Spatial Elements Research Articles

Designing Multi-Family Residences in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Addressing Workspace Privacy Needs

The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected every aspect of human life. Among the myriad changes, it catalyzed a significant shift in the way we perceive and use our living spaces. The home, traditionally seen as a refuge from work and external pressures, rapidly became a multifunctional space, doubling as an office, school, gym, and recreation center. Before the pandemic, open-plan living was on the rise, championing multifunctional spaces. However, with the sudden need for remote work, the demand for dedicated home offices or quiet corners became evident. People began to value having a distinct, quiet workspace that would not disturb other members of the household. In this paper, we highlight the importance of incorporating a separate room, distanced from the main private areas of a home, during the early design stages. This approach enhances privacy and subsequently boosts the psychological well-being of the household occupants. The research contributes to building-system integration by demonstrating how architectural configurations and spatial design elements can be optimized to enhance building performance, functionality, and occupant comfort in multi-family residential structures. The aim of this study is to explore the correlations between spatial design quality and occupants’ productivity while working from home. It employs a mixed-methods approach that combines various techniques to provide comprehensive analyses.

Quantum potential energy: Adaptive facades in architecture

This paper addressed the topic of creating quantum architecture through human awareness to transform the formal and spatial elements of architecture according to its environmental sustainability compatible with nature. The research emphasizes the creation of a built environment that uses natural resources to enhance the psychological and physical comfort of humans, relying on the quantum energy inherent in the interaction of particles, which is called “kinetic energy” in quantum mechanics, and it can be considered energy due to motion. The research aims to determine the recommended standards for use in designing the building facade according to the magnetic field lines. It focuses on the classification of smart interfaces in particular. The complexity of evaluating adaptive or dynamic facades is related to evaluating the performance of the facade elements and systems, the overall performance of the building, as well as the behavior and satisfaction of the occupants. The research seeks to present a conceptual and cognitive framework by linking the concept of potential kinetic energy and quantum theory with architecture and then presents a group of literary studies that will enrich and build the theoretical framework and then apply it to the groups of projects selected for practical study and then reach the final conclusions.

Comprehensive walkability assessment of urban pedestrian environments using big data and deep learning techniques.

Assessing street walkability is a critical agenda in urban planning and multidisciplinary research, as it facilitates public health, community cohesion, and urban sustainability. Existing evaluation systems primarily focus on objective measurements, often neglecting subjective assessments and the diverse walking needs influenced by different urban spatial elements. This study addresses these gaps by constructing a comprehensive evaluation framework that integrates both subjective and objective dimensions, combining three neighbourhood indicators: Macro-Scale Index, Micro-Scale Index, and Street Walking Preferences Index. A normalization weighting method synthesizes these indicators into a comprehensive index. We applied this framework to assess the street environment within Beijing's Fifth Ring Road. The empirical results demonstrate that: (1) The framework reliably reflects the distribution of walkability. (2) The three indicators show both similarities and differences, underscoring the need to consider the distinct roles of community and street-level elements and the interaction between subjective and objective dimensions. (3) In high-density cities with ring-road development patterns, the Macro-Scale Index closely aligns with the Comprehensive Index, demonstrating its accuracy in reflecting walkability. The proposed framework and findings offer new insights for street walkability research and theoretical support for developing more inclusive, sustainable and walkable cities.

The interplay of conceptualization and case marking in the directional cases of Udmurt

