Spatial Distribution Of Activity Research Articles

Indonesia. Promises and predicaments: Trade and entrepreneurship in colonial and independent Indonesia in the 19th and 20th centuries Edited by Alicia Schrikker and Jeroen Touwen Singapore: NUS Press, 2015. Pp. 334. Tables, Figures, Bibliography, Index.

Promises and predicaments: Trade and entrepreneur ship in colonial and independent Indonesia in the 19th and 20th centuries Edited by ALICIA SCHRIKKER and JEROEN TOUWEN Singapore: NUS Press, 2015. Pp. 334. Tables, Figures, Bibliography, Index, doi: 10.1017/S0022463416000606 This edited book is a tribute to Thomas Lindblad, who contributed significantly to the development of Indonesian economic history in the Netherlands over the past thirty years. More importantly, it is an excellent and quite well-structured survey of current research on Indonesian economic history with contributions from both senior and junior players in this international field of study. The introduction, authored by both editors, sets out the thematic vectors along which Indonesia's colonial and postcolonial economy can be most fruitfully studied: trade and investment, entrepreneurship, and changing political regimes. Whilst the 2002 economic history by Howard Dick, Vincent Houben, Thomas Lindblad and Thee Kian Wee (The emergence of a national economy: An economic history of Indonesia, 1800-2000) focused on the intertwinement of globalisation, state-formation, and the emergence of a national economy, this volume addresses the interplay between foreign trade, economic actors, and the political economy. In doing so, it highlights the intersections between the economic activities of different socioethnic groups, the spatial distribution of economic activity, and temporal trajectories across the colonial and postcolonial regimes. The main part of this study consists of 16 chapters that are grouped into the three above-mentioned thematic domains. Changes and continuities in trade and investment are dealt with in the first section over four chapters. Anne Booth undertakes a long-term survey and analysis of the effects of imbalances in export and import growth between Java and the rest of the archipelago on regional development within Indonesia. Hal Hill compares the sectoral shifts, inter-sectoral labour productivity, and the demographics of six Southeast Asian countries and finds that, although structural change has been rapid everywhere, the phenomenon's multidimensionality has led to marked differences between the countries studied. Pim de Zwart et al. engage in a longue duree analysis of 'openness' (the share of trade in the total economy of Indonesia) and its impact on growth and wage levels. Contrary to neoliberal thinking, the correlation between the two was not straightforward; rather, it depended to a large extent on changing institutional contexts and unequal geographic distribution. Alex Claver examines the role of money in the Dutch colonial economy and perceives a gradual adaptation to the different needs of the European trading sector and the peasant economy. The second section on entrepreneurship, focusing on the economic roles of specific groups, consists of five chapters. Leonard Blusse addresses the role of Chinese sailors on VOC ships sailing to Europe during the late nineteenth century, and discusses recruitment arrangements as well as gives evidence on the harsh conditions on board. Freek Colombijn studies contractors and subcontractors in Medan's construction sector during the 1950s. He proposes the term 'complementarisasi to describe the economic relationship between actors belonging to different ethnic groups during the extended process of decolonisation in Indonesia, where some groups engaged in a single production chain and others divided the market by occupying certain niches. Roger Knight writes on the connection between sugar production in Java and Japan from the 1880s until 1945. This connection oscillated between coexistence and conflict, involved essentially Asian actors and was, at least for sugar production, marked by discontinuity. Bambang Purwanto deals with the informal, low-level military entrepreneurship in the 1950s and 1960s that affected society through entertainment and event organisation, a phenomenon that has until now been neglected within the existing historiography. …

Relationship between lightning activity and tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and the estimation of lightning-produced nitrogen oxides over China

To better understand the relationship between lightning activity and nitrogen oxides (NO X ) in the troposphere and to estimate lightning-produced NO X (LNO X ) production in China more precisely, spatial and temporal distributions of vertical column densities of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2 VCDs) and lightning activity were analyzed using satellite measurements. The results showed that the spatial distribution of lightning activity is greater in the east than in the west of China, as with NO2 VCDs. However, the seasonal and annual variation between lightning and NO2 density show different trends in the east and west. The central Tibetan Plateau is sparsely populated without modern industry, and NO2 VCDs across the plateau are barely affected by anthropogenic sources. The plateau is an ideal area to study LNO X . By analyzing 15 years of satellite data from that region, it was found that lightning density is in strong agreement with annual, spatial and seasonal variations of NO2 VCDs, with a correlation coefficient of 0.79 from the linear fit. Combining Beirle’s method and the linear fit equation, LNO X production in the Chinese interior was determined to be 0.07 (0.02–0.27) TgN yr−1 for 1997–2012, within the range of 0.016–0.384 TgN yr−1 from previous estimates.

