Spatial Organization Of Society Research Articles

Геополитическая обусловленность воздействия «фактора моря» на пространственное развитие постсоветской России: балтийская специфика

The article explores the impact of geopolitical processes on the spatial organisation of society, a matter that has gained increasing importance in Russia. It focuses on the utilization of the World Ocean and its coastlines for resource extraction, logistics, military-strategic purposes, and settlement. Methodologically, this study combines modern socio-geographical approaches emphasising the role of the maritime factor in spatial development with classical geopolitical ideologemes drawing a line between the land and the sea. It stresses the fundamental possibility for territories, including states, not only to acquire synthetic continental-maritime attributes but also to transform the balance of these attributes under the influence of geopolitical determinants. The article analyses geopolitically induced changes in the maritime activities pursued by Russia in the post-Soviet period. The primary focus is on the situational territorial and economic shifts of 2014 and 2022, and their implications for Russian territories in the Baltic region. Pronounced inter-basin differences are described with respect to the coastalisation of the population. The study also evaluates the economic condition of key Russian maritime centres and their resilience to external influences, especially geopolitical challenges. The article offers a geopolitical justification for Russia’s ongoing maritime endeavours, emphasizing the need for inter-basin, intermunicipal, and interregional integration. This integration should be accompanied by the establishment of coastal-intracontinental facilities, such as hubs, across Russia. It is imperative for the nation and its prominent corporations to actively engage in shaping the framework of emerging expansive international maritime socio-geographical structures, facilitating the shift toward global maritime polycentrism. The solution to these problems is closely linked to the priority goal of strengthening Russia’s geostrategic standing in the Baltic region, particularly with a focus on its maritime components. These developments are anticipated within the context of the Russian Baltic Area, envisioned as a borderland with trans-basin geopolitical, economic-geographical, and geocultural bi-structural asymmetry.

«ВОЕННАЯ ТЕМАТИКА» В РОССИЙСКИХ ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ: ПОДХОДЫ, ТРЕНДЫ, ПРИОРИТЕТЫ

The article discusses the factors, trends, research approaches, and priorities for the development of ‘military subjects’ in Russian human geography. The focus of the analysis is both a prolonged retrospective (since the first half of the 19th century) and current processes, including relevant aspects of the Special Military Operation in Ukraine. Priority attention is paid to the peculiarities of the formation and development in Russia of a special geographical subdiscipline – military geography, as well as the evolution of its basic methodological postulates (considered in the context of global trends). Russian military geography, having initially been one of the drivers of the development of Russian geographical science as a whole, has been on the periphery of scientific search since the middle of the 20th century; the increasing distancing from other (non-military) sections of geography (primarily those related to social studies) has become one of the basic factors (and manifestations) of actual stagnation and marginalization of military geographical research. The paper shows that the metamorphoses of the nature of ‘war’ manifested in the last decades (as well as its reflection by society), complemented by the increasing role of the ‘military component’ in the spatial organization of society, initiate the necessary transition to an extremely broad understanding of the scope of ‘military geography’, whose subject-object sphere is designed to comprise the totality of not only geographical aspects of military activity but also military operations themselves, with priority attention to spatial determinants, consequences as well as structures of war (military districts, theaters of military operations, military landscapes, etc.). It is emphasized that in modern Russia, there are both multidimensional prerequisites for the further development of military geographical research (including in line with the ‘geopoliticization’ of science) and significant barriers (informational, institutional, moral and mental) to their cultivation within human geography.

Sustainable Development of Higher Education in Russia in Conditions of Territorial Inequality

The research is devoted to the current problems of developing the territorial structure of the higher school of the Russian. We also paid attention to its historical retrospection, considering that the territorial organization of higher education is an essential factor in the spatial organization of society in post￾industrial development. It is necessary to consider the regional inequalities that have developed in current Russia. We suggested that the territorial differentiation in higher education is exacerbated by regional economic disparities. There were also historical prerequisites for the established territorial differentiation of higher education, laid down almost 300 years ago. Given the current situation and its comparison with the economic situation at the regional level, it was right to suggest that such a system could not be sustainable. For Russia, with its high spatial natural and socio-economic differentiation, the policy of supporting a small number of universities located in capital cities is wrong.