Abstract In this paper I discuss the variation among the directional cases in Udmurt (Permic, Uralic). Udmurt has a spatial case system consisting of seven cases in total, of which four are directional cases. Two of the directional cases, elative and egressive, express the source of an action, and two, illative and terminative, the goal of an action. Previous accounts have established that the distinguishing factor between the pairs is the expression of some limit. Egressive and terminative are used to express beginning and end limit, respectively, whereas elative and illative are seen not to express a limit. This kind of distinction in a spatial case system is typologically extremely rare. Especially a case dedicated for starting limit seems not to be attested anywhere else than in the Permic languages, Udmurt, and its closes relative Komi. The explanation for the variation between the cases given in previous research, namely that egressive and terminative express a limit, whereas elative and illative do not, seems not to be general enough, however. Especially, in the spatial domain there are examples where, e.g., illative is said to express the endpoint of movement, and terminative the end limit of a movement, but the depicted situations seem basically identical. Therefore, I suggest that there is a more general tendency of using the limit cases to construe an event as bounded from the beginning or the end, respectively, whereas the non-limit cases is used when the construal does not include a boundary of the event, or the boundary is backgrounded. To explore this possibility, I conduct a qualitative analysis of the senses of each case, as well as a quantitative analysis exploring the effects of different aspects of verbal semantics on the choice between the limit and non-limit cases in the spatial domain. The dataset is 500 manually annotated and analyzed examples of Udmurt literary language, mostly newspaper texts. The process is done manually, as the automatic annotation of the original corpus yields too many false positives when queried for instances of cases. The qualitative analysis is conducted by the Principled Polysemy approach, which yields reliable results on the semantic structure of spatial elements in general. The quantitative analysis is done by implementing a random forest analysis on the dataset. Random forest is chosen for the method because the dataset is somewhat small, and the data points cannot be considered independent. The qualitative analysis reveals that the limit cases are indeed used to express senses like the beginning or end of a timespan or a change in amount, which seem to incorporate a boundary of the event. In contrast, the non-limit cases are used to express senses where the boundary is implied but backgrounded. The quantitative analysis reveals that the semantics of the verb indeed do play a role in the choice between the limit and non-limit cases in the spatial domain. However, due to the nature of the data and the chosen methodology it is not possible to say how exactly the semantics of the verb affect the choice between cases. Nonetheless, the results firmly point to the direction that the difference between the limit and non-limit cases should be analyzed as a difference in the construal of the events, which then have special cases depending on the exact situation expressed.

Analysis of the Correlation Between Spatial Morphological Elements and Microclimate in the Higher Education Teaching Center Area

Irrational spatial configuration of campuses has contributed to changes in local microclimates, thus reducing human thermal comfort, particularly in severely cold regions of China. This paper sets out to establish correlation equations between campus spatial morphology indicators and Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET). Based on measured data from two campus sites, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were utilized to analyze the characteristics of microclimate distribution and highly sensitive morphological parameters were screened. Regression analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between spatial morphology indicators and PET. During winter, open spaces were most correlated with Sky View Factor (SVF), with each 0.1 increase in SVF resulting in a 0.7 °C rise in PET. Enclosed spaces exhibited strong correlations with the Closure Ratio of Enclosure (Ce) and Surface Wall Area (SW), where every 10% increase in Ce led to a 0.46 °C increase in PET and every additional 1000 m2 of SW caused a 1 °C rise in PET. We finally quantified the impact of changes in spatial morphology indicators on human thermal comfort, with the aim to integrate campus planning with climatic design and improve the outdoor thermal environment of campuses.

Investigating spatial and temporal characteristics and elements influencing running among residents of Nanchang city in green open areas

Understanding the exercise behaviors of urban residents in green open spaces is crucial for optimizing future urban spatial planning and improving residents’ quality of life. This study provides an in-depth analysis of residents’ running behaviors across 87 green open spaces in Nanchang City. Running data collected from the exercise platform Keep, coupled with urban geographic data and field research, reveals the spatial distribution and temporal variations of running activities, including running flow, distance, time, and pace. A set of indicator systems, such as total area, landscape form index, surrounding residential land area, and road conditions, is used to analyze its relationship with the environmental elements of green open spaces. The research results show that the running flow, running distance, and running time in green open spaces in Nanchang City are significantly influenced by different objective elements, while running pace shows little correlation with these environmental elements. Specifically, the study highlights the significant impact of elements such as total area and road length, as well as the number of nearby bus stops and population density, on residents’ running behaviors in Nanchang City’s green open spaces.

A novel temporal finite element method to solve static viscoelastic problems

A novel temporal finite element method is presented to solve static viscoelastic problems, which is more flexible and appropriate to describe temporal variation of displacement than conventional finite difference or numerical integral methods. By using virtual work principle, a spatial finite element based governing equation is derived in terms of displacement and its derivatives. Then two temporal finite element models are developed using Gurtin variational principle and weighted residual technique. A kind of hybrid shape functions with polynomial and trigonometric basis is stressed to give more flexible descriptions of time varying variables. A criterion of stability analysis is derived, which can numerically be conducted when the constitution of shape functions and step size are prescribed. A recursive algorithm toward end is developed by which the temporal FE analysis can be conducted via a matrix power product with the initial condition, instead of step marching. The proposed approach is available for the viscoelastic model described by linear differential equations with order h ≤ 2, and can conveniently be combined with well-developed numerical algorithms to tackle with boundary value problems, such as FEM, SBFEM etc. Various numerical examples, including those with static/harmonic loads, creep, stress singularity and heterogeneous structures, etc. are provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approaches, and impacts of the temporal FE model, constitution of shape functions, and step size, etc. are taken into account. Satisfactory results are achieved in comparison with analytical or ABAQUS-based solutions.