On the Optimal Design of Place-Based Policies: A Structural Evaluation of EU Regional Transfers

We quantify general equilibrium effects of place-based policies in a multi-region framework with mobility, trade and agglomeration economies. Using detailed data on EU transfers, we infer the local effects of different transfer types on productivity, income and transportation cost. Based on these estimates and the general equilibrium model we derive the spatial distribution of economic activity and the resulting aggregate welfare effects if (i) no transfers were paid and taxes set to zero, (ii) transfers were distributed uniformly, (iii) transfers were welfare-optimally distributed. Characterizing the optimal distributions, we reveal complementarities between transfer types and between transfers and local endowments.

Local Border Reforms and Economic Activity

In this paper, we study how local border reforms affect economic activity. To do so, we make use of large-scale municipal merger reforms in Germany to assess the effect of local border changes on the distribution of activity in space, an issue that has not been addressed in existing literature. To allow for a comparison of economic activity within unique geographical units over time, we use geo-coded light data as well as local land-use data. Adopting a difference-in-differences approach, we find evidence that municipalities absorbing their merger partners and hosting the new administrative center experience a significant increase in local activity, while the municipalities that are being absorbed and are losing the administrative center experience a decrease in such activity. The difference between the gains in activity from absorbing municipalities and the losses from absorbed ones appears positive. These hitherto undocumented results point to the importance of distance to the administrative center as a determinant of the spatial distribution of economic activity.

Heterogeneous Spatial Distribution of Transcriptional Activity in Budding Yeast Nuclei

Recent microscopic and simulation studies have shown that the genome structure fluctuates dynamically in the nuclei of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This genome-wide movement should lead to the fluctuations of individual genes in their territorial regions. This raises an intriguing question of whether the resulting distribution of genes is correlated to their transcriptional activity. An effective method for examining this correlation is to analyze how the spatial distribution of genes and their transcriptional activity are modified by mutation. In this study, we analyzed the modification observed in a budding yeast mutant in which genes necessary for anchoring telomeres to the nuclear envelope, yku70 and esc1, are silenced. Taddei et al. reported that 60 genes are clearly misregulated by this mutation, with 28 and 32 genes downregulated and upregulated, respectively. We calculated the probability density maps of the misregulated genes using a model of dynamical movement of the yeast genome in both wild-type (WT) and yku70 esc1 mutant and showed that the density of downregulated genes is larger near the nucleolus, whereas the density of upregulated genes is larger at the opposite side of the nucleus. By comparing these genes with those highly (top 200 of transcriptome) and lowly (bottom 200) expressed, we showed that the simulated distribution of 28 downregulated (12 out of 32 upregulated) genes has a distinctly larger overlap with the distribution of lowly (highly) expressed genes in the mutant than in the WT. The remaining 20 upregulated genes are localized near the nuclear envelope both in the WT and in the mutant. These results showed that the transcriptional level of genes is affected by their spatial distribution, thus highlighting the importance of the structural regulation in the yeast genome.

Influence of the spatial distribution of gravity wave activity on the middle atmospheric dynamics

Abstract. Analysing GPS radio occultation density profiles, we have recently pointed out a localised area of enhanced gravity wave (GW) activity and breaking in the lower stratosphere of the east Asian–northwestern Pacific (EA/NP) region. With a mechanistic model of the middle and upper atmosphere, experiments are performed to study the possible effect of such a localised GW breaking region on large-scale circulation and transport and, more generally, a possible influence of the spatial distribution of gravity wave activity on middle atmospheric dynamics.The results indicate the important role of the spatial distribution of GW activity for polar vortex stability, formation of planetary waves and for the strength and structure of zonal-mean residual circulation. Furthermore, a possible effect of a zonally asymmetric GW breaking in the longitudinal variability of the Brewer–Dobson circulation is analysed. Finally, consequences of our results for a variety of research topics (e.g. sudden stratospheric warming, atmospheric blocking, teleconnection patterns and a compensation mechanism between resolved and unresolved drag) are discussed.