Cultural Geography in Russia in the Early 21st Century: Current State and Key Research Areas

—The article reviews and analyzes trends in the development of Russian cultural geography at the beginning of the 21st century, its specific features, and the latest scientific achievements with respect to the evolution of cultural geography in Western countries. Similarities and differences in the transformation of the main theoretical approaches, scientific methods, and subject areas of specific cultural and geographical studies in foreign countries and Russia are revealed. The most important thematic sections of the article cover the most significant segments of cultural and geographical research in Russia in the 2000s–early 2020s. It is shown that the main focus in the formation of Russian cultural geography (after several decades of neglecting anthropocultural approaches in the Soviet period) was cultural landscape science. The latest advances of Russian cultural geographers in the field of cultural landscape for the first decades of the 21st century are characterized. Domestic ethnic geography, which developed during the Soviet period as part of population geography, is gradually transforming to ethnocultural. Much attention is paid to the correlation of ethnic and regional identity in polyethnic regions, ethnocultural aspects of the geography of nature management, cultural geography of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East. Religious geography is a new direction of cultural geography for Russia, which has gained great relevance in the post-Soviet period in the revival of religious life in a country characterized by exceptional complexity and the diverse religious composition of the population. The article discusses and analyzes the experience of Russian developments in humanitarian geography—a set of research areas focused on studying systems of ideas about the geographic space in different sociocultural contexts. The great practical significance of cultural and geographical research and the possibility of their use for regional development and optimization of the spatial organization of society are emphasized.

The city and the planet

Beyond the discussion of such so-called ‘urban problems,’ it is worth paying attention to the question as to whether cities, notably large cities, would themselves be part of the solution or rather of the problem. Inspired by Henri Lefebvre’s theses on ‘urban society,’ recent discussions on ‘planetary urbanisation’ are deeply embedded in values such as Eurocentrism and a clear urban middle-class bias. It seems that to radically rethink social relations, technology and the spatial organisation of society, in order to avoid both an uncritical and often ethnocentric ‘urbanophilia’ and a naïve (if not reactionary) ‘urbanophobia,’ is a necessary task. The aim of this paper is to discuss the intellectual and ethical-political relevance of this kind of debate.

Городские агломерации и СПР: взгляд географа

The article is based on a report at a methodological seminar organized by the ERI FEB RAS, which aimed to consider some problems of the study of urban agglomerations in the context of «Spatial Development Strategy». The main attention is paid to those issues that have ambiguous coverage in the Spatial Development Strategy. Among them, the author considered the place and role of agglomerations to the spatial organization of society, the analytical tools for studying urban agglomerations, and, finally, the problems of regulating agglomerations

Urban development planning is the foundation of sustainable development budget of the administrative-territorial formations

Both natural and artificially created spatial resources are used in the labor’s results of any subject of economical relations. There are subsoil and terrestrial resources, natural resource resources, water resources and air resources, engineering resources and facilities, as well as interiors of buildings and all exterior open spaces of urbanized and non-urbanized areas. The connection of spatial cells occupied by different types of economic and intellectual activity with their economic results, and accordingly with the amount of budget revenues in the simplest form can be established depending on the parameters of land allocated in urban planning documentation for these activities. On this basis, one can find a simple solution to the problem of ensuring the necessary and sufficient budgetary saturation of administrative-territorial formations. It can be based on cadastral value, mapping and accounting of land plots, land tax rates and lease payments. Urban planning mechanisms of spatial organization of society in the form of functional and urban zoning, types of permitted use of lands can play a key role in creating conditions of sustainable socio-economic development of the entire hierarchy of administrative-territorial formations.