Spatial adaptation in children with autism - a study based on behavioural dynamic video data

Children with autism show unique behavioural patterns and sensitivity to spatial elements; therefore, size and furniture arrangement at rehabilitation facilities can affect behaviour. In this study, spatial adaptation during three situations (learning, playing with toys, and finding objects) was evaluated for different spatial sizes in children with autism using video data. In particular, 330 videos of training sessions involving 15 boys with autism aged 4–6 years in spaces classified as training space (large, medium, and small) and immediate surroundings (activity areas and hallways) were evaluated. Skeletal data were acquired using AI motion capture technology and transformed into movement volume and positions using Grasshopper. Differences between children with autism in normal and aggressive states in different spaces were analyzed. The movement of volume increased in all space sizes during the aggressive state, especially in large spaces. In large spaces, the movement volume during learning was significantly larger, but object-seeking was significantly smaller in the aggressive state than in the normal state. In the immediate surrounding, the volume of movement varied significantly across behavioural states. Additionally, compared with the normal state, the movement location of children with autism in the aggressive state were more dispersed. The movement of location for learning, activity area and hallway were closer to the wall. Playing with toys and finding objects overlapped more with the furniture. This study provides a basis for the spatial adaptation of intervention services for children with autism and a reference for comparisons with current design standards.

Towards large-scale analyses of settlement patterns in urbanizing landscapes—findings of first studies for India, Egypt, and China

Improved ability to assess and categorize the spatial characteristics of settlement patterns is required for a deeper understanding of how urbanization is driving land use and land cover transformation and its effects. Two approaches to the globally available settlement maps of the World Settlement Footprint 3D support a detailed assessment of spatial characteristics of settlement patterns in rural to urban landscapes and across scales: graph-based spatial network analysis and elements of fractal theory. Based on first comprehensive tests for the Punjab (India), the Nile Delta (Egypt) and the North China Plain, the results of our study suggest that the presented methods allow a quantitative and qualitative characterization and comparison of settlement patterns between different regions of the world. The approache allows to generate standardized baseline data for arbitrary regions in the world to analyze structuring principles of settlement hierarchies (e.g., self-organized fractal geometries) and their dependence on - or interaction with - cultural, political, socioeconomic, or environmental conditions.

Study on the Application of Determinant-MTMD(TMDD) Vibration Reduction in Cable-Supported Pedestrian Suspension Bridge

In this study, multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs) were studied to understand their impact on the human-induced vibration response and comfort level of a pedestrian cable-supported suspension bridge. A spatial finite element model based on a specific engineering case was established. The dynamic characteristics of the bridge under human-induced loads were investigated, and its comfort level under human-induced vibrations was analyzed using the time-history method. Then, this study adjusted the design parameters of the dampers based on various optimal damper parameter expressions. Furthermore, the damping effectiveness of MTMD under different mass ratios (μ) was evaluated, and it was found that increasing the mass ratio significantly impacts damping performance. Finally, determinant-TMD (TMDD) was introduced, and a comparison between the damping effect, robustness, and performance of TMDD and MTMD was conducted. The results indicate that while increasing the mass ratio does not linearly affect maximum vibration acceleration, the damping effect increases initially and then stabilizes, with a damping rate converging at approximately 55%. However, with the TMDD approach, the maximum damping rate can reach approximately 70%, enhancing comfort levels from the “minimum CL3” achieved with MTMD to the “medium CL2” level. Additionally, while TMDD’s robustness is slightly inferior to MTMD at lower mass ratios, it demonstrates superior robustness at higher mass ratios.

