Spatial Separation Research Articles

Integrated energy-efficient and location-aware routing in wireless sensor networks

Sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks are commonly distributed randomly across a given landscape, and their placement may be randomized for specific applications, even extending to national deployments. The energy consumption associated with data transmission and reception by the cluster’s leader is notably higher compared to other nodes. To address this issue, it is recommended that wireless sensor networks adopt a more energy-efficient routing technique. This proposed technique assumes a spatial separation between different node types. Elevating the threshold enhances the likelihood that nodes with ample remaining power will endure as cluster leaders. Ultimately, a hybrid data transfer strategy is formulated, wherein data is directly exchanged between the base station and cluster heads among the super nodes containing advanced nodes. Most nodes employ a combination of single-hop and multi-hop approaches for data transport, aiming to minimize the power required for transmission between the cluster’s control node and the base station. According to simulation results, this proposed method surpasses the stable election protocol (SEP), demonstrating superiority over the improved threshold-sensitive stable election protocol in terms of the operational duration of a wireless sensor network.

Photodetectors Based on ZrS3/MoS2 Heterostructures.

High-performance photodetectors with the detection capability of linearly polarized light have broad applications in both military and civilian fields. Quasi-one-dimensional ZrS3 as an emerging anisotropic two-dimensional material has come under the spotlight owing to its intriguing properties. However, the performance of the ZrS3 photodetector is seriously restricted by its low responsivity. Herein, a novel high-performance photodetector based on the van der Waals ZrS3/MoS2 heterostructure is proposed. Attributed to the charge trapping-assisted photogating effect, interlayer carrier transitions, and fast spatial separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs, the device displays superior photoresponse characteristics ranging from the ultraviolet to the visible spectrum in terms of high responsivity up to 212 A/W, an extraordinary external quantum efficiency of 8.5 × 104%, and a prompt rise/decay time of 0.19/0.38 ms. In addition, owing to the profound birefringence and dichroism effects in ZrS3 together with strong light-matter interactions in the heterostructure, profound linear-polarization sensitivity is demonstrated with a dichroic ratio of about 2.8. Overall, this photodetector not only is integrated with the excellent properties of ZrS3 and monolayer MoS2 but also further enhances the advantages through interlayer couplings, which demonstrate the strong potential of the ZrS3-based devices for high-performance, ultrafast, and polarization-sensitive photodetection.

Construction of Cs2AgBiCl6/COF Heterojunction for Boosted Photocatalytic Thioester Oxidation.

Lead-free halide perovskites as a new kind of potential candidate for photocatalytic organic synthesis have attracted much attention recently. The rational heterojunction construction is regarded as an efficient strategy to delicately regulate their catalytic performances. Herein, a semi-conductive covalent organic framework (COF) nanosheet, C4N, is employed as the functional component to construct Cs2AgBiCl6/C4N (CABC/C4N) heterojunction. It is found that the C4N nanosheets with rich surface functional groups can serve as heterogeneous nucleation sites to manipulate the growth of CABC nanocrystals and afford close contact between each other, therefore facilitate the transfer and spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers, as verified by in situ X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Moreover, the oxygen affinity of C4N endows the heterojunctions with outstanding aerobic reactivity, thus improving the photocatalytic performance largely. The optimal CABC/C4N heterojunction delivers a thioanisole conversion efficiency of 100% after 6h, which is 2.2 and 7.7-fold of that of CABC and C4N. This work provides a new ideal for the design and application of lead-free perovskite heterojunction photocatalysts for organic reactions.

Selenium doping to improve internal electric field for excellent photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4 nanosheets

Graphitic carbon nitride is a promising photocatalyst to address environmental issues and energy applications. Herein, we develop an efficient defect-containing functionalized system of 2D selenium doped g-C3N4 porous nanosheets via one pot with two-step temperature for the first time. During heat treatment, Se-infused g-C3N4 nanosheets loosen stacking and form thinner nanosheets, which could effectively shorten the electronic path of charge migration. The introduction of nitrogen vacancies creates a midgap energy state below the CB, which improves the light-harvesting efficiency. Moreover, the dual effect of N vacancy and Se doping provides a driving force for the dissociation of excitons and achieves an effective spatial charge separation. High specific surface area (104.1 m2/g), suitable bandgap (2.65 eV), and good photocurrent response (0.45 µA cm−2) help to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of 1-SeCN remarkably. Henceforth, high photocatalytic H2 production rate of 5441 µmol g−1 h−1 and CO evolution rate of 31.5 µmol g−1 h−1 verifies the effective Se doping enhances the photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4. Furthermore, DFT calculations are consistent with experimental results and this facile engineering strategy provides a scalable way to develop a novel, efficient g-C3N4-based photocatalyst for H2 production and CO2 reduction.

