Spatial Scales Research Articles

Becoming tourism infrastructure: older age mobilities and the reconfiguration of local mobility environments in Venice

ABSTRACT This article examines the lived realities of older residents’ daily mobility in an over-touristed city. While walking mobility is a fundamental dimension of the everyday lives of individuals, communities, and places, it is also part of the ‘extraordinary’ experience that visitors seek for, turning urban space (pavements, streets, squares) into infrastructure for tourists’ walking mobility and tourist attractions in itself. In historic tourist centres, the walking practices and performances of residents and tourists are highly enmeshed in tight street grids, eliciting or hindering one another, producing either spectacle or discomfort, leveraging opportunity or unaffordability. While research has focused on the nature and extent of these hindrances and on the more structural dimensions of overtourism, the mobile component of ‘living with’ tourism has been explored less widely. We use the case of Venice, a notably ageing city, where residents are exposed to the adverse negotiation of overcrowded walking spaces. Drawing on walking interviews with older residents, we examine the spatial scales at which everyday mobility are contested by tourism, and the repercussions on active ageing and life aspirations. In addition, we situate such negotiations as potentially immobilising forces in which bodily ageing quickly clashes with the material and performative elements of an inherently slow mobility environment. We conclude on the tourism-infrastructure relationship-forcing residents’ fixity in a space of estrangement under the hegemony of slow tourist mobilities which complicates their ageing in place.

Enhanced forecasting of bird nocturnal migration intensity in relation to previous days and synoptic weather patterns.

Operational bird migration forecast models have recently offered promising perspectives for mitigating the impacts of human activities on avifauna. These models improve on simple phenological expectations by harnessing the intricate relationship between bird movements and weather conditions to forecast migration fluxes days in advance. However, state-of-the-art models face limitations as bird fluxes are often simply modelled as a response to local and instantaneous weather without accounting for previous and synoptic weather patterns. This study focuses on enhancing bird migration forecasts by evaluating the contributions of weather dynamics at various spatial and temporal scales. We use bird vertical density data from 9 French weather radars over 6 years and employ gradient-boosted regression trees for predictions. Dimension reduction tools are used to describe local and continental-scale weather conditions from the previous three days. We also explore the contributions of the different meteorological metrics considered using explainable regression trees tools. Our model improved phenology models by explaining about 1.3 and 2.25 times more additional variance than approaches based on local and instantaneous weather conditions in spring and autumn, respectively. Local and instantaneous weather metrics contributed the most, but they mainly helped identifying nights with low migration. In contrast, weather metrics for previous 3 days were crucial to forecast highest intensity migration events, as they enabled to account for bird accumulation in relation to unfavorable weather locally and remotely. This study enhanced forecast accuracy and contributed to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing bird migration. It enabled the identification local and synoptic weather patterns related to important migration events without a priori knowledge. It is therefore easy to interpret, easy to transfer to other ecological systems, and promising for the accurate forecast of migration peaks. Forecasted peaks can guide conservation efforts, for example by dimming lights for birds at night or by shutting down wind turbines.

High-resolution habitat suitability maps for all widespread Italian breeding bird species

Tackling the current global biodiversity crisis requires large-scale spatially accurate biodiversity data to rapidly assess knowledge gaps and set conservation priorities. Obtaining such data is often challenging because surveying biodiversity across broad spatial scales requires massive logistical and economic efforts. Here, we provide high-resolution (0.81 to 81 km2, depending on species ecology) habitat suitability raster maps for all 225 widespread breeding bird species in Italy. Maps were generated by means of species distribution models based on ~2.5 million spatially accurate (≤1 km-scale) and expert-validated occurrence records. Occurrence data were collected during the breeding seasons 2010–2016 by over 3000 skilled observers, mostly through the Ornitho.it web platform, with the aim of realizing the second Atlas of Breeding Birds in Italy, released in 2022. These raster maps will be useful to ecologists, conservation scientists and practitioners for investigating broad spatial patterns in avian diversity and identifying conservation priorities. We discuss potential applications of this dataset for inferring the composition of ecological communities and species distributions at the Italian scale.

Revealing Irradiation-Induced Dynamic Structural Failure in LiCoO2 Cathodes via Electron-Temperature-Dependent Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics.

In lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used for deep-space exploration, LiCoO2 cathode materials face significant challenges in high-radiation environments, including structural degradation and ion migration. This study investigates the dynamic structural evolution of LiCoO2 under irradiation using the electron-temperature-dependent deep potential (ETD-DP) model. Compared with traditional ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, the ETD-DP method extends both the spatial and temporal scales by several orders of magnitude. The results reveal that LiCoO2's response to irradiation occurs on the nanosecond time scale, divided into three stages: ion traversal, intense local structural adjustment, and structure relaxation. During the intense adjustment stage, irradiation induces the migration of transition metal ions toward the lithium layers. In the structure relaxation stage, cobalt ions displaced from their equilibrium positions form a dumbbell structure with adjacent Co ions. The simulation results were validated through high-energy electron beam experiments using aberration-corrected electron microscopy. This study provides valuable insights for improving the irradiation tolerance of LIB cathode materials and offers new perspectives on the application of high-energy particle-beam-based fine structural characterization techniques in advanced battery applications.

Brain-wide spatial mapping of oscillatory activity during naturalistic motor behavior.

Understanding oscillatory neural activity associated to motor behavior is greatly contributing to the development of neuroprosthetic systems, robotic interfaces and advanced neurorehabilitation techniques. Most current knowledge about movement-specific patterns of cortical activity is derived from laboratory experiments using highly standardized, repetitive, and often meaningless movements that are very distinct from natural motor behavior. This is characterized by frequent task switching, diverse kinematics and endogenous motivation. Whether observed patterns of movement-related neural activity during standard laboratory tasks can be generalized to natural motor behavior is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the spatial, spectral and temporal features of oscillatory neural activity associated with human motor control in a parkour of everyday movements. We replicated strong and significant decreases in the alpha/beta frequency range prior to movement onset and further show that this power decrease began about 2s before movement initiation and reached a nadir around movement onset. In addition to the sustained event-related decrease in the alpha/ beta range, we identified brief (4-5 cycles) increases in low-frequency activity (3-5 Hz) that either preceded or peaked at movement onset. These low-frequency increases exhibited much greater focality and lateralization compared to the wide-spread alpha/beta decrease. Together, our results provide a comprehensive account of brain rhythmic electric activity across spatial, spectral and temporal scales in naturalistic motor behavior. Movement-preceding low frequency activity has previously been identified as a promising brain stimulation target in stroke patients. Detectability of low-frequency activity in naturalistic movements may enhance its utility as a target for on-demand brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation.

Global relationship between upwelling intensities and mangrove distribution and area.

Global relationship between upwelling intensities and mangrove distribution and area.

Collaborative engagement with vector control stakeholders is key to enhance the utility of vector-borne disease models

BackgroundDespite the growing complexity, computational power, and mapping capacity incorporated into vector-borne disease models, they still do not fully elucidate the role of environmental, demographic, socioeconomic, or other drivers, and rarely directly inform vector control efforts. To understand how we can improve the utility of vector-borne disease models for vector control activities, we interviewed vector control agents from the United States (USA) and the European Union.MethodsBetween July and December 2023, in-depth interviews were held using a geographically targeted convenience sample with 26 individuals from organizations involved in vector control operations: 12 in the USA and 14 in the EU. We used both deductive and inductive coding of transcribed interviews to identify themes with the goal of understanding barriers to model use and uptake.ResultsDespite the recognition that models could be useful, few interviewees reported that models informed surveillance and control activities, citing a mismatch in spatial and temporal scale between model outputs and operational decisions or a general lack of accessibility. Interviewees reported relying on experienced field experts and legacy protocols. Despite these critiques, there is belief that models can support operational decision-making.ConclusionsThe disconnect between models and users can be improved by allowing time and resources to build collaborative relationships, by acknowledging the knowledge all members bring, and by ensuring clear communication and mutual respect. Modelers must shift their focus by aligning vector-borne disease models with operational needs.Graphical abstract

Dataset of CO2 geological storage potential and injection rate capacity in China based on fine grid technology

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a vital technology for mitigating climate change. However, the successful deployment of CCUS technology depends on a thorough understanding of subsurface CO2 geological storage capacities and their spatial distribution. Currently, there is limited publicly available information on the CO2 geological storage potential and injection rate capacity, particularly regarding fine-resolution gridded datasets for large countries with complex geological conditions like China. This study estimates China’s onshore and offshore CO2 geological storage potential and injection rate capacity with a fine resolution of 5 km covering 24 major sedimentary basins and 1181 oilfields. Using ArcGIS along with statistical tools, we produce five datasets at the grid level, four at the county level, and four at the provincial level. The reliability of this gridded dataset has been validated by literature comparisons and uncertainty analysis. These datasets are crucial for the optimal selection of carbon dioxide geological sequestration sites as well as for future CCUS strategic planning and large-scale deployment at various spatial scales.

