, MSWD = 0.4), and 319 ± 7 Ma (n = 12, MSWD = 0.5) were obtained from Grt1, Grt2, and Grt3, respectively, and we find that andradite-rich garnet with high U and ΣREE concentrations has the potential to yield the more precise U-Pb ages. The combined garnet and zircon U-Pb ages reveal that the hydrothermal skarn and mineralization in volcanic-related skarn iron deposits are related to volcanic activity rather than intrusions. Multiple episodes of volcanic-related hydrothermal activity may have caused multiple phases of skarn formation and mineralization in volcanic-related skarn iron deposits.

The Role of Magnetic Skeleton in Solar Flare Filaments Activity

We report an M9.3 flare and filaments activities from NOAA Active Region 11261 that are strongly modulated by the 3D magnetic skeleton. Magnetic field extrapolation from the vector magnetic field suggests complex magnetic connectivity and the existence of a high coronal null point southeast of the active region. A small filament over the inversed V-shaped polarity inversion line erupted and resulted in the M9.3 flare associated with a weak ejection in the EUV hot channel and the formation of a relatively large filament. Both the weak ejection and the eruption of the large filament were toward the southeast. Comparative analyses have disclosed the following new facts. First, the trajectory of looptop hard X-ray emission provides solid evidence that the magnetic reconnection site propagated up toward the coronal null point as the flare and filaments erupted. Second, the EVU observations show coronal mass ejection-like eruption features in the ejection region of the magnetic skeleton. Third, the closed fan confined the west end of the large filament and the corresponding flare ribbons. We demonstrate a spatiotemporal relationship between the magnetic skeleton and the flare filament activity. We conclude that the magnetic skeleton can modulate and determine almost all the characteristics of the studied activity in the corresponding scale.

Decoupling Long- and Short-Term Patterns in Spatiotemporal Inference.

Sensors are the key to environmental monitoring, which impart benefits to smart cities in many aspects, such as providing real-time air quality information to assist human decision-making. However, it is impractical to deploy massive sensors due to the expensive costs, resulting in sparse data collection. Therefore, how to get fine-grained data measurement has long been a pressing issue. In this article, we aim to infer values at nonsensor locations based on observations from available sensors (termed spatiotemporal inference), where capturing spatiotemporal relationships among the data plays a critical role. Our investigations reveal two significant insights that have not been explored by previous works. First, data exhibit distinct patterns at both long- and short-term temporal scales, which should be analyzed separately. Second, short-term patterns contain more delicate relations, including those across spatial and temporal dimensions simultaneously, while long-term patterns involve high-level temporal trends. Based on these observations, we propose to decouple the modeling of short- and long-term patterns. Specifically, we introduce a joint spatiotemporal graph attention network to learn the relations across space and time for short-term patterns. Furthermore, we propose a graph recurrent network with a time skip strategy to alleviate the gradient vanishing problem and model the long-term dependencies. Experimental results on four public real-world datasets demonstrate that our method effectively captures both long- and short-term relations, achieving state-of-the-art performance against existing methods.

Exploring dynamic spatiotemporal relationships among multiple ecosystem systems to identify priority restoration areas: a case study in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Exploring dynamic spatiotemporal relationships among multiple ecosystem systems to identify priority restoration areas: a case study in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Exploring the role of different cell types on cortical folding in the developing human brain through computational modeling

The human brain’s distinctive folding pattern has attracted the attention of researchers from different fields. Neuroscientists have provided insights into the role of four fundamental cell types crucial during embryonic development: radial glial cells, intermediate progenitor cells, outer radial glial cells, and neurons. Understanding the mechanisms by which these cell types influence the number of cortical neurons and the emerging cortical folding pattern necessitates accounting for the mechanical forces that drive the cortical folding process. Our research aims to explore the correlation between biological processes and mechanical forces through computational modeling. We introduce cell-density fields, characterized by a system of advection-diffusion equations, designed to replicate the characteristic behaviors of various cell types in the developing brain. Concurrently, we adopt the theory of finite growth to describe cortex expansion driven by increasing cell density. Our model serves as an adjustable tool for understanding how the behavior of individual cell types reflects normal and abnormal folding patterns. Through comparison with magnetic resonance images of the fetal brain, we explore the correlation between morphological changes and underlying cellular mechanisms. Moreover, our model sheds light on the spatiotemporal relationships among different cell types in the human brain and enables cellular deconvolution of histological sections.