Visitors’ Behaviors and Perceptions of Spatial Factors of Uncultivated Internet-Famous Sites in Urban Riverfront Public Spaces: Case Study in Changsha, China

This article takes representative uncultivated riverfront internet-famous sites (uncultivated RIFSs) in Changsha city, China, as an example to explore the internal mechanism of their formation and finds that they are closely related to the “urban subculture” and the “informality of urban public space”. In terms of methodology, through questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews, this study investigates the behavioral characteristics of onsite visitors, the overall perceptions and satisfaction of public spaces, and the perceptions of spatial and humanistic elements of visitors. The main findings are as follows: ① Onsite visitors are mainly male, with local tourists and nearby residents accounting for over 80%. Furthermore, over half of the visitors have limited understanding of the uncultivated RIFSs. ② People’s overall attitudes towards the uncultivated RIFSs are positive. And the ability to carry out meaningful activities and find comfort and safety are of the greatest concern to onsite tourists. ③ Among the visiting reasons, leisure stays accounted for the highest proportion, followed by sightseeing, sports stays and social stays. ④ The onsite visitors’ main focus of spatial elements and humanistic elements is different according to the different sites. However, visitors’ dissatisfaction is mainly reflected in poor site safety and sanitation conditions, inadequate facilities and poor surrounding environments. This paper also compares the online–offline differences in the spatial perceptions of the uncultivated RIFSs between this study and previous research; instead of focusing on the urban physical spaces, online social media users pay more attention to their self-presentation. Meanwhile, the visitors place greater emphasis on the functionality, practicality and experiential activities of the urban physical spaces. Finally, this article proposes optimization strategies for uncultivated RIFSs from planning and governance and public space design aspects to protect and strengthen the composite utilization of space, therefore enhancing diverse vitality.

Analysis of Multi-Dimensional Layers in Historic Districts Based on Theory of the Historic Urban Landscape: Taking Shenyang Fangcheng as an Example

The accelerated process of urbanisation in China is resulting in a decline in and threat to the historic landscape of historic districts. This study is based on the theory of historic urban landscapes and employs a multi-dimensional layers research framework for historic districts. It adopts a single case study and a research method that combines quantitative and qualitative methods. The stratification elements of Fangcheng in Shenyang are identified and summarised, the process of stratification is analysed, and the stratification patterns and laws are summarised through the acquisition and collection of multivariate data. The findings of this study indicate that the stratification elements of the Fangcheng Historic District have undergone five distinct phases of stratification evolution. The resulting stratification pattern can be summarised as follows: newborn, preserve, override, juxtaposition and decession. The spatial elements are layered in the following pattern: The historic landscape can be conceptualised as comprising four layers: (1) the layering of the historic landscape with large public buildings as the anchor point; (2) the layering of the historic landscape with the spatial pattern as the skeleton; (3) the layering of the historic landscape with the iconic buildings as the nodes; and (4) the layering of the historic landscape with the correlative elements as the substrate. The law of value element layering primarily reflects the principles of concentration, diversity and adaptation. In light of the urban historic landscape theory, the reconstruction and restoration strategies, integration of old and new and adaptive conservation of historic landscapes are proposed to offer novel insights and guidance for the conservation of the historic landscape in the Fangcheng Historic District.

Modelling Method and Meshing Characteristics of a Novel Curve-Surface Conjugate Internal Gear Drive

Space exploration has become a major focus in the field of technology, with gear transmissions in aerospace equipment playing a crucial role. In the extreme environment of space, gear transmissions face challenges like large temperature differentials, deformation and maintenance difficulties, which will severely impact transmission accuracy and service life. To meet the growing demands for high-performance gear transmissions with high transmission efficiency and error adaptability in the aerospace field, this paper proposes a novel curve-surface conjugate internal gear drive consisting of an involute internal gear and a curve-surface gear. The fundamental theory of curve-surface conjugation is introduced, and the construction method for curve-surface gear based on a selected contact path and meshing tube is presented. The analysis models including induced curvature, sliding ratio and tooth contact analysis with errors (ETCA) are simulated to evaluate the meshing characteristics. Additionally, prototypes are manufactured and experimental setups are established to validate the transmission performance. These results indicate that as the rotational speed increases, the transmission efficiency of the curve-surface conjugate internal gear drive improves, which is contrary to the trend observed in involute gear drives. And the transmission efficiency of the curve-surface conjugate internal gear drive surpasses that of the involute gear drive at higher rotational speeds. Moreover, this novel gear drive exhibits excellent error adaptability, maintaining intact contact paths and high transmission efficiency even in the presence of assembly errors. This study provides new ideas for the design and manufacture of high-performance gear transmissions from the perspective of spatial geometric elements.