Spatial characterization of the fisheries in the Avilés Canyon System (Cantabrian Sea, Spain)

Marine protected areas are one of the main tools in ecosystem-based fishery management. This approach requires analyzing the role of fisheries in the ecosystem by, for example, identifying fishing tactics and analyzing the spatial distribution with sufficient precision to allow us to determine whether fishing activities and the habitat or ecosystem to be protected can coexist spatially. In the Avilés Canyon System (Cantabrian Sea, Spain), we detected 6 different gears and 17 fishing tactics were identified by a non-hierarchical classification technique (CLARA). The spatial distribution of demersal fishing activity is strongly affected by the topography of the study area and the large presence of rocky ground. There is a clear spatial segregation between gear types, mainly due to the operating requirements of the gears and the distribution of target species. This minimizes conflicts between different components of the fleet. The fishing tactics targeting pelagic species were mainly located on the coast and shelf, while those targeting demersal species were used on the shelf and slope. Longline fishing tactics are those that had a more restricted spatial distribution.

Spatial micro-distribution of methanotrophic activity along a 120-year afforestation chronosequence

Methanotrophic bacteria drive upland soil methane (CH4) uptake. Land-use change often affects their activity, but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. We studied soil-atmosphere CH4 fluxes along a 120-year Norway spruce afforestation chronosequence on subalpine pasture, testing whether effects were related to shifts in the spatial niche of methanotrophs. Previous field data had shown that soil 14CH4 uptake increased with forest age, and that this effect was driven by decreased water filled pore space due to higher rainfall interception in the more developed canopies of older forest stands. The spatial distribution of methanotrophic activity was determined by 14CH4-labelling followed by soil section preparation, aggregate size fractionation, aggregate erosion, and micro-autoradiographic imaging. Uptake rates of CH4 measured in laboratory incubations of soil cores as well as their water contents largely followed the in situ measurements previously made in the field. 14CH4 assimilation was heterogeneously distributed, and occurred further down the soil profile in older forest that had a more developed organic layer that did not contribute to CH4 uptake. Assimilation was largest in 2—8 mm aggregates, and higher at the exterior than in the interior of aggregates. Our data indicates that differences in soil aggregation and related methanotrophic activities did not contribute substantially to higher CH4 uptake in older forest, mostly because aggregation did not change much with age. On a per mass basis, however, large aggregates contributed less to CH4 uptake due to their unfavorable surface to volume ratio. More generally, we argue that the (sub-)aggregate heterogeneity of soil microbial activity and diversity is underexplored, although it critically determines ecological interactions that drive ecosystem-level processes.

Influence of Lumbar Muscle Fatigue on Trunk Adaptations during Sudden External Perturbations.

Introduction: When the spine is subjected to perturbations, neuromuscular responses such as reflex muscle contractions contribute to the overall balance control and spinal stabilization mechanisms. These responses are influenced by muscle fatigue, which has been shown to trigger changes in muscle recruitment patterns. Neuromuscular adaptations, e.g., attenuation of reflex activation and/or postural oscillations following repeated unexpected external perturbations, have also been described. However, the characterization of these adaptations still remains unclear. Using high-density electromyography (EMG) may help understand how the nervous system chooses to deal with an unknown perturbation in different physiological and/or mechanical perturbation environments.Aim: To characterize trunk neuromuscular adaptations following repeated sudden external perturbations after a back muscle fatigue task using high-density EMG.Methods: Twenty-five healthy participants experienced a series of 15 sudden external perturbations before and after back muscle fatigue. Erector spinae muscle activity was recorded using high-density EMG. Trunk kinematics during perturbation trials were collected using a 3-D motion analysis system. A two-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted to assess: (1) the adaptation effect across trials; (2) the fatigue effect; and (3) the interaction effect (fatigue × adaptation) for the baseline activity, the reflex latency, the reflex peak and trunk kinematic variables (flexion angle, velocity and time to peak velocity). Muscle activity spatial distribution before and following the fatigue task was also compared using t-tests for dependent samples.Results: An attenuation of muscle reflex peak was observed across perturbation trials before the fatigue task, but not after. The spatial distribution of muscle activity was significantly higher before the fatigue task compared to post-fatigue trials. Baseline activity showed a trend to higher values after muscle fatigue, as well as reduction through perturbation trials. Main effects of fatigue and adaptation were found for time to peak velocity. No adaptation nor fatigue effect were identified for reflex latency, flexion angle or trunk velocity.Conclusion: The results show that muscle fatigue leads to reduced spatial distribution of back muscle activity and suggest a limited ability to use across-trial redundancy to adapt EMG reflex peak and optimize spinal stabilization using retroactive control.