Territorial Policy: the Structure and Peculiarities of Influence on Spatial Organization of Society and Economy

Article is devoted to the analysis of structure of territorial policy and a place of regional policy in system of territorial strategies of various actors. The question of influence of “failures of the state” on realization of its spatial strategies in the market conditions is investigated, a number of vectors of optimization of the state regional policy are offered.

Big Microdata for Population Research

This article describes an explosion in the availability of individual-level population data. By 2018, demographic researchers will have access to over 2 billion records of accessible microdata from over 100 countries, dating from 1703 to the present. Another 2 to 4 billion records will be available through restricted-access data enclaves. These new resources represent a new kind of data that will enable transformative research on demographic and economic change and the spatial organization of society.

On the relativity of indicators and concepts in socioeconomic geography

This paper is an attempt to evaluate the relativity of some methodological approaches, research tools, and concepts of modern socioeconomic geography. It looks at various types of relativism, in particular, indicator-based, conceptual-terminological, chronological, chorologic, and cartographic relativism. It points out that relativism is intrinsic to the very object of study of socioeconomic geography, i.e., the spatial organization of society.

Making Sense in Geography and Environmental Studies--a Student's Guide to Research, Writing, and Style (review)

Reviewed by: Making Sense in Geography and Environmental Studies—a Student's Guide to Research, Writing, and Style Jaclyn Hall Making Sense in Geography and Environmental Studies—a Student's Guide to Research, Writing, and Style Margot Northey and David B. Knight. Oxford University Press, ON Canada, 2005. 264 pp, $19.95 paper (ISBN 0195420985) Making Sense in Geography and Environmental Sciences—a Student's Guide to Research, Writing and Style provides advice to students to overcome writer's block, become familiar with their institution's library, and to avoid common errors in writing. The title of the book implies that it is designed specifically for students in geography and the environmental sciences, and the author's claim to examine both the general precepts for effective writing as well as "the special requirements of reporting the research process and findings in the social, physical, and biological sciences" (p. ix). However, I found little advice specifically for students in physical geography or the environmental sciences, and thus I believe the title is somewhat misleading. Margot Northey is a specialist in communication and former Dean of Queen's University's Business School in Ontario. David Knight is a professor of political geography at the University of Guelph, also in Ontario, and his work focuses on territoriality and the spatial organization of society. Dr. Knight's interests are demonstrated in the examples used throughout the book. When an example is given, it is usually from the perspective of planning or political geography, and there are no examples that would appear relevant to a student from environmental studies or from the physical side of geography. While reading this book, I was frequently confused as to the intended audience. The book has many helpful suggestions, but it also brings up many concepts that may be too advanced for undergraduates. I will give several examples because this dilemma kept resurfacing. To wit, the book's fifth chapter, "Writing an Essay" assumes that the reader is familiar with the approaches of logical positivism, feminism, humanism, postmodernism, structuralism and realism; other parts of the book provide simple advice such as remembering to put your name on your paper. The explanation of deductive and inductive approaches is brief and inadequate for students new to these concepts. Nor do the authors explain why or how students should consider these concepts in their own writing and research. If the book is intended for undergraduate students, which is the impression given by the chapter on lab reports, this leaves me wondering why more advanced concepts were brought up if they were not going to be explained in a more complete manner. Making Sense in Geography and Environmental Studies does contain some very good advice, but the best advice is often buried and hard to find. Key sentences that are so good they should be bold and repeated to students, are found midway within long lists or often at the end of long sections or paragraphs. Some of these long lists of advice to students may be more beneficial as shorter bulleted lists that are more to the point. [End Page 166] The authors do not seem to have spent enough time becoming familiar with how modern students operate. This edition supposedly has been updated to include the role of computers in writing, but I think it only weakly attempts to incorporate the use of computers. Most university students use computers in all phases of writing, from searching for interesting topics to taking notes on books and articles. The authors advise students to take notes for a research paper on index cards, and they remind them to keep such notes banded so they do not get mixed up. Conversely, typing notes on a computer not only allows one to keep all quotes, notes and other information in one document under the reference of the source, but it also provides the capability to search for a certain phrase, which is invaluable in the research and writing process. The section on preparing presentations is useful and gives good advice on organizing one's thoughts. Although this section did recognize and comment on the use of slide projectors, it ignored the use of PowerPoint for presentations...

