Spatial Distribution Of Industry Research Articles

Place-based V.S. space-neutral policies: the choice of regional coordinated development strategy

ABSTRACT Through establishing a spatial equilibrium model including regional productivity differences, fiscal policy, and labour migration costs, this article discusses the effects and interaction of place-based policies and space-neutral policies. This article finds that there are differences in the impacts and mechanisms of the two types of policies on the spatial distribution of industry and labour force, regional income gap, and overall economic productivity and shows the application situation of the two types of policies and the interactions between them. Therefore, policymakers should choose a differentiated policy portfolio to narrow the regional income gap and improve the overall economic productivity.

A novel methodological framework for risk zonation and source–sink response concerning heavy-metal contamination in agroecosystems

The accurate identification of high-risk zones and risk source–sink responses for heavy-metal (HM) contamination of agroecosystems remains challenging due to involving multiple environmental media such as soils, dustfall, and crops and a wide range of evaluation criteria and constraints. This study established a novel evaluation model based on the integration of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to assess agroecosystem risk in the Lihe River watershed, China. Bivariate local indicators of spatial association (LISA) were adopted to explore the spatial interaction of risk sources and sinks with outputs ranging from 0.0003 (no risk) to 0.83 (high risk). Areas with moderate, considerable, and high risk constituted 67.4 % of the total land area, and only 1.8 % of the area was classed as low risk. Central urban and eastern areas around Taihu Lake were risk accumulation regions that needed more remedial attention. Risk cluster zones in the central urban area involved significant source–sink response relationships with the spatial distribution of industries, whereas eastern zones were linked to vehicular traffic distribution, accounting for 27.5 % and 16.5 % of the total area, respectively. This study provides a new methodological framework for the assessment of environmental risk, risk zonation, and risk source–sink spatial interaction in agroecosystems.

Study on the Coordinated Industrial Development of City Cluster in the Yellow River Basin

Ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, an important ecological shelter and economic zone in China, has become a priority during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. This study takes 11 municipalities in Guanzhong Plain city cluster in the Yellow River Basin as the research object. Location quotient, Krugman structural difference index, functional specialization index and improvement potential model have been used to calculate the indicators of coordinated industrial development of city cluster. The results show that: the development level within Guanzhong Plain city cluster is different, with a great difference in total economic volume and GDP growth rate. The spatial distribution of industries in Guanzhong Plain city clusters can be described as follow: Xi' an is the tertiary industry cluster area, Baoji, Xianyang, etc. are the secondary industry cluster area, and other cities are the primary industry cluster area. In terms of manufacturing and tertiary industry, municipalities in Guanzhong Plain city cluster demonstrate similar industrial structures, and the level of regional industrial specialization needs to be further improved. The division level of new industries in Guanzhong Plain city cluster is relatively low, and the regional industrial chain has not yet formed. According to the city potential value and geographical location, Guanzhong Plain city cluster is divided into three industrial functional areas: central area (Xi' an), intermediate area (Xianyang, Baoji, Weinan, Yuncheng, Shangluo, Tongchuan), and peripheral area (Tianshui, Qingyang, Pingliang, Linfen). In the end, based on the above conclusions, this study puts forward some suggestions to promote the coordinated industrial development in Guanzhong Plain city cluster.

Application of GIS in spatial analysis of industry concentration: the case study of Tesanj municipality (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

The focus of this study is a spatial analysis of the industry distribution and concentration, on the example of municipality of Tesanj (Bosnia and Herzegovina), based on the application of GIS methods. Municipality of Tesanj is one of the most developed municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Tesanj?s industry significantly contributes to the economic development of this country. GIS analysis of industry was based on the field work, locating and georeferencing industrial companies, acquisition, adaptation, adjustment and validation of digital surface models and google satellite imagery, mapping of relief, hydrography and transport network. With the aim of geovisualization of spatial distribution of industry, spatial descriptive statistics and non-parametric density estimation analysis (Kernel Density Estimation) were performed. In order to determine the distribution of industry in relation to relief (elevation, slope, and aspect), hydrography and transport network, GIS techniques of reclassification, vectorization, count point in polygons, buffer and clip geoprocessing tools were used. Conducted research provided a new insight into the data mining and visualization based on principles of QGIS, the effects of geographic factors on industry distribution, and confirmed the importance of relief, hydrographic and transport network on the concentration of industry in municipality Tesanj.