Spatially blind policies? Analysing agglomeration economies and European Investment Bank funding in European neighbouring countries

Policies promoting development need to take into account the fact that globalisation has made space more rather than less important. To take full advantage of agglomeration economies that come with urban concentration, infrastructure plays a key role. For a long time development policies have focused on the provision of infrastructure. In this work, we analyse: first how urban concentration and infrastructure interact with each other for encouraging economic growth; and second whether policies promoting infrastructure have considered the spatial distribution of economic activity. As a case study, we focus on the European Investment Bank (EIB) projects financing infrastructures, for both the European Union and the EU neighbourhood. We perform panel data analysis considering different measures of infrastructure, and we also analyse the EIB projects. Our results suggest a relevant role of connectivity infrastructure (i.e. transport and communications) for agglomeration benefits to take place in European Neighbouring Policy countries. Our results also suggest that EIB funding in ENP countries is mostly country specific and displays no spatial dimension.

Modeling the effect of coke deposition in a heat integrated ethanol reformer

The dynamic performance of a reformer as a incorporating the catalyst deactivation at the reactor level is modelled by accounting a theoretical coking model. This model incorporates the effect of coke deposition on catalyst activity, diffusion resistance of reactants, and subsequently catalyst pore blockage. The influence of catalyst fouling on the conversion of the product of interest has been illustrated by coupling a rate equation for the formation of coke to the continuity equation for the main products. The transient coke uptake curves are shown to have two regions of kinetics controlled and diffusion controlled through internal effectiveness factor. The implications of varying pore size on the reactor performance through such curves are discussed. It is shown that small pore size (high surface to volume ratio) is not always efficient owing to rapid plugging. The energy intensive endothermic reaction system is coupled with an exothermic reaction to improve the thermal efficiency. The effect of this coupling on the coke formation and its implications on reactor performance is discussed incorporating the switching of species flow direction (co-flow and counter-flow) in combustion section.This modelling effort is unique is elucidating the spatial distribution of catalytic activity in a reformer, evolving owing to varying rates of local catalyst deactivation. Moreover, the simultaneous variation of catalyst activity and effective diffusivity have been modelled, which has never been investigated in the past. Conclusions from this work counter the often-maintained belief that enhanced heat transfer always enhance the reformer performance. We expect the broad conclusions of the modelling effort to direct future catalyst development.

Patched Receptors Sense, Interpret, and Establish an Epidermal Hedgehog Signaling Gradient

By using the sensitivity of single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization, we have precisely quantified the levels and defined the temporal and spatial distribution of Hedgehog signaling activity during embryonic skin development and discovered that there is a Hedgehog signaling gradient along the proximal-distal axis of developing hair follicles. To explore the contribution of Hedgehog receptors Ptch1 and Ptch2 in establishing the epidermal signaling gradient, we quantitated the level of pathway activity generated in Ptch1- and Ptch1;Ptch2-deficient skin and defined the contribution of each receptor to regulation of the levels of Hedgehog signaling identified in wild-type skin. Moreover, we show that both the cellular phenotype and level of pathway activity featured in Ptch1;Ptch2-deficient cells faithfully recapitulates the Peak level of endogenous Hedgehog signaling detected at the base of developing follicles, where the concentration of endogenous Shh is predicted to be highest. Taken together, these data show that both Ptch1 and Ptch2 play a crucial role in sensing the concentration of Hedgehog ligand and regulating the appropriate dose-dependent response.