CONCEPT OF CRISIS IN SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE

The article examines the main approaches to the concept and content of crisis in scientific literature. The main trends in the development of the crisis and its contradictions are analyzed. It is emphasized that most crises and their understanding are the result of a combination of human errors, institutional «failures» and constant changes in the sphere of functioning of society and states. The main stages of the development of theoretical approaches regarding the concept and content of the crisis and its main derivatives are considered. It has been proven that he does not have a clear understanding of the concept and essence of the crisis; there are three main approaches to understanding the concept and content of crisis; there are several stages of development and formation of the concept and content of the crisis; for the most part, researchers give this phenomenon a positive or negative character. This is explained by the complex nature of these phenomena and insufficient attention for a long time. It is indicated that analyzing the existing definitions of the concept of «crisis», we can talk about three main approaches: a crisis is a stage of the life cycle of any system, that is, a form of its development; crisis is a turning point in the functioning of the system, which provokes any changes, regardless of the result; a crisis is a deterioration of one or more parameters of the system's functioning, which can even lead to its final disappearance. It is emphasized that the crisis is not a separate phenomenon, but a process unfolding as various factors and forces interact in an unpredictable manner; disruption of the usual daily rhythm of life; the emergence and increase of anxiety and stress in the population; potential and real threats to basic values and structural social systems. It has been proven that all views on the concept and meaning of «crisis» and related concepts are determined by the established framework of their interpretation, as well as by the theoretical and spatiotemporal relationship in which they are interpreted. The conducted research shows that in modern scientific literature there are many approaches to understanding the concepts of crisis and risk, sometimes they are even opposite to each other. In this regard, it is appropriate to generalize the existing approaches to these concepts. This will provide an opportunity to more comprehensively reveal the essence of the concepts and will help during the formation of crisis and risk management policy. The modern world is quite complex and dynamic, which leads to the appearance of an increasing number of various crises and risks. Only a thorough understanding and perception of the crisis will allow, if not to avoid them, then to get out of them with the least losses.

GLMI: An Efficient Spatiotemporal Index Leveraging Geohash and Piecewise Linear Models for Optimized Query Performance

Spatiotemporal big data contain information in multiple dimensions such as space and time. Spatiotemporal data have the characteristics of large volume, intricate spatiotemporal relationship, and uneven spatiotemporal distribution. Index structure is one of the most important technologies used to improve system data analysis and workload. However, it is difficult to dynamically adjust with data density, resulting in increased maintenance costs and retrieval complexity. At the same time, maintaining the proximity of spatiotemporal data in spatial or temporal dimensions is crucial for efficient spatiotemporal analysis. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a learned index method, GLMI (Geohash and piecewise linear model-based index for spatiotemporal data). GLMI uses dynamic space partitioning based on the Hilbert curve to reduce the impact of data skew on index performance. In the time dimension, a piecewise linear model was constructed using the ShrinkingCone algorithm, and a buffer was designed to support the fast writing of spatiotemporal data. Compared with the current mainstream traditional high-dimensional indexes and the ZM index, GLMI has a smaller space consumption and shorter construction time compared to high-dimensional learned indexes on real traffic itinerary and trajectory record datasets. Meanwhile, GLMI also has an advantage in query efficiency.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of eustachian tube development in C57BL/6 mice: Correlation between morphological and functional maturation.

The eustachian tube (ET), a critical conduit connecting the middle ear and nasopharynx, is essential for normal middle ear function. However, it remains one of the least understood anatomical structures due to its complexity and the challenges of in vitro manipulation. Historically, these challenges have hindered research into the morphology and function development of the ET. This study elucidates the spatiotemporal relationship of ET morpho-functional maturation in mice, identifying key periods and factors that lay the theoretical foundation for exploring the molecular mechanisms of ET-related diseases. We comprehensively characterized the ET development in C57BL/6 mice from embryonic day (E) 12.5 to postnatal day (P) 30, focusing on the development of cilia, secretory cells, surrounding glands, and macrophages. Immunostaining identified the localization and secretion patterns of the mucins Muc5b and Muc5ac within the ET. Additionally, using improved ET function assessment tools, we evaluated the developmental features of ET mucociliary clearance and ventilation functions. In C57BL/6 mice, E16.5 marks a critical period for middle ear cavity and ET formation. Muc5b plays a foundational role during early stages, while Muc5ac enhances function in later stages. During P7-11, despite morphological maturity, ET function remains underdeveloped but continues to improve with growth.