Selective and Real‐Time Ion Monitoring with Integrated Floating‐Gate Organic Electrochemical Transistor Sensing Circuits

AbstractIon‐selective transistor‐based sensors play a pivotal role in quantifying ion concentrations in aqueous media. Existing solutions rely on direct coupling between ion‐selective membrane and channel, requiring bulky electrolyte reservoirs or complex technological approaches and material interfaces. This work introduces a transformative paradigm with ion‐selective floating‐gate organic electrochemical transistors (ISFG‐OECTs) and their integration in sensing circuits. ISFG‐OECTs feature spatial separation between ion‐selective gating and ionic‐electronic current modulation. Leveraging volumetric capacitance and solid‐state ionic liquid, efficient ionic coupling with the channel is obtained. These distinctive features make them an ideal solution for streamlined materials integration, eliminating the need for liquid reservoirs. Theoretical foundations and design guidelines for efficient ISFG‐OECT implementation are elucidated. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of ISFG‐OECTs in both transistor‐sensors and current‐driven circuit configurations, revealing highly selective detection of K+ ions with a limit of detection as low as 11 × 10−6 m, even in the presence of interfering Na+ ions at concentrations two orders of magnitude higher. The proposed approach is simple, reliable, and scalable, offering opportunities for a broad range of fields, such as medical diagnostics, precision agriculture, and environmental monitoring.

Hollow SrTiO3 photocatalyst with spatially separated OER and HER cocatalysts for photocatalytic overall water splitting

Overcoming the challenge of sluggish charge separation and the concurrent occurrence of overall water splitting (OWS) half reactions at the same catalytic sites is crucial for achieving efficient photocatalysis. This issue often leads to a high recombination rate and the back reaction of OWS. In this study, we addressed this challenge by enhancing interfacial spatial charge separation. Specifically, we designed hollow SrTiO3 spheres and spatially segregated the hydrogen and oxygen evolution sites on the outer and inner surfaces, respectively, for OWS. The spatially distributed Pt/SrTiO3/CoOx catalysts exhibited exceptional separation of photogenerated charges, resulting in 3-times higher stoichiometric OWS compared to Pt/SrTiO3. This work underscores the effectiveness of a well-tailored spatially distributed structure in promoting charge separation in photocatalysis, thereby opening avenues for the development of efficient artificial photosynthesis systems.

Chloride Ion-Induced Spatial Separation and Long Recombination Time of Photogenerated Electrons and Holes in Crystalline Carbon Nitride

Chloride Ion-Induced Spatial Separation and Long Recombination Time of Photogenerated Electrons and Holes in Crystalline Carbon Nitride

Phase control of nonlinear Breit-Wheeler pair creation

Electron-positron pair creation occurs throughout the universe in the environments of extreme astrophysical objects, such as pulsar magnetospheres and black hole accretion disks. The difficulty of emulating these environments in the laboratory has motivated the use of ultrahigh-intensity laser pulses for pair creation. Here we show that the phase offset between a laser pulse and its second harmonic can be used to control the relative transverse motion of electrons and positrons created in the nonlinear Breit-Wheeler process. Analytic theory and particle-in-cell simulations of a head-on collision between a two-color laser pulse and electron beam predict that with an appropriate phase offset, the electrons will drift in one direction and the positrons in the other. The resulting current may provide a collective signature of nonlinear Breit-Wheeler, while the spatial separation resulting from the relative motion may facilitate isolation of positrons for subsequent applications or detection. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Staggered band alignment – direct Z-scheme for photocatalytic activity in Stibnite/rGO layered nanohybrids