Modelling spatial relationships between belgian car manufacturers and their suppliers using choremes

Models are useful instruments to understand and explain reality. The modeller is looking for a model that, at the same time, represents spatial organisation in the most efficient, the most reliable and the most powerful way. This can only be obtained, however, when the modeller has a precise conception of the processes at stake.The starting point of the choreme model as Brunet conceived it is precisely the formulation of explicit hypotheses about the spatial organisation of society. In these hypotheses, the principle of dominance plays a major role. The choreme model was used to represent the networked territory that is the result of corporate strategy behind the network enterprise between Belgian car manufacturers and their supplying industry. The eventual model reveals that besides the principle of dominance, to which the car manufacturers’ decision power has to be assigned, the historically acquired territorial know‐how is the foundation of the geographical structure.

Economic restructuring, social re-composition and recent urban changes in Portugal

The productive restructuring process has affected more than just the economic field, because its effects have been felt on urbanisation processes, on social relations, and on the spatial organisation of society. Starting from the ‘metapolis’ concept, developed by Ascher (1995), we analyse the evolution of new forms of urban space in Portugal, arguing that new urban forms generate new social inequalities and, in extreme cases, social exclusion. Portugal is a semi-peripheral country that combines certain of the trends in social and economic organisation common to core countries, with certain trends more common in the developing world. Thus the understanding of urban change in Portugal is a complex task, made more difficult by the rapidity of processes since the mid 1970s. The Lisbon Metropolitan Area has been deeply affected by the productive restructuring process. The role of economic and urban policies in the Lisbon region is discussed, and an assessment is made of certain measures aimed at solving economic and social problems.

L'espace nomade / Nomadic space

Nomadic space is often looked at as a production territory, limited by major ecological constraints such as aridity. This definition is unadequat because it does not take account of the social and spatial organization of society. To improve the concept, it is necessary, therefore, to observe internal social relations (between nomads) and well as external relations (with the sedentary population). A three-scale analysis shows no concrete boundaries between social and ethnic groups but rather relationships based on complementarity. This paradigm could be applied to "modern" societies, characterised by their high level of mobility.

Performance of national policies

National spatial policies are usually indicative and strategic. As a result, this kind of policy does not have a direct bearing on the spatial organisation of society. Instead the performance of these policies depends on whether or not they are used in subsequent decisionmaking and planning procedures, where and when this seems relevant. Consequently, straightforward evaluation procedures, based on a combined methodology of before - after design and the measurement of conformity, do not help us to understand the real influence of these policies. Insight into the 'black box' of subsequent deciosionmaking is necessary for this purpose. In this paper we discuss some recent research findings on this topic.

Ethnic intermarriage as a reflection of ethnic residential mixing

It may seem unexpected to find a geographer writing on the topic of ethnic segregation and ethnic intermarriage for a symposium of the Biosocial Society. Social geographers have, in fact, been actively working on ecological models of urban structure since the 1960s, but the development of this field dates back to the Chicago School of Sociology in the 1920s and 1930s. Geographers have become interested in both the spatial organization of society and in the social organization of space. Geographers have measured the ways in which social attitudes of groups manifest themselves in their residential choices of neighbourhood: groups which perceive themselves as socially distant from others are also spatially segregated from such groups. Residential location in neighbourhoods also affects the interactions between individuals in a fairly mechanical way. This field of social geography overlaps the spatial or ecological side of sociology so that practitioners of both schools often have more in common with each other than they have with others working in the fields from which they have evolved.