Current research on aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) in Germany

Abstract This paper reviews the current research on aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) and mine thermal energy storage (MTES) in Germany providing descriptions of 3 low-temperature ATES (LT-ATES), 8 high-temperature ATES (HT-ATES), and 2 MTES research sites. While the overview reveals a diverse field of investigations spanning various spatial scales, research objectives, and methodologies, the predominant focus is limited to early-stage research with low technology readiness levels (TRL). The high number of HT-ATES research sites suggests greater research interest compared to LT-ATES. The integration of ATES into district heating (DH) grids in particular is a prominent research focus, yet almost none of the projects are specifically intended for practical implementation. Future research should therefore prioritize real-world demonstration projects and identify key locations, which is crucial for showcasing the benefits of ATES. The need for a streamlined regulatory framework that addresses environmental risks and ensures installation quality and efficient permit procedures is also discussed.

Study on coupling model of reservoir seepage dynamic and horizontal wellbore flow

The dynamic seepage behavior of the reservoir near the wellbore directly affects oil well productivity, fluid properties, and pressure distribution in the wellbore. Accurately describing and understanding this area is crucial for making informed decisions on reservoir management and production optimization, making it one of the current research hotspots. To more accurately characterize the coupled flow behavior between the wellbore and the near-well reservoir, this study proposes a transient coupling prediction model for the wellbore-reservoir system in the completion section of a horizontal well, based on fluid mechanics and reservoir seepage theories. This model addresses the deficiencies of traditional models in describing the interaction of wellbore flow, completion dynamics, and reservoir seepage by explicitly depicting the dynamic interactions between the wellbore and the reservoir. The research results indicate: (1) For the annulus and wellbore, flow rate and pressure stabilize at approximately 100 s, during which complex flow direction information in the annulus is captured, revealing the early transient flow characteristics inside the wellbore. (2) For the reservoir seepage near the wellbore, a larger time interval is selected, and variations in pressure and flow rate are still observed within the 1-day to 10-day range. However, the changes in reservoir pressure and axial flow rate are relatively small, highlighting the spatial and temporal scale differences between the reservoir and wellbore simulations. This coupled model facilitates the evaluation of oil well performance parameters and, by incorporating the behavior of the reservoir near the wellbore, provides theoretical guidance and technical support for production optimization and reservoir management.

Projected climate suitability for Hungarian tourism in the 21st century: application of the Holiday Climate Index and modified Tourism Climate Index.

Climatic factors significantly influence travellers' destination selection and demand for tourism products. To maintain sustainable tourism development, it is essential to monitor how tourist destinations will be affected by the projected future changes in the climate system. This study aims to reveal the future impact of climate change for tourism sector in Hungary using the Holiday Climate Index specified for urban tourism (HCI-Urban) and a modified version of Tourism Climate Index (mTCI). The paper employs an ensemble of multiple climate models (ALADIN5.2 and REMO2015) and emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) to determine the future evolution of indices. Initially, the reference climatic conditions derived from the observational dataset CarpatClim-HU are presented. Then, the climate model results are validated against the observational database for both indices. Afterwards, bias-corrected model outputs are analysed for the periods 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 based on the ensemble of models and scenarios. The spatial distributions of indices are depicted on a monthly level and at a Hungarian district spatial scale. Both the observational and model results highlight that the climatic conditions are more favourable in spring and autumn compared to the summer months. It is also demonstrated that the climatic conditions in Hungary are expected to be more favourable or unchanged from autumn until spring, while there is a general worsening in summer. In terms of the future directions, larger uncertainties are found in May and September. Based on the anticipated trends, the paper pinpoints sector-specific recommendations for adapting tourism services to the altered climatic conditions.