Type-II staggered band aligned layered nanohybrids (LNHs) satisfy the unique characteristics required for photocatalysts. Here, the spin-assisted layer-by-layer deposition (SA-LBL) of stibnite/reduced graphene oxide (Sb2S3/rGO) LNHs are fabricated and their structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties are reported. From the FESEM analysis, it was found that with increasing rGO content, the morphology of Sb2S3 nanoparticles changed from the granular to nanorods which might be due to Ostwald ripening or microstructural coarsening effect. Further, Raman spectroscopy proves that the B1 g and Ag of Sb2S3 decrease by the addition of rGO mainly due to the electron-phonon interaction. Based on the estimation of valence band edge and conduction band edge of Sb2S3/rGO LNHs using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and optical studies, we propose that the interface in Sb2S3/rGO LNHs is a type-II staggered band alignment Direct Z-scheme. The increased spatial charge separation and carrier lifetime of Sb2S3/rGO LNHs materials results in opening a new pathway to explore and extend their applications as photocatalysts.

Engineering MOF-derived 2D NPC-TiO2 nanotablet/3D marigold-like ZnIn2S4/CdS nanoparticles dual Z-scheme heterojunction with excellent photoelectric performance: A novel material for sensitive and facile photoelectrochemical sensing detection of mercury ions in aqueous environments by ion-exchange sensing strategy

Herein, a new NH2-MIL-125-derived 2D nitrogen-doped porous carbon-titanium dioxide (NPC-TiO2) nanotablet/3D marigold-like ZnIn2S4/CdS nanoparticles (NPs) dual Z-scheme heterojunction was first exploited for photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurement of mercury ions (Hg2+). Taking NH2-MIL-125 as precursor, the 2D NPC-TiO2 nanotablet was prepared by calcination. The 3D marigold-like ZnIn2S4 and CdS NPs were synthesized by hydrothermal method and aqueous synthesis way, respectively. The acquired NPC-TiO2, ZnIn2S4 and CdS were sequentially modified on the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode to form the PEC sensing interface by layer-by-layer assembly. Due to the matched band-edge levels, and strong light-harvesting ability, the given heterostructure on ITO electrode generated a large photocurrent. Importantly, it was found that 2D NPC-TiO2 nanotablet/3D marigold-like ZnIn2S4/CdS NPs dual Z-scheme heterojunction could show specifically increased photocurrent signal towards to Hg2+ by employing CdS NPs as Hg2+-recognition probe with selective Cd-to-Hg ion-exchange, resulting from the in-situ formation of the new quaternary NPC-TiO2/ZnIn2S4/CdS/HgS heterostructure to further facilitate the spatial transmission and separation of charges. As a result, Hg2+ was highly sensitively detected with a low detection limit of 20 fM. This PEC sensor was also verified by evaluating Hg2+ in tap water, river water and lake water, demonstrating great application prospect for environment pollutant measurement.

Optimising seafood nutritional value and environmental sustainability in aquaculture through a novel integrated modelling tool applicable to IMTA and monoculture

Aquaculture policies that decrease the reliance on wild-caught fish and promote integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) both aim to lessen the environmental footprint but often overlook economic-environmental trade-offs and neglect social, health, and broad-scale sustainability considerations. Here we present a new bio-physical model (FYNE) that bridges some of these gaps, by linking farm operational choices, such as feed choices and farm siting, with the nutritional value of the farm-gate seafood products and the resulting environmental eutrophication footprint at the farm level. The FYNE model operates both in conditions of monoculture or of IMTA production, and estimates feed composition effects on growth and omega-3 fatty acid content of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), and nitrogen and carbon concentrations, the latter being a measure of the environmental eutrophication footprint of the farm. The model here developed integrates for the first time (i) an ecosystem model of an IMTA and (ii) a fatty acid dynamics model, with new models for salmon feed digestibility and mussel ingestion. The outputs span (i) production analysis for simulation of biomass; (ii) farm mass-balance analysis on deposition analysis and environmental eutrophication footprint; and (iii) product nutritional quality, in terms of fatty acid content. An application of the model to an IMTA farm in Scotland (UK) demonstrates how fatty acid and environmental changes can be modelled in tandem and could be used to support the industry to optimize the nutritional value of cultured species and manage aquatic environmental eutrophication footprint at farm level, informing feed and siting decisions. The model effectively predicts changes in omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA, in response to variations in feed composition. Notably, our results confirm that salmon waste has limited influence on mussel growth due to the spatial separation within the IMTA system, which emphasizes the need for strategic siting to enhance system productivity through effective waste recycling. Additionally, results show that while increasing fishmeal in diets enhances environmental outcomes, it reduces levels of critical fatty acids like DHA and EPA, underscoring the need for balanced feed formulations. The method developed in this study described a novel integrated model (FYNE) that extend previous modelling work by incorporating the influence of farmed species feed composition on fatty acid dynamics as well as the farming environmental factors.