A spatial syntactic analysis of temple cultural heritage settlements on the western Sichuan plateau of China

The protection and development of the cultural heritage of temple settlements, the utilization of cultural resources, and the inheritance of settlement characteristics are pressing issues that require urgent attention. To address these challenges, this study employs the spatial syntax research method to delve into the spatial form of the cultural heritage of temple settlements on the western Sichuan plateau. Specifically, the study focuses on four distinct settlement types in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China: Baiyu Temple, Ganzi Temple, Dongga Temple, and Gesang Temple. Using Depthmap software, the study quantifies settlement parameter values and analyzes connection value, integration degree, and comprehensibility, to reveal their syntactic structural characteristics. Our findings indicate that these four temple settlements present an organic whole in terms of spatial form. However, there are distinct differences in their syntactic structures, which are closely linked to factors such as settlement scale, historical inheritance, and other contextual influences. Based on our spatial syntax analysis, the study proposes a series of protective measures and development strategies. First, emphasis should be placed on preserving the overall spatial layout and organic integrity of temple settlements to prevent overdevelopment and the disruption of original patterns. Second, planners must strengthen the protection and management of internal spatial elements to maintain their interrelationships. Finally, planners should formulate differentiated protection and development plans tailored to the unique characteristics and values of each temple settlement type. While the study focuses on traditional settlement spatial forms and their relationship with human behavior, further exploration is needed to investigate the impact of political, economic, and environmental factors on these forms.

Comparison of On-Sky Wavelength Calibration Methods for Integral Field Spectrograph

With advancements in technology, scientists are delving deeper in their explorations of the universe. Integral field spectrograph (IFS) play a significant role in investigating the physical properties of supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, the nuclei of galaxies, and the star formation processes within galaxies, including under extreme conditions such as those present in galaxy mergers, ultra-low-metallicity galaxies, and star-forming galaxies with strong feedback. IFS transform the spatial field into a linear field using an image slicer and obtain the spectra of targets in each spatial resolution element through a grating. Through scientific processing, two-dimensional images for each target band can be obtained. IFS use concave gratings as dispersion systems to decompose the polychromatic light emitted by celestial bodies into monochromatic light, arranged linearly according to wavelength. In this experiment, the working environment of a star was simulated in the laboratory to facilitate the wavelength calibration of the space integral field spectrometer. Tools necessary for the calibration process were also explored. A mercury–argon lamp was employed as the light source to extract characteristic information from each pixel in the detector, facilitating the wavelength calibration of the spatial IFS. The optimal peak-finding method was selected by contrasting the center of weight, polynomial fitting, and Gaussian fitting methods. Ultimately, employing the 4FFT-LMG algorithm to fit Gaussian curves enabled the determination of the spectral peak positions, yielding wavelength calibration coefficients for a spatial IFS within the range of 360 nm to 600 nm. The correlation of the fitting results between the detector pixel positions and corresponding wavelengths was >99.99%. The calibration accuracy during wavelength calibration was 0.0067 nm, reaching a very high level.

Reviving the Practices of Transhumance in a Forgotten Settlement in Mainland Greece

The aim of this research project is the investigation of the forgotten landscape of transhumance in mainland Greece, focusing on areas that have been abandoned by modern society and their historical significance. The goal is to make these lands functional again by preserving their cultural heritage and developing a sustainable community that meets the needs of people, livestock, and the environment. The investigation employs a dual approach: examining transhumance as a cultural and natural practice while analyzing vernacular architecture to preserve collective memory. This involves extensive historical research and a simultaneous analysis of spatial, social, symbolic, and architectural elements. This study identifies points of convergence between cultural practices and architectural heritage, applying these insights to contemporary redevelopment scenarios. Findings reveal a significant interplay between transhumance practices and the region’s anonymous architecture. Key characteristics of the landscape and its spatial identity are documented, providing insights into effective preservation and redevelopment strategies. Specific case studies validate these strategies, demonstrating their relevance to current and future efforts. This study concludes that understanding the historical context and spatial identity of transhumance landscapes is crucial for sustainable redevelopment. By preserving cultural practices and architectural heritage, this project provides a framework for revitalizing these landscapes, ensuring a balanced coexistence of people, livestock, and the environment.