A propos Brexit: on the breaking up of integration areas – an NEG analysis

ABSTRACT Inspired by Brexit, the paper explores the effects of splitting an integration area or ‘Union’ on trade patterns and the spatial distribution of industry. A linear three-region New Economic Geography (NEG) model is developed and two possible situations before separation are considered: agglomeration and dispersion. By analogy with the Brexit options, soft and hard separation scenarios are considered. Firms in the leaving region may move to the larger Union market, even on the periphery, relocation substituting trade; or firms in the Union may move in the more isolated leaving region, escaping from competition. The paper also analyses deeper Union integration following separation. Instances of multistability and complex dynamics are found.

Industrialisation Scenario at Sreepur of Gazipur, Bangladesh and Physico-chemical Properties of Wastewater Discharged from Industries

This study was conducted to explore the present trend and pattern of industrial growth with spatial distribution of industries and seasonal extent of physicochemical characteristics of wastewater at Sreepur of Gazipur, Bangladesh. The wastewater samples were collected from 5 locations in three seasons viz. pre-monsoon, monsoon and dry season. A total of 120 medium to large industries were surveyed, among those 52 were in red category, 53 were in orange-B category, 13 were in orange-A and only 2 were in green category. In 1995, there were only three industries, which gradually increased to a total of 29 in 2005. Among them, 11 were in red category and 18 were in orange-B category. But from 2006-2010, a total 59 industries were developed and most of them were in red and orange-B categories. Similarly, during the period of 2011 to March 2013, a total 16 industries were developed, among them 8 industries were in red and 3 were in orange-B category. Major types of wastewater discharging industries were textile, dyeing, washing and printing. Among the surveyed industries about 33% didn’t have any effluent treatment plant (ETP). The mean value of pH, EC, DO, BOD, COD and TDS of wastewater were 7.28, 2.64, 1.62 mg L-1, 82.0 mg L-1, 217.31 mg L-1 and 1380 mg L-1, respectively during pre-monsoon; 6.7, 1.15, trace, 8.0 mg L-1, 152.4 mg L-1 and 539.58 mg L-1, respectively during monsoon and 7.7, 1.82, 0.74 mg L-1, 48.8 mg L-1, 204.8 mg L-1 and 993.6 mg L-1, respectively during dry season. Average DO concentrations in all seasons and sites were significantly low, while BOD and COD contents were higher in pre-monsoon and dry seasons than the DoE permissible limit. The study concluded that the area is now a hub of polluting industries which are mostly liable to pollute the surrounding environment.

On the new economic geography of a multicone world

AbstractWe build a new economic geography model incorporating differences in productivity among sectors and countries, thus allowing for comparative advantage. We study the role that market size, absolute advantage, and comparative advantage have on the trade patterns and the long‐run spatial distribution of economic activity in a world with multicones of specialization. We briefly mention the possibility of long‐term fluctuations in the spatial distribution of industry by relying on a discrete‐time framework.

Knowledge Interaction and Spatial Dynamics in Industrial Districts

The knowledge economy plays a leading role in current socioeconomic development and has changed industrial development. This study addresses whether changes in industrial development have improved the knowledge innovation, technical level, and productive efficiency of industries. Taiwanese industries were typically labor and technology-intensive and policy-oriented manufacturing industries in the past. This study analyzes the change in the spatial distribution of industries in southern Taiwan, and further examines the effect of knowledge interactions between industries and the region on industrial development, as well as the restrictions and opportunities for future development. Industries in southern Taiwan have formed a solid foundation based on policies promoted in the past. Nevertheless, an over-reliance on policy guidance has impeded breakthroughs and motivation to learn. Analytical results indicate that industries with stable and changing clusters achieve sustainable economic growth by creating links for innovative knowledge interactions through collaboration with suppliers and competitors. Accordingly, knowledge sources depend not only on internal research and development but also on external interactions to stimulate innovation. Restated, the input of key knowledge generates a high output, provides opportunities for industry transformation, and decreases resource consumption to achieve environmental sustainability during development. Additionally, the ripple effect of innovation, research, and development enhances structural evolution in industries, generating sustainable economic development.

Transport Infrastructure, City Productivity Growth and Industry Reallocation: Evidence from China

This paper examines the effects of economic integration resulting from highway construction on aggregate productivity and the spatial distribution of industries. To do so, I construct a unique dataset of bilateral transportation costs between Chinese cities, digitized highway network maps, and firm-level census. I first derive and estimate a market access measure for cities in China from 1995 to 2005 using estimated bilateral transportation costs. Then I examine the channels through which highway infrastructure facilitated aggregate productivity growth and sectoral reallocation across space. I find that highway infrastructure in China promoted aggregate TFP growth through the entry of new firms and the reallocation among existing firms. I also find that highways led to a spatial reallocation of industries in China. Industries with large weight-to-value ratio, high capital intensity, and low product differentiation grew disproportionately faster than other industries in cities that experienced large increases in market access.