Tunable Electronic Properties and Contact Performance of Type‐II HfS2${\rm HfS}_2$/MoS2${\rm MoS}_2$ Van der Waals Heterostructure

AbstractRecently, the assembly of van der Waals heterostructures (vdWH) has proved to be an effective strategy to alter the properties and enhance the functionality of multifunctional devices based on 2D materials. Herein, first‐principles calculations are employed to construct the / vdWH, exploring its electronic properties, contact characteristics, and the impact of electric gating. The / vdWH is predicted to be structurally, thermally, and mechanically stable. The / vdWH leads to a reduction in the bandgap compared to the constituent components, potentially enhancing optical absorption. Furthermore, the / heterostructure forms the type‐II band alignment, localizing electrons and holes predominantly in the and layers, respectively. Such type‐II / heterostructure makes it promising candidate for the optoelectronic devices, benefiting from the spatial separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs. Notably, the electronic properties and contact characteristics of the / vdWH are controllable under electric gating. The negative electric gating facilitates to a transformation from type‐II to type‐I band alignment, while the positive electric field induces a shift from semiconductor to metal in the / vdWH. This findings can provide valuable insights into the fundamental aspects that contribute to the exceptional performance observed in / vdWH toward high‐performance multifunctional devices.

The construction of Cs3MoxSbyBr9/BiVO4 S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic N2 fixation

Synergistic nitrogen (N2) reduction with water (H2O) oxidation is meaningful but challenging owing to the inertness of the N2 molecule and the sluggish kinetics of H2O oxidation. Herein, a simutaneous-promotion strategy of redox capacities is presented for constructing a lead-free Cs3Sb2Br9-based S-scheme heterojunction, by decorating Mo-functionalized Cs3Sb2Br9 nanocrystals (Cs3MoxSbyBr9) on BiVO4 nanosheet through an in-situ plane-to-point growth manner. The Mo-functionalization for Cs3Sb2Br9 enables the regulation of the d-band center position, greatly improving surface reaction kinetics for N2 reduction. Furthermore, the construction of the S-scheme heterojunction enhances the driving force for H2O oxidation and spatial charge separation of photocatalysts. As anticipated, the resultant Cs3MoxSbyBr9/BiVO4 exhibits an excellent photocatalytic N2 reduction activity under ambient atmosphere, achieving ammonia (NH3) production at a rate of 300 ± 5 μmol g−1 h−1 under simulated sunlight illumination (100 mW cm−2), which is nearly 20-fold higher than that of pristine Cs3Sb2Br9.

Super-Suppression of Long-Wavelength Phonons in Constricted Nanoporous Geometries.

In a typical semiconductor material, the majority of the heat is carried by long-wavelength, long-mean-free-path phonons. Nanostructuring strategies to reduce thermal conductivity, a promising direction in the field of thermoelectrics, place scattering centers of size and spatial separation comparable to the mean free paths of the dominant phonons to selectively scatter them. The resultant thermal conductivity is in most cases well predicted using Matthiessen's rule. In general, however, long-wavelength phonons are not as effectively scattered as the rest of the phonon spectrum. In this work, using large-scale molecular-dynamics simulations, non-equilibrium Green's function simulations, and Monte Carlo simulations, we show that specific nanoporous geometries that create narrow constrictions in the passage of phonons lead to anticorrelated heat currents in the phonon spectrum. This effect results in super-suppression of long-wavelength phonons due to heat trapping and reductions in the thermal conductivity to values well below those predicted by Matthiessen's rule.