Литогеодинамическая эволюция внешней окраины североуральского палеошельфа Печорской плиты в позднем ордовике (бассейн р. Илыч, Северный Урал)

Upper Ordovician carbonate deposits in the Northern Urals are the most common in the Ilych River basin. At the same time, the sections drilled here, which are the objects of this study, have a fragmentary character and tectonic boundaries, which led to significantly different ideas about the age of some strata and, as a result, to the ambiguity of their sedimentation conditions. The lithological-facies, paleoecological and paleontological studies revealed that the section of the Upper Ordovician carbonate deposits in the Northern Urals was represented by two formations, the Bolshaya Kosya reef and four thickness covering three tiers of the International Stratigraphic Scale of the Upper Ordovician — Sandbian, Katian and Hirnantian. The analysis of the spatiotemporal relationships of 36 lithotypes isolated in these sediments showed that they were grouped into 10 paragenetic associations of rocks reflecting the change of sedimentation conditions from a deep-water ramp with the accumulation of terrigenous calcareous silts (Sandbian) to a carbonate shelf with a clearly defined brow and the formation of a reef shoal on it (Middle Katian) and further to a shallow ramp with the widespread development of erosion processes and the formation of sandbanks (Late Katian-Hirnantian).

Analysis of the spatiotemporal coupling coordination relationship between industrial development and water resource security in China

ABSTRACT Industrial development is an important part of economic and social development, and a stable pattern of water resource security can meet the needs of economic and social development. Therefore, correctly handling the relationship between industrial development and water resource security in China is the key to achieving high-quality development. This paper takes 287 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2019 as the research object, establishes the evaluation index system of industrial development and water resource security, calculates the comprehensive index of industrial development and water resource security by the entropy weight method, and analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution trend of the two by using the coupling coordination degree model. The results show that the degree of coupling coordination between industrial development and water resource security in China shows an overall upward trend from 2010 to 2019. Optimizing the industrial structure and promoting industrial transformation and upgrading can effectively improve the coupling coordination level between industrial development and water resource security, and the degree of industrial development threatening water resource security is stronger than the degree of water resource security restricting industrial development. The research conclusion has important practical significance for optimizing industrial structure and implementing regional differentiation policy.

A Hybrid Spatial Fuzzy Inference and CNN Approach for Forecasting Changes in Remote Sensing

Satellite cloud images, captured by Earth observation satellites, provide crucial information for weather forecasting, aviation, natural resource management, and disaster response. This study presents a novel method for detecting changes in satellite cloud images, combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for feature extraction with a spatial complex fuzzy inference system (CFIS). The CNNs effectively capture color channel features in the image blurring and deblurring processes, while the CFIS models the spatiotemporal relationships in the data. Experiments conducted on a US Navy satellite image dataset demonstrate the effectiveness and stability of our proposed method, outperforming related studies in terms of both root mean square error (RMSE) and R-squared (R2) metrics.

Deconstructing the frame effect.

The perception of an object's location is profoundly influenced by the surrounding dynamics. This is dramatically demonstrated by the frame effect, where a moving frame induces substantial shifts in the perceived location of objects that flash within it. In this study, we examined the elements contributing to the large magnitude of this effect. Across three experiments, we manipulated the number of probes, the dynamics of the frame, and the spatiotemporal relationships between probes and the frame. We found that the presence of multiple probes amplified the position shift, whereas the accumulation of the frame effect over repeated motion cycles was minimal. Notably, an oscillating frame generated more pronounced effects compared to a unidirectional moving frame. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal distance between the frame and the probe played pivotal roles, with larger shifts observed near the leading edge of the frame. Interestingly, although larger frames produced stronger position shifts, the maximum shift occurred almost at the same distance relative to the frame's center across all tested sizes. Our findings suggest that the number of probes, frame size, relative probe-frame distance, and frame dynamics collectively contribute to the magnitude of the position shift.

How does new-type urbanization promote green development efficiency in China? The mediating role of governments, enterprises, and residents

New-type urbanization (NTU) is proposed by China to solve unsustainable issues and improve green development efficiency (GDE) during the process of rapid urbanization. However, the impact mechanism of NTU on GDE is unclear. Using panel data of 282 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2019, we measured NTU and GDE to describe their spatiotemporal pattern and relationship evolution. The fixed effects panel model and mediating effect panel model were further utilized to analyze the benchmark impact, mediating mechanism and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of NTU on GDE. The results showed that NTU improved whose level in eastern region was the highest, while GDE increased in fluctuations whose level in eastern and western regions performed better. With the proportion of double-high cities increasing from 13.83% to 43.62%, the NTU-GDE relationship was upgraded. Overall, every 1% improvement in NTU increased GDE by 0.3111%, and the enterprise effect, resident effect and government effect played a positive mediating role from high to low. During the later stage of NTU, it improved GDE more strongly and the mediating role of governments was optimized. The eastern region was the only region with three positive mediating roles of governments, enterprises and residents. These findings will facilitate GDE through NTU in China and have reference significance for the sustainability of global urbanization.