Will Decline in Foreign Trade Reshape Internal Economic Geography? Simulations in an Estimated Model of the Chinese Space-economy

This study evaluates the role of decline in foreign trade in shaping China’s internal economic Geography. In a first step, we develop a multi-region multi-industry economic geography model under Cournot competition, of which we estimate the parameter values from real regional and industry data to obtain a predictable model. Next, we set some scenarios reflecting a decline in export to simulate the evolution of industrial spatial pattern. The simulations indicate the evident impact of decreasing export on the spatial distribution of industries; besides, the degree of influence varies across different industries. Moreover, the decline in export of one industry not only influences its own location, but also the location of the forward or backward-linked industries. However, the general spatial pattern, observed after policy reforms and trade liberalization, will not be reversed due to export recession in China.

Geography of brewery: development of spatial distribution of Czech beer market after 1989

Much of the current research in economic geography focuses on spatial distribution of industries and their market competition. As the data about localization are relatively easily accessible, empirical studies are often conducted. However, our knowledge of retail distribution strategies is still incomplete. By examining 54 Czech breweries and their distribution regions, this article aims to fill the knowledge gap relating to retail distribution strategies in the brewing industry. Based on the Bennison typology of retail location strategies, which is used within the field of retail development, we identified four factors determining the decision on the future retail strategy of a specific brewery: geographic location, competitiveness, affiliation to a business group, and beer taste. As a result, the Czech beer market constitutes not only an attractive topic, but also an exceptional case for the study of economic actors’ spatial behaviour. The article tries to contribute to the social and scientific knowledge by adding a topic located on the borders of economic geography and retail geography which has not yet been studied in this way.

The spatial distribution of industries in transitional China: A study of Beijing

The paper aims to provide a complete picture of the spatial distribution of industries in China, a country which is presently undergoing a transition from a planned economy to a market economy. It also seeks to explore the reasons behind that distribution. We employ the negative exponential function to analyze the spatial distribution of 57 economic sectors in Beijing. Comparison of the preferred location of each sector can reveal the overall industrial spatial pattern, which functions as a spatial reflection of the influence of the government and the market on economic activities. The findings of the study suggest that the governmental force is more powerful than the market force in the urban core, although the overall spatial distribution of industries is found to comply with the laws of the market economy. The power of the government and the market also shape the industrial spatial pattern in other Chinese cities, in ways that are similar to the case of Beijing.

The spatial distribution of economic activity in Melbourne, 1971–2006

This paper reports an empirical analysis of the distribution of employment by industry in Melbourne and how this changes over time. Depending on the nature of the industry being considered, two main patterns of spatial behavior are found, population-related dispersion and centralization. A methodology for estimating the benefits of centralization is developed and applied. Centralization benefits are highest for business services and other high-level services, supporting the view that the benefits of concentrating in the central business district are related to knowledge creation and exchange. Other forces, such as competitive pressure, land prices, and colocation with other industries, play only a minor role in determining the spatial distribution of industries, at least at the spatial levels used here. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Mechanization and the spatial distribution of industries in the German Empire, 1875 to 1907

The adoption of water, steam, and electric power transformed manufacturing in the nineteenth century. This article studies the relationship between this technological change and the spatial distribution of manufacturing industries in the German Empire during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The adoption of steam powered machinery created incentives for manufacturers to form industry clusters near coal mining regions. Specifically, this article shows that a one standard deviation increase in the average size of steam power operations was associated with a rise in geographic concentration of one‐quarter of a standard deviation. In contrast, a one standard deviation increase in the size of water power operations was associated with a drop in geographic concentration of one‐sixth of a standard deviation. This is consistent with the constraint that water powered plants had to be located on a stream with a sufficient gradient and away from other water powered plants to avoid disruption from neighbouring gates and dams. Together the findings indicate that the transition from water to steam powered machinery contributed to the geographic concentration of manufacturing in the nineteenth century.

English Title Not Available [Turkish Title: TURKIYE SANAYI COGRAFYASINA GENEL BIR BAKIS: IL IMALAT SANAYILERI 2000 YILI KESIT ANALIZI