Enhanced charge separation of Cu-BTC@CuSe@TiO2 hollow octahedrons for efficient CO2 photoreduction with superior CO selectivity

Solar-driven photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into high-value-added fuels has attracted widespread attention. However, the relatively low conversion efficiency and product yield severely limited photocatalytic applications. In this work, binary Cu-BTC@TiO2 catalysts with adjustable inner cavity were prepared using copper-based metal organic framework (Cu-BTC) octahedrons as substrate via a solvothermal reaction. In this process, the inner Cu-BTC octahedrons can be controllably etched into a hollow octahedral structure in the presence of HF. Subsequently, the Cu-BTC@CuSe@TiO2 hollow octahedrons (HOs) were fabricated by selenization reaction and exhibited various properties such as abundant active sites for CO2 adsorption and reduction reactions, shortened charge transfer distance to prevent electron-hole recombination, and internal reflection/scattering effects to improve solar light utilization. Moreover, the formed dual p-n heterostructures between p-type CuSe and n-type semiconductors (Cu-BTC and TiO2) effectively promote spatial separation and migration of charge carriers. The synergistic effect of these advantages makes the optimized Cu-BTC@CuSe@TiO2 HO catalyst exhibit remarkable CO2 photoreduction performance with a CO production rate of 72.3 μmol h−1 g−1 and near 100 % selectivity. This work opens a new pathway for designing highly active photocatalysts with excellent product selectivity.

Spatial separation of photocarriers and selective adsorption on flower-like core-shell heterojunction of Cr(VI) imprinted polymer@BiOI for boosted photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction

BackgroundConstructing heterojunction photocatalyst is a well-established strategy for enhancing photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction due to the heightened separation and transfer of photocarriers. Whereas, aimless and random transfer of photocarriers and low photocarrier utilization rate deriving from the weak interface interaction between heterojunction and Cr(VI) are still limited the photocatalytic reduction performance of Cr(VI). MethodsHerein, a flower-like core-shell heterojunction photocatalyst was designed by wrapping a pyridine-based Cr(VI) imprinted polymer (PCIP) onto flower-like BiOI to achieve spatial separation of photocarriers and selective adsorption of Cr(VI), resulting in an outstanding photocatalytic reduction performance of Cr(VI). Significant findingsIn the core-shell heterojunction, photocarriers could be spatially separated, and then brought about high-efficient photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction close to the selective adsorption sites of Cr(VI). After measurement, the optimal PCIP@BiOI core-shell heterojunction, polymerized for ≈30 min, exhibited a robust photocatalytic reduction performance of Cr(VI), without adding any free radical sacrifice agents. Within 1 h, the aqueous solution containing 100 mg/L of Cr(VI) could be completely removed, and the photocatalytic reduction rate constant of Cr(VI) was ≈20 times superior to BiOI. This study presents a methodology for designing core-shell heterojunction photocatalysts on the basis of inorganic/organic conjunction for environmental remediation of high concentrations of Cr(VI).

Effects of spatial configuration and fundamental frequency on speech intelligibility in multiple-talker conditions in the ipsilateral horizontal plane and median planea).

Spatial separation and fundamental frequency (F0) separation are effective cues for improving the intelligibility of target speech in multi-talker scenarios. Previous studies predominantly focused on spatial configurations within the frontal hemifield, overlooking the ipsilateral side and the entire median plane, where localization confusion often occurs. This study investigated the impact of spatial and F0 separation on intelligibility under the above-mentioned underexplored spatial configurations. The speech reception thresholds were measured through three experiments for scenarios involving two to four talkers, either in the ipsilateral horizontal plane or in the entire median plane, utilizing monotonized speech with varying F0s as stimuli. The results revealed that spatial separation in symmetrical positions (front-back symmetry in the ipsilateral horizontal plane or front-back, up-down symmetry in the median plane) contributes positively to intelligibility. Both target direction and relative target-masker separation influence the masking release attributed to spatial separation. As the number of talkers exceeds two, the masking release from spatial separation diminishes. Nevertheless, F0 separation remains as a remarkably effective cue and could even facilitate spatial separation in improving intelligibility. Further analysis indicated that current intelligibility models encounter difficulties in accurately predicting intelligibility in scenarios explored in this study.