Construction and Optimization Strategies for Rural Residential Spatial Models Based on the Concept of Resource Metabolism: A Case Study of Rural Areas in the Shandong Plain

Rural communities can be conceptualized as spatial organisms interconnected by optimized resource utilization systems. Investigating the efficient utilization of rural resources and spatial construction methods grounded in resource metabolism is a pivotal step toward achieving the ecological transformation of rural spaces. This paper examined rural settlements in the Shandong Plain as a case study, exploring the relationships among three scales: village, neighborhoods, and courtyards. This analysis was based on elucidating the interaction mechanisms between “space and resource” and the integration of key resources and spatial elements. From the perspective of resource circulation and metabolism, this study aimed to elucidate the equilibrium of each resource element within three resource metabolism subsystems: the agricultural production system (core element), the ecological technology system (technological link), and the human life system (spatial carrier) in Shandong Plain’s villages, considering general climatic conditions. To achieve this, this research utilized the resource production volume, the utilization and transformation volume of resource metabolism technology facilities per unit area, and the average per capita resource consumption as fundamental measurement units. The concept of a rationing relationship is introduced to clarify resource allocation. Combining the aforementioned research on spatial resource metabolism in ecological villages in Shandong Province with the material flow analysis method, this study constructed a bottom–up spatial model of resource metabolism at three scales, courtyards, neighborhoods, and villages, under various resource metabolism scenarios. This study is anticipated to significantly contribute to the theoretical understanding of rural habitat environments, offering novel methods and perspectives for constructing ecological rural settlements.

Collocation Finite Element Method for the Fractional Fokker–Planck Equation

ABSTRACTIn this study, the approximate results of the fractional Fokker–Planck equations have been investigated. First, finite element schemes have been obtained using collocation finite element method based on the trigonometric quintic B‐spline basis functions. Then, the present method is tested on two fundamental problems having appropriate initial conditions. The newly obtained numerical results contained the error norms and for various temporal and spatial steps are compared with the exact ones and other solutions. More accurate results have been obtained for large numbers of spatial and temporal elements.

Ethnic identity construction through multimodal linguistic landscape at Ban Arunotai in Thailand

ABSTRACT Thailand is a country where ethnic diversity and multilingualism are deeply embedded in the cultural landscape, and understanding the construction of ethnic identity provides crucial insights into its social dynamics. This study investigates how ethnic identities are constructed and negotiated through multimodal resources within the linguistic landscape of Ban Arunotai, a multiethnic village in Chiang Mai. Utilizing a comprehensive multimodal framework, the research analyzes how public signage combines linguistic, visual, auditory, and spatial elements to articulate and reshape identity. The findings reveal a hierarchical structure of languages and modes, where dominant languages are visually prioritized, while minority languages serve more localized, symbolic functions. Moreover, a shift from static, monolingual systems to fluid, multilingual repertoires among speakers reflects broader sociocultural changes shaped by translanguaging practices. By framing public signs as dynamic resources in the active formation and reinforcement of ethnic identities, this study offers significant implications for understanding identity politics and social integration in multilingual settings.

ABOUT THE PROTOTYPOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE DWELLING

Throughout human history, housing has been crucial for human existence, serving as shelter, a symbol of social status, economic prosperity, and cultural identity. Studying archaeological data from different times and peoples has enabled the analysis of the main stages of the development of one of the fundamental values of human material culture - housing. Housing stands as concrete evidence supporting hypotheses and scientific discoveries, offering insights into the life, culture, and traditions of specific epochs. Its extensive evolutionary journey has been shaped significantly by advancements aimed at optimizing living conditions, influenced by societal norms, domestic practices, and scientific advancements. This ongoing evolution has defined housing's architectural characteristics, including differentiation of family, household, functional planning, work, and communal spaces, alongside spatial and expressive architectural elements. It encompasses the development of individual housing units within broader building and settlement frameworks, encompassing diverse housing types and their typological classifications, as well as applying construction and technical methods. This study examines the distinctive typological groups of housing, characterized by their structural underpinnings. These groups are delineated by key factors influencing the inception of formative architectural techniques, such as the early development of functional-planning solutions rooted in familial and regional contexts, and cultural traditions. Additionally, the article explores the architectural evolution of housing, analyzing how prototype components have shaped the phased development of residential functional-planning structures over time. This research contributes to a broader series of investigations into typological evolution of housing, aiming to deepen our understanding of its transformative journey across different historical periods.