Impact of Tethyan domain evolution on the formation of petroleum systems in the Sichuan super basin, SW China

Based on the “unidirectional break-up and convergence” geodynamic model, this study investigates the impact of the evolution of the Tethyan domain on the formation of petroleum systems in the Sichuan super basin and explores the enrichment pattern of natural gas. The results show that, firstly, the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have experienced two unidirectional rifting-aggregation cycles triggered by the Proto-Tethys Ocean and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean during the Neoproterozoic to Triassic. During Jurassic–Cenozoic, the Sichuan Basin is incorporated in the circum-Tibetan plateau basin-mountain coupled tectonic domain system. The episodic tectonic movements within the plate control the sedimentary infill styles. Second, the evolution of the Tethyan domain, paleoclimatic environment and major geological events controlled the formation and distribution of high-quality source rocks within the basin. The rift valley and intracratonic rift, passive continental margin slope, and intracratonic sags are favorable areas for the development of source rocks. Third, the evolution of the Tethyan domain, supercontinent cycles, global sea level changes, and tectono-climatic events controlled the distribution of carbonate platform and reservoir-caprock combinations. The cratonic platform margins and sub-platform internal high terrains are key areas for finding carbonate high-energy facies belts. Syndepositional paleo-uplifts and surrounding slopes, regional unconformities, and later faults zone are areas where large-scale carbonate reservoirs are distributed. The regional evaporite or shale caprock are beneficial for the large-scale preservation of oil and gas in the basin. Fourth, the spatio-temporal matching relationship of reservoir forming factors influenced by the early tectonic-sedimentary evolution pattern and the degree of later tectonic modification is the key to oil and gas enrichment. Future oil and gas exploration should focus on potential gas systems during the Sinian rift period, Cambrian pre-salt gas systems in the eastern and southern Sichuan, as well as whole oil and gas systems of Permian and Triassic.

Forest catchment structure mediates shallow subsurface flow and soil base cation fluxes

Hydrologic behavior and soil properties across forested landscapes with complex topography exhibit high variability. The interaction of groundwater with spatially distinct soils produces and transports solutes across catchments, however, the spatiotemporal relationships between groundwater dynamics and soil solute fluxes are difficult to directly evaluate. While whole-catchment export of solutes by shallow subsurface flow represents an integration of soil environments and conditions but many studies compartmentalize soil solute fluxes as hillslope vs. riparian, deep vs. shallow, or as individual soil horizon contributions. This potentially obscures and underestimates the hillslope variation and magnitude of solute fluxes and soil development across the landscape. This study determined the spatial variation and of shallow soil base cation fluxes associated with weathering reactions (Ca, Mg, and Na), soil elemental depletion, and soil saturation dynamics in upland soils within a small, forested watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH. Base cation fluxes were calculated using a combination of ion-exchange resins placed in shallow groundwater wells (0.3 – 1 m depth) located across hillslope transects (ridges to lower backslopes) and measurements of groundwater levels. Groundwater levels were also used to create metrics of annual soil saturation. Base cation fluxes were positively correlated with soil saturation frequency and were greatest in soil profiles where primary minerals were most depleted of base cations (i.e., highly weathered). Spatial differences in soil saturation across the catchment were strongly related to topographic properties of the upslope drainage area and are interpreted to result from spatial variations in transient groundwater dynamics. Results from this work suggest that the structure of a catchment defines the spatial architecture of base cation fluxes, likely reflecting the mediation of subsurface stormflow dynamics on soil development. Furthermore, this work highlights the importance of further compartmentalizing solute fluxes along hillslopes, where certain areas may disproportionately contribute solutes to the whole catchment. Refining catchment controls on base cation generation and transport could be an important tool for opening the black box of catchment elemental cycling.

Electrographic flow mapping of atrial fibrillation.

A low ceiling of efficacy exists for the treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation via pulmonary vein isolation without adjunctive ablations, which is likely because they do not target an individual patient's specific underlying disease mechanisms. Electrographic flow (EGF) mapping is the first system that reliably displays wavefront propagation through the atria. It is a promising tool for localizing sources of atrial fibrillation, guiding targeted ablation, and visualizing conduction through the atrial substrate. We describe EGF mapping with emphasis on contemporary studies examining map reproducibility and use cases in the preclinical and clinical environment. Animal experiments demonstrated that maps were interpretable across increasingly complex rhythms with pacing during spontaneously persistent atrial fibrillation reliably simulating EGF sources. The FLOW-AF randomized controlled trial showed that source ablation improved outcomes and that EGF map properties may be used to phenotype patients based on their atrial fibrillation mechanisms and recurrence likelihoods. Targeted ablation strategies balance the risks of insufficiently ablating atrial fibrillation triggers with exacerbating disease through additional scar formation. EGF mapping leverages spatiotemporal relationships in voltage to localize sources and quantify substrate health. Further research is needed to optimize phenotyping and treatment efforts.