Melatonin and nitric oxide modulate glutathione content and glutathione reductase activity in sunflower seedling cotyledons accompanying salt stress

The present findings demonstrate significant modulation of total glutathione content, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content, GSH/GSSG ratio and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) activity in dark-grown seedling cotyledons in response to salt-stress (120 mM NaCl) in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings. A differential spatial distribution of GR activity (monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) imaging) is also evident. Melatonin and nitric oxide (NO) differentially ameliorate salt stress effect by modulating GR activity and GSH content in seedling cotyledons. Total glutathione content (GSH + GSSG) exhibit a seedling age-dependent increase in the cotyledons, more so in salt-stressed conditions and when subjected to melatonin treatment. Seedlings raised in presence of 15 μM of melatonin exhibit significant increase in GR activity in cotyledon homogenates (10,000 g supernatant) coinciding with significant increase in GSH content. GSSG content and GSH/GSSG ratio also increased due to melatonin treatment. A correlation is thus evident in NaCl–sensitized modulation of GSH content and GR activity by melatonin. GSH content is down regulated by NO provided as 250 μM of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) although total glutathione content remained in similar range. A reversal of response (enhanced total glutathione accumulation) by NO scavenger (cPTIO) highlights the critical role of NO in modulating glutathione homeostasis. SNP lowers the activity of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) - a regulatory enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis in control seedlings whereas its activity is upregulated in salt-stressed seedling cotyledons. Melatonin content of seedling cotyledons is also modulated by NO. NO and melatonin thus seem to modulate GR activity and GSH content during seedling growth under salt stress.

Does medieval trade still matter? Historical trade centers, agglomeration and contemporary economic development

This study establishes a link between medieval trade, agglomeration and contemporary regional development in ten European countries. It documents a statistically and economically significant positive relationship between prominent involvement in medieval trade and regional economic development today. The analysis indicates that a long-lasting effect of medieval trade on contemporary regional development is transmitted via its effect on agglomeration and industry concentration. Further empirical analyses show that medieval trade positively influenced city development both during the medieval period and in the long run; they also reveal a robust connection between medieval city growth and contemporary regional agglomeration and industry concentration. This research thus highlights the long-run importance of medieval trade in shaping the development of cities as well as the contemporary spatial distribution of economic activity throughout Europe.

Comment on “China's Transport Infrastructure Investment: Past, Present, and Future”

Comment on “China's Transport Infrastructure Investment: Past, Present, and Future”

Bones, Bacteria and Break Points: The Heterogeneous Spatial Effects of the Black Death and Long-Run Growth

The Black Death killed about 40% of Europe’s population between 1347-1352. Historical studies suggest that this mortality shock played a major role in shifting Europe onto a path to sustained economic growth. Using a novel dataset that provides information on spatial variation in plague mortality at the city level, as well as a range of controls and various identification strategies based on the spread of the epidemic, we explore the short-run and long-run impact of the Black Death on city growth. We find evidence for aggregate convergence. On average, cities recovered their pre-plague population within two centuries. However, there was considerable heterogeneity in the response to the shock, hence local divergence. The Black Death led to an urban reset: cities with better geographical and non-geographical endowments did relatively well, while other cities collapsed. In particular, our results emphasize the importance of trading networks in explaining urban recovery. Furthermore, the Black Death led to the creation of new cities in areas that were relatively less urbanized before it hit. Our analysis thus suggests that the Black Death may have permanently affected the spatial distribution and aggregate level of economic activity, potentially contributing to long-run growth in Europe.

Spatial relationship between earthquakes, hot-springs and faults in Odisha, India

Odisha is famous for Mineral rich Eastern-Ghat mobile belt, hot springs and cultural Heritage. The hot springs are known for centuries and are used by public as a place for worship. Odisha falls under the II and III seismic zones in India. Most of the seismicity in Odisha is due to motion along some active normal faults along the Mahanadi Graben. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the active faults and understand spatial distribution of seismic activity in Odisha. It is also important to understand the Earthquakes and their relation with the Geology of Odisha and understand the neo-tectonic activity. There are 7 major hot springs found along the North Odisha Boundary Fault and Mahanadi Shear Zone. The hot water percolates deep into the Earth through porous and permeable fractured rocks along the fault. Depth of source for most of the hot springs in Odisha must be some few feets to few meters; however most of these observations are not based on scientific geophysical data. Therefore, spatial relationship between thermal springs, earthquakes, and geology of Odisha may provide better understanding of the hot-spring setting. By using the earthquake and fault data, the sense of motion along faults can be easily interpreted. All these information can explain the spatial distribution and inter-relation between hot-springs, faults and earthquakes in Odisha.