Abiotic environmental factors contribute to spatial variation in boldness and exploration in guppies (Poecilia reticulata).

Research on wild fishes has tended to overlook the role of abiotic factors in shaping behaviours associated with boldness and exploration. This oversight could exist because small-scale variation in the abiotic environment might seem unlikely to influence such behaviours. We challenged this assumption through research in the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) system. We started by quantifying how behaviours associated with boldness (time in a shelter and time frozen in an open field) and a behaviour associated with exploration (number of grid squares crossed in an open field) varied for guppies within and among 15 pools across two streams, where all of the pools within a stream were within 150 m of each other. The measured behaviours differed little between streams, yet they varied dramatically among pools within streams and among individuals within pools, thus illustrating how such behaviours can be structured on very small spatial scales. We next assessed how the observed behavioural variation might be explained by individual-level attributes (sex and body mass) and pool-level abiotic factors (e.g. temperature and dissolved oxygen). Individual-level attributes explained little of the behavioural variation, although smaller guppies did display slightly bolder behaviour. Among-pool abiotic factors, however, were quite informative. As a clear example, guppies from pools with less dissolved oxygen displayed bolder behaviour and (possibly) greater exploration. Our results highlight the importance of abiotic factors in shaping behaviour even on small spatial scales.

More-Than-Human Geopolitics: How Fishing Shapes Cross-Border Relations in the Gulf of Saint-Malo

ABSTRACT Geopolitical processes cross spatial scales and are shaped by human and non-human actors and dimensions. We apply assemblage theory to study the cross-border relations in the Gulf of Saint-Malo, a complex marine region where Brexit resurfaced a dispute about the territorialisation and use of marine space. Using semi-structured interviews and participant observations, we demonstrate that past and current fisheries management regimes were unable to handle the fishing industry’s dynamics – emergent from interacting human and non-human elements, including fish migration patterns, the weather, and tidal variations. Anthropocentric policies introduced by Brexit further problematised fisheries management. The mismatch between the dynamic, more-than-human fisheries assemblage and the relatively static and anthropocentric management contributed to geopolitical instability. Yet, the inattention to non-human components was reinforced by coping strategies within the local fisheries sector. We highlight that multi-scalar more-than-human assemblages co-shape geopolitical situations, adding complexity and nonlinearity to what are often considered anthropogenic geopolitical disputes.

Endozoicomonas dominance and Vibrionaceae stability underpin resilience in urban coral Madracis auretenra

Coral resilience varies across species, with some exhibiting remarkable stability and adaptability, often mediated by their associated microbiomes. Given the species-specific nature of coral-microbiome interactions, investigating the microbiomes of urban-adapted corals provides critical insights into the health, dynamics, and functioning of coral holobionts. In this study, we examined the microbiome of Madracis auretenra, a Caribbean coral from Santa Marta, Colombia, across contrasting environmental conditions. Over two years, we compared the microbiomes of healthy and stressed coral colonies from two distinct reef habitats—urban and protected—using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V4 region) to assess microbial diversity. Our findings revealed microbial richness and diversity were primarily influenced by seasonal and local factors rather than host-specific traits such as interaction with algae, health status, or microhabitat. These variations were not substantial enough to disrupt the overall microbial community structure, which remained stable across temporal and spatial scales. Dominant taxa included Endozoicomonas, along with Vibrionaceae and Rhodobacteraceae, which form dense ecological interaction networks. Notably, nutrient and oxygen levels emerged as key drivers of microbiome fluctuations, yet Vibrionaceae populations exhibited exceptional temporal stability. These findings highlight the presence of a well-structured and resilient coral microbiome with minimal seasonal variability, even in urban-influenced environments. We propose that the dominance of Endozoicomonas and the stability of Vibrionaceae populations play a pivotal role in maintaining microbiome balance, ultimately contributing to the ecological resilience of M. auretenra in dynamic reef habitats.