A Concept of Physical Space in Geography

Geographical AnalysisVolume 5, Issue 1 p. 16-34 Free Access A Concept of Physical Space in Geography Robert David Sack, Robert David Sack Robert Sack is assistant professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.Search for more papers by this author Robert David Sack, Robert David Sack Robert Sack is assistant professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1973 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1973.tb00994.xCitations: 30 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat LITERATURE CITED 1 Adams, J., R. Abler, and P. Gould. Spatial Organization: The Geographer's View of the World. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971. 2 Bergmann, G. Philosophy of Science. Madison, Wisc: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957. 3 Bergmann, P. G. The Riddle of Gravitation. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968. 4 13 Serious objections to these claims have been raised from other viewpoints by Blaut [4] and May [13]. See footnote 3. 4 Blaut, J. “Space and Process,” The Professional Geographer, 13 (1961), 1– 7. 5 Brodbeck, M. “Logic and Scientific Method in Research on Teaching,” in N. L. Gage (ed.) Handbook of Research on Teaching. New York: Rand McNally, 1963. 6 Brodbeck, M. “Meaning and Action,” Philosophy of Science, 33 (1963), 309– 24. 7 Bunge, W. Theoretical Geography. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerup, 1966. 8 Carnap, R. “Formal and Factual Science,” in H. Feigl and M. Brodbeck (eds.) Readings in the Philosophy of Science. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1953. 9 Grunbaum, A. “The Philosophical Retention of Absolute Space in Einstein's General Theory of Relativity,” The Philosophical Review, 66 (1957), 525– 34. 10 Harvey, D. Explanation in Geography. London: Edward Arnold, Ltd., 1969. 11 Jammer, M. Concepts of Space. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1960. 12 Lukermann, F. and P. Porter. “Gravity and Potential Models in Economic Geography,” Annals, Association of American Geographers, 50 (1960), 493– 504. 13 May, J. A. Kant's Concept of Geography and Its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970. 14 Morrill, R. L. and F. R. Pitts. “Marriage, Migration and the Mean Information Field: A Study in Uniqueness and Generality,” Annals, Association of American Geographers, 57 (1967), 401– 22. 15 Morrill, R. L. The Spatial Organization of Society. California: Wadsworth, 1970. 16 Olsson, G. Distance and Human Interaction. Philadelphia: Regional Science Research Institute, 1965. 17 Quine, W. V. “Identity, Ostention, and Hypostasis,” The Journal of Philosophy, 47 (1950), 621– 33. 18 Rushton, G. “Analysis of Spatial Behavior by Revealed Space Preference,” Annals, Association of American Geographers, 59 (1969), 391– 400. 19 Russell, B. Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1948. 20 Sack, R. D. “Geography, Geometry, and Explanation,” Annals, Association of American Geographers, 62 (1972), 61– 78. 21 Stewart, J. Q. “Population Projection by Means of Income Potential Models,” Papers and Proceedings, Regional Science Association, 4 (1958), 153– 54. 22 Stouffer, S. A. “Intervening Opportunities: A Theory Relating Mobility and Distance,” American Sociological Review, 5 (1940), 845– 67. 23 Strawson, P. F. Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics. New York: Doubleday, 1963. 24 Van Fraassen, B. C. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Time and Space. New York: Random House, 1970. 25 Warntz, W. “Geography of Prices and Spatial Interaction,” Papers and Proceedings, Regional Science Association, 3 (1957), 118– 29. 26 Wilson, N. L. “Space, Time, and Individuals,” The Journal of Philosophy, 52 (1955), 589– 98. 27 Yeates, M. H. and B. J. Garner. The North American City. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. Citing Literature Volume5, Issue1January 1973Pages 16-34 ReferencesRelatedInformation

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(1971). The Spatial Organization of Society. Economic Geography: Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 555-556.