Modelling of the spatial distribution of the induced activities in the RBMK-1500 reactor graphite blocks and rings/sleeves

There is one nuclear power plant (NPP) in Lithuania – the Ignalina NPP – which is under decommissioning now. The Ignalina NPP has two units with RBMK-1500 reactors, which are the most powerful and the most advanced versions of RBMK-type reactor design. Unit 1 of the Ignalina NPP was shut down at the end of 2004 and Unit 2 was shut down at the end of 2009. RBMK is a water-cooled graphite-moderated channel-type power reactor and the decommissioning of these reactors faces specific challenges for proper characterisation and disposal of irradiated reactor graphite.Apart from radiological inventory, the spatial distribution of radionuclides in the reactor graphite is also very important because it could indicate the possibilities for decontamination/treatment of the irradiated graphite. This is important for consideration of the near surface disposal option for irradiated graphite, as without treatment it usually does not meet the waste acceptance criteria.Based on that, the work presented in this paper is focused on the modelling of the induced activity spatial distribution in the Ignalina NPP RBMK-1500 reactor graphite components: blocks and rings/sleeves. The modelling was performed with MCNP and SCALE computer codes and consisted of two mains stages: modelling of the neutron flux in the reactor graphite components, and then modelling of the neutron activation in them using the already modelled neutron flux. In such a way, the spatial induced activity distribution in the analysed reactor components was obtained. Modelling results show that the thermal neutron flux is more intensive in the outer radial regions of the graphite components and this, in general, results in higher induced activities there.

The Permanent Effects of Transportation Revolutions in Poor Countries: Evidence from Africa

We exploit the construction and eventual demise of the colonial railroads in Africa to study the impact of transportation investments in poor countries. Using Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, we assembled new data on railroads and cities spanning over one century to show that: (i) Railroads had large effects on the spatial distribution and aggregate level of economic activity during the colonial period, as they constituted a transportation revolution in a context where no modern transportation technology previously existed. (ii) These effects have persisted to date, although railroads collapsed and road networks expanded considerably in the post-independence period. The analysis contributes to our understanding of the heterogeneous impact of transportation investments. It shows that initial investments may have a large effect in poor countries with basic infrastructure. As the countries develop, increasing returns may then solidify their spatial distribution, and subsequent investments may have a smaller effect on local economic development.

Spatial distribution of HD-EMG improves identification of task and force in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury.

BackgroundRecent studies show that spatial distribution of High Density surface EMG maps (HD-EMG) improves the identification of tasks and their corresponding contraction levels. However, in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI), some nerves that control muscles are damaged, leaving some muscle parts without an innervation. Therefore, HD-EMG maps in patients with iSCI are affected by the injury and they can be different for every patient. The objective of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of intensity in HD-EMG recordings to distinguish co-activation patterns for different tasks and effort levels in patients with iSCI. These patterns are evaluated to be used for extraction of motion intention.MethodHD-EMG was recorded in patients during four isometric tasks of the forearm at three different effort levels. A linear discriminant classifier based on intensity and spatial features of HD-EMG maps of five upper-limb muscles was used to identify the attempted tasks. Task and force identification were evaluated for each patient individually, and the reliability of the identification was tested with respect to muscle fatigue and time interval between training and identification.ResultsThree feature sets were analyzed in the identification: 1) intensity of the HD-EMG map, 2) intensity and center of gravity of HD-EMG maps and 3) intensity of a single differential EMG channel (gold standard). Results show that the combination of intensity and spatial features in classification identifies tasks and effort levels properly (Acc = 98.8 %; S = 92.5 %; P = 93.2 %; SP = 99.4 %) and outperforms significantly the other two feature sets (p < 0.05).ConclusionIn spite of the limited motor functionality, a specific co-activation pattern for each patient exists for both intensity, and spatial distribution of myoelectric activity. The spatial distribution is less sensitive than intensity to myoelectric changes that occur due to fatigue, and other time-dependent influences.