An integrated analytical framework for carbon dioxide emission reduction potential in the water production and supply industry in China

The Water Production and Supply (WP&S) industry faces the dual objectives of ensuring water supply security and achieving carbon neutrality. An integrated analytical framework (Measurement-Assessment-Identification) was developed to measure carbon dioxide emissions from the WP&S industry (WP&S-CO2 emissions), assess the CO2 emissions reduction potential of the WP&S industry (WP&S-CRP), and identify the key driving forces of WP&S-CRP. In the measurement module, a method for measuring CO2 emissions specific to the WP&S industry is proposed. In the assessment module, we clarify the concept of CO2 emissions reduction potential within the WP&S industry and develop a corresponding assessment model. In the identification module, a multiple model for identifying the driving factors of WP&S-CRP is constructed. This framework is applied to a long-term case study across various provinces and regions in China. The results indicate that: (1) Since 2010, China’s WP&S-CO2 emissions have experienced fluctuating growth, with a spatial distribution pattern that decreases from coastal to inland areas. The WP&S industry in the North coast and Guangdong Province showed the highest emissions on two spatial scales, respectively. (2) Against the backdrop of an increasing total water supply, the WP&S-CRP of China decreased from 0.75 in 2010 to 0.38 in 2022, indicating a gradual improvement in green production levels within the industry. However, regions such as the Northeast, Middle Yellow River, and provinces like Hebei and Heilongjiang still exhibit high levels of WP&S-CRP. (3) The water for production and operation and the pipe network density are the most significant positive and negative driving forces for WP&S-CRP, respectively. This study offers potential references for developing sustainable development strategies for the WP&S industry in various provinces of China with the goal of carbon neutrality.

Comparative analysis of forest disturbance detection in the key state-owned forest region of the Greater Khingan Range of China based on different algorithms

The Greater Khingan Range of China has experienced varying levels of disturbance in history. To support sustainable management, this study used Landsat data (1986–2017) from GEE to establish a normalized burn ratio time series, compared the spatiotemporal accuracy of three change detection algorithms (BFAST, CCDC, LandTrendr), and analyzed their mapping differences. Results showed that: (1) all three algorithms can identify the major forest disturbances with a spatial accuracy higher than 80%, and LandTrendr performed the best (OA=86.2%). (2) All three algorithms can detect the occurrence time of major disturbances with a temporal accuracy higher than 70%, and LandTrendr achieved the highest accuracy (76.4%). (3) The highest fragmentation was observed using the CCDC (184,074 disturbance patches), while LandTrendr disturbance mapping was the most complete (102,143 disturbance patches). This study can provide technical references for regional-scale forest disturbance detection, and also provide optimal recommendations for the transfer application at different spatial scales.

Understanding Cybersickness and Presence in Seated VR: A Foundation for Exploring Therapeutic Applications of Immersive Virtual Environments

Background/Objectives: To assess the spatial presence and impact of an immersive virtual reality (VR) walk on symptoms of cybersickness, emotions, and participant engagement, with the aim of providing insights applicable to future therapeutic VR interventions for individuals with limited mobility. Methods: The experiment involved 30 healthy individuals who used VR headsets while seated on chairs to experience a 360° virtual tour of the Venice Canals in Los Angeles. The effect of immersion was evaluated using the Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (VRSQ) to measure cybersickness symptoms, the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Short Form (I-PANAS-SF) to assess emotions, the Spatial Presence Experience Scale (SPES) to evaluate spatial presence, and the Flow State Scale (FSS) to quantify the flow state. Results: The results indicated that the virtual walk elicited both positive and negative reactions. The increase in eye strain (+0, 66), general discomfort (+0, 6), and headache (+0, 43) was achieved in the VRSQ scale. Despite experiencing nausea and oculomotor symptoms, participants reported a high level of flow (range of scale items from 3, 47 to 3, 70), suggesting a beneficial impact of immersion on their well-being. Furthermore, the analysis of the I-PANAS-SF results revealed a predominance of positive emotions, indicating a favorable perception of the experience. However, the SPES scores exhibited variability in the perception of spatial presence (mean spatial presence score 3, 74, SD 2, 06), likely influenced by the characteristics of the visual material used. Conclusions: Overall, the immersive VR walk, despite the potential risk of cybersickness symptoms, as a seated passive exploration still promoted feelings of satisfaction and fulfillment, allowing the participants to actively engage with the virtual environment. These findings suggest that seated VR experiences hold promise as a tool for promoting well-being, but further research is needed to address cybersickness and optimize VR content for therapeutic use in populations with limited mobility.