Optical magnetic field enhancement using ultrafast azimuthally polarized laser beams and tailored metallic nanoantennas

Structured light provides unique opportunities to spatially tailor the electromagnetic field of laser beams. These include the possibility of a sub-wavelength spatial separation of their electric and magnetic fields, which would allow isolating interactions of matter with pure magnetic (or electric) fields. This could be particularly interesting in molecular spectroscopy, as excitations due to electric and—usually very weak—magnetic transition dipole moments can be disentangled. In this work, we show that the use of tailored metallic nanoantennas drastically enhances the strength of the longitudinal magnetic field carried by an ultrafast azimuthally polarized beam (by a factor of ∼65), which is spatially separated from the electric field by the beam’s symmetry. Such enhancement is due to favorable phase-matching of the magnetic field induced by the electric current loops created in the antennas. Our particle-in-cell simulation results demonstrate that the interactions of moderately intense (∼1011 W/cm2) and ultrafast azimuthally polarized laser beams with conical, parabolic, Gaussian, or logarithmic metallic nanoantennas provide spatially isolated magnetic field pulses of several tens of Tesla.

Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production of Ni-Co layered double hydroxides (Ni-Co LDHs) anchored with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hybrid composite

Using a suitable co-catalyst to boost photocatalytic H2 evolution from water splitting is crucial. Herein, we designed pristine NiCo-LDH and reduced graphene-oxide supported nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide nanosheets (NiCo-LDH/rGO) as photocatalyst for the first time to evaluate the hydrogen production performance. Adding graphene has the potential to significantly increase electrical conductivity, and the supported NiCo-LDH has the potential to significantly reduce the likelihood of graphene self-aggregation. The effectiveness of its photocatalytic hydrogen generation was analyzed using a set of characterizations. The H2 evolution rates for pure rGO were 345.2 μmolh-1g-1, whereas those for Ni-Co LDH/rGO were 578.2 μmolh-1g-1. Average hydrogen generation per hour for the Ni-Co LDH/rGO composite material was 2032.1 μmolh-1g-1, which was 5.8 and 3.5 times that of rGO and Ni-Co LDH/rGO, respectively, NiCo-LDH@rGO's synergistic impact on the NiCo-LDH boosts the H2 generation pathway by increasing the catalyst's stability as well as performance by exposing active sites and speeding up electron transport. The produced nanocomposite shows excellent spatial charge separation and quicker electron transport across the conductive network of rGO, as shown by the photocurrent response test and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The results of this study provide a fresh perspective on the practical use and synthesis of the inexpensive and effective NiCo-LDH/rGO, demonstrating the standard deviation of logical planning and preparation of high-performance photocatalysts.

Hollow heterojunction with dual-vacancy engineering to boost photocatalytic performance for photoreduction of CO2 coupled with selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde

CO2 photoreduction into chemical fuels is hopeful and sustainable for a carbon–neutral future. Herein, a bifunctional dual-vacancy-modified hollow heterojunction photocatalyst is ingeniously designed for CO2 photoreduction to CO coupling with selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. Synergistic catalysis effect resulted from hollow heterostructures, TiO2 with O vacancies (TiO2-x) and Zn0.3-xCd0.7S with Zn vacancies (ZCS) leads to excellent photoreduction and photoxidation performances. The optimized sample (TiO2-x/ZCS hollow sphere) exhibits highest photocatalytic activity of all the obtained samples. The yields of CO and benzaldehyde are 105 and 323.5 μmol g–1h−1, respectively. The construction of Z-scheme heterojunction realizes the spatial separation of redox reaction sites, and the dual-vacancy distributed on the heterojunction enhance the interfacial reactivity. Additionally, density functional theory calculation and in-situ technology reveal that Zn vacancy in ZCS and O vacancy in TiO2-x function as active sites for the binding and activation of *COOH and *PhCH2O-, respectively, thereby stabilizing the crucial step in the formation of intermediates such as CO and benzaldehyde. This work enhances the utilization of photogenerated carrier, and affords a new opportunity to design hollow heterojunction with dual-vacancy engineering to boost photocatalytic performance for coupling reaction system.