In this paper, a crass-section analysis of the composition and relative performances of mamufacturing industries in 12 sub-sectors across Turkey\'s provinces for year 2000 is presented by making use of certain indicators. Particular features of the Turkish industrial geography and spatial distribution of the industries are investigated on the basis of 35 variables for the 44 provinces. The findings suggest that there exist an unbalanced formation and polarizations in spatial distribution of industry, and that disparities in basic industrial activities are at huge extents. Pertaining to such essential industrial indicators either as number of businesses and employment in manufacturing industries or as industrial value added and exports, superiority of the traditionally industrial provinces and their hinterlands is very obvious. Particularly Istanbul in aspect of almost all the industrial indicators is a dominant province departing from the rest. It is observed that the weights of the provinces representing the newly emerging industrial locations in manufacturing industry are increasing. Beyond a few- sectors, it could not be asserted that sectoral specialization and diversification have spread over all the geography of Turkey. The findings of this research which is accomplished within the limits of a cross-section analysis should be cautiously interpreted as there are a few studies which work spatial analyses of industrial activities in Turkey yet. In this field, which displays multi dimensional and dynamic features, number of the studies which combine the sectoral and spatial analyses wIth different methods and approaches need to increase.

Small firms, industrial districts and power asymmetries

Considers the renewed interest in industrial districts as a post‐Fordist form of spatial distribution of industry. Local agglomerations of industry in the form of small and medium‐sized firms have been proposed as a means of dealing effectively with changing patterns of demand; furthermore, they are seen as offering opportunities to workers of more satisfying employment. Contends that the positive aspects of industrial districts are often exaggerated and that the increased importance of small firms generally has, in many cases, been the outcome of regressive economic restructuring at the global level. Takes evidence from survey work in the East Midlands, and shows that small firms often occupy a weak position in the production chain and, as a consequence, are subject to asymmetrical power relationships. Makes policy recommendations which are designed to deal both with the problems faced by small firms in particular and by labour more generally.

Regional Distribution of Industry and the Role of the State in Greece

This paper is an examination of how state policies have influenced the spatial distribution of industry in Greece throughout the period after World War 2. The focus is only on those aspects of state policy that directly influence the spatial distribution of industry, that is regional policy, which was always orientated, in theory at least, towards the vague notion of the ‘more even’ regional development of the country. It is argued that state regional policies were not on the whole successful. The regional incentives system for industry in particular, which was the most important instrument of state regional policy, was quite inadequate, and, moreover, its cost to society increased steadily while its contribution towards a more even spatial distribution of industry was marginal. That is, the incentives system does not seem to have facilitated the regional reorganisation of industry in the sense of diminishing the spatial inequalities in the distribution of industrial activities. It was not ‘accidental’ that the regional incentives system, with its innate weaknesses and increasing cost, survived for so long, despite the fact that it was ineffective. Its survival can be explained in terms of the particular characteristics of Greek society, such as the predominance of the political over the economic sphere and the prevalence of clientelism in politics. In such a context the innate weaknesses of the incentives system allowed certain groups of people to enjoy economic benefits with noneconomic means.

Estimating the spatial distribution of industry within an urban Region

It has become the practice of traffic engineers to base the design of transportation facilities upon predictions of future land use. Although the relationship between traffic generation and land use has been well established, techniques for the accurate prediction of land use are much less reliable. The planning sequence usually follows this pattern: i) future land use is predicted, 2) the traffic generating and attracting characteristics of the predicted land uses are calculated, 3) the traffic generated or attracted is "assigned" to destinations or points of origin, 4) facilities are designed to handle the predicted traffic. The United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, has established a complete "transportation planning package" including supporting traffic analysis programs that follows this basic sequence of operations. 2 Some of the computer programs used in this process are now quite detailed and sophisticated. For instance, provision is made for simulating vehicular movement over the entire future highway system including allowance for differential delays for vehicles making right or left turning movements. However, none of this elaboration should obscure the difficulties in making the prediction process reliable. The land use forecast is the fundamental structure to which the elaborate filigree of the transportation planner's artis applied. Several years ago the predicted land use patterns "put into the traffic models" were the official General Plans of the municipal governments. Although this is still being done in some places, the official plans are notoriously unreliable indicators of urban development. Norton E. Long has termed them "civic New Year's resolutions." It is now becoming common to create these basic predictions of land use through the use of mathematical models of urban development. Generally the task of modeling urban land use change is broken down into land use components such as "Residential," "Commercial, " "Industrial," etc. In programs that take this approach the model process is usually ordered in such a manner as to locate industrial lands first. This is not simply a matter of convenience; the location of industrial land plays a significant role in such models. The location of residences is thought to be greatly influenced by the location of work sites. In some model schemes the "journey-to-work" assumes an almost metaphysical significance in that it becomes the sole determinate of residential location. The residential locations may be in turn asserted to "cause" commercial locations. The model system being developed for Santa Clara County, California, follows this general ordering of events, although the relative significance of any one type of land use upon the location of any other will be established analytically. Still, it is thought that the location of industrial land (jobs) will profoundly influence the subsequent forecasts for other land uses. The location of future industry will also affect the transportation planning