Another Fusuijing Building: Collective Memory, Reconstruction, and the Echoes of the Past

This thesis primarily discusses buildings as they exist within collective memories rather than as physical structures grounded in historical facts. From 1958 to 1960, amidst nationwide debates on "What is communist architecture and lifestyle?", the Fusuijing Building, designed by Changru Zhang, was constructed in the northwest corner of Beijing, China. Today, it is also referred to as the "Communist Mansion", a designation that partially obscures its multifaceted history. This research attempts to switch the microphone of the mainstream narrative embedded on the spatial and political scale to the local memories and social voices that are often overlooked. Starting from the perspective of the original residents of the Fusuijing Building, it employs collective memory as a methodological framework. Based on the original design archives of the Fusuijing Building, it translates the collective memories of the original residents into architectural language and conducts imaginative speculative architectural drawings. This process reconstructs a "disappeared" yet enduring social vision within the Fusuijing Building, reimagining it through the lens of collective memory. My research will provide a bottom-up vision for the investigation and renovation of historical buildings in Chinese cities.

Numerical Simulation and Improvement of Fiber Thrower Using Multi-Domain Coupling Schemes

Governing airflow poses challenges under numerous conditions, particularly for the superposition of aerodynamic behaviors induced by multiple moving boundaries, mainly because of the uncertainty of the aerodynamic mechanism. Taking the airflow disturbance in the glass fiber transport process as an example, a numerical method for multidomain coupling is proposed considering dynamic meshing boundaries. Specifically, two- and three-dimensional modeling approaches were utilized to investigate the aerodynamic behavior around a fiber thrower (including a finger wheel and pull wheel) and its axial distribution characteristics, respectively. Some aerodynamic data were obtained through the proposed numerical approach, which is difficult to monitor using experimental strategies. The computational results showed that the flow structure in the external flow field of the fiber thrower was mainly regulated by the pull wheel rather than the finger wheel. The average airflow velocity in a specific region of the fiber thrower was decreased by 25% (from 2 m/s to 1.5 m/s) by improving the cross-sectional shape of the pull wheel. The spatial scale of the vortex clusters around the fiber thrower configured with the improved pull wheel was reduced, providing a novel perspective for understanding the improvement in the aerodynamic behavior. This study on the suppression of multiple-motion boundary-induced airflow is representative of the chemical industry.

Current and future habitat suitability of northern fur seals and overlap with the commercial walleye pollock fishery in the eastern Bering Sea

BackgroundUnderstanding the abiotic and biotic drivers of species distribution is critical for climate-informed ecosystem management. We aimed to understand habitat selection of northern fur seals in the eastern Bering Sea, a declining population that is also a key predator of walleye pollock, the target species for the largest U.S. commercial fishery.MethodsWe developed species distribution models using random forest models by combining satellite telemetry data from lactating female fur seals tagged at different rookery complexes on the Pribilof Islands in the eastern Bering Sea with regional ocean model simulations. We explored how data aggregation at two spatial scales (Pribilof-wide and complex-specific) impacted model performance and predicted distributions. Spatial predictions under hindcasted (1992–2018) and projected (2050–2059) physical and biological conditions were used to identify areas of core habitat, overlap with commercial fishery catches, and potential changes in future habitat suitability.ResultsThe most important environmental predictor variables across all models were bathymetry, bottom temperature, and surface temperature. The Pribilof-wide model both under- and overrepresented the importance of specific areas, while complex-specific models exhibited considerable variability in transferability performance. The majority of core habitat occurred on the continental shelf in areas that overlapped with commercial catches of walleye pollock during the “B” season (June – October), with an average of 76% of the total percentage of the catch occurring in core fur seal habitat within the foraging range of lactating females. Projections revealed that considerable changes in fur seal habitat suitability may occur in the coming decades, with complex-specific variation in the magnitude and direction of changes.ConclusionsOur results illustrate the need to sample multiple sites whenever possible and consider spatial scale when extrapolating species distribution model output for central-place foragers, even when terrestrial sites are < 10 km apart. The high overlap between suitable fur seal habitat and commercial fishery catches of pollock, coupled with projected changes in habitat suitability, underscore the need for targeted studies investigating fisheries impacts on this declining population.