Spatial Data Services Research Articles

Methodology of Mosaicking and Georeferencing for Multi-Sheet Early Maps with Irregular Cuts Using the Example of the Topographic Chart of the Kingdom of Poland

The Topographic Chart of the Kingdom of Poland (pol. Topograficzna Karta Królestwa Polskiego, commonly referred to as ‘the Quartermaster’s Map’, hereinafter: TKKP) is the first Polish modern topographic map of Poland (1:126,000, 1843). Cartographic historians acclaim its conception by the General Quartermaster of the Polish Army, noting its editorial principles and technical execution as exemplars of the early 19th-century cartographic standards. Today, it stands as a national heritage relic, furnishing invaluable insights into the former Polish Kingdom’s topography. Although extensively utilised in geographical and historical inquiries, the TKKP has yet to undergo a comprehensive geomatic investigation and publication as spatial data services. Primarily, this delay stems from the challenges of mosaicking and georeferencing its 60 constituent sheets, owing to the uncertain mathematical framework and irregular sheet cuts. In 2023, the authors embarked on rectifying this by creating a unified TKKP mosaic and georeferencing the map to contemporary reference data benchmarks. This endeavour involved scrutinising the map’s mathematical accuracy and verifying prior findings. The resultant product is accessible via the ‘Maps with the Past’ platform, developed by the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences The dissemination of raster data services adhering to OGC standards such as WMTS (Web Map Tile Service), ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet), and COG (Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF) facilitates the swift and seamless integration of the generated data into web and GIS tools. The digital edition of the TKKP emerges as a pivotal resource for investigations spanning natural and anthropogenic environmental transformations, sustainable development, and cultural heritage studies.

Improvement of Spatial Data Service’s Performance with Access Control for Business System by using Web Caching

Improvement of Spatial Data Service’s Performance with Access Control for Business System by using Web Caching

Assessment of 3D Geoportals of Cities According to CityGML Standard Guidelines

Along with the development of three-dimensional computer graphics, methods of collecting and making 3D spatial data available became a significant issue covering the interoperability of data derived from multiple sources. Between 2006 and 2008, the Open Geospatial Consortium designed a CityGML model as a proposal for a uniform classification, graphic representation, construction, and storage of 3D objects. A considerable part of three-dimensional visualisations, now gaining popularity, make use of solutions based on the CityGML standard, with which they are compatible to various degrees. The survey involved a comprehensive analysis of sixteen generally accessible 3D geoportals of cities in Europe, Asia, and North America in terms of their broad-sense functionality as well as technical and thematic compatibility with the assumptions of CityGML standards. The level of realisation of various features related to the provided spatial data services was evaluated, taking into account elements that the present-day world literature deems to be particularly desirable. The analysis resulted in an elaborate ranking of websites according to 21 criteria. The most common objects and features of the analysed geoportals were also detailed. In addition, the authors presented several solutions to improve the quality of three-dimensional geoportals of cities by implementing external data from various sources.

The Problem of Reference Rot in Spatial Metadata Catalogues

The content at the end of any hyperlink is subject to two phenomena: the link may break (Link Rot) or the content at the end of the link may no longer be the same as it was when it was created (Content Drift). Reference Rot denotes the combination of both effects. Spatial metadata records rely on hyperlinks for indicating the location of the resources they describe. Therefore, they are also subject to Reference Rot. This paper evaluates the presence of Reference Rot and its impact on the 22,738 distribution URIs of 18,054 metadata records from 26 European INSPIRE spatial data catalogues. Our Link Rot checking method detects broken links while considering the specific requirements of spatial data services. Our Content Drift checking method uses the data format as an indicator. It compares the data formats declared in the metadata with the actual data types returned by the hyperlinks. Findings show that 10.41% of the distribution URIs suffer from Link Rot and at least 6.21% of records suffer from Content Drift (do not declare its distribution types correctly). Additionally, 14.94% of metadata records only contain intermediate HTML web pages as distribution URIs and 31.37% contain at least one HTML web page; thus, they cannot be accessed or checked directly.

Digital Humanities in Academic Library: Creating Narratives through Spatial Data

A growing trend in digital humanities has been digital scholarship and the emphasis on usage of digital tools and methods in research, teaching, and publishing. Academic libraries as laboratories for humanities scholars (Christine Borgman) need to keep up with these changes. Digital humanities (DH) have become an important area of librarianship and demand for librarians with skills and expertise in metadata creation and control, digital repository management, information organization, intellectual property rights management, research data preservation, and visualization has been on the rise. This paper focuses on the English-language literature presenting visualization of spatial and temporal data in DH projects through rich narratives involving text, interactive maps, and map-enabled spatial data services. Using the examples of digital mapping projects developed and implemented in a large academic library, the article shows a case of big academic library on how spatial and temporal data visualization can be employed to tell stories, promote, and inform about cartographic resources of relevance to DH scholars, and provide self-help tools to empower users.

First Aid Application Development Android Smartphone

Rapid technological advances have turned mobile mobile devices into smartphones that have various applications in them. So that the smartphone device becomes the main need for its users. Several new breakthroughs can be present on smartphones such as applications around health. Where accidents can happen to anyone, anywhere and anytime. First aid measures are very important to do to reduce the impact of accidents. So the researchers developed an Accident First Aid (P3K) application on the Android platform with version 2.2 Froyo. The first aid application has a main feature that contains tutorials on first aid measures in an accident, as well as several additional features in the form of drug information, information on the location of the nearest hospital and pharmacy, types of rescue techniques, and emergency number calls. By using the Rapid Application Development system development methodology which consists of three phases, namely planning, design and implementation of the workshop, this application is made using the Android SDK Framework, Java Programming Language, googlemaps as a spatial data service and system testing has been carried out using the Black Box testing method. . This application, which has a file memory of 3.5Mb, can help smartphone users to recognize, learn and understand various first aid measures and become an application that can help victims when an accident occurs. googlemaps as a spatial data service and system testing has been carried out using the Black Box testing method. This application, which has a file memory of 3.5Mb, can help smartphone users to recognize, learn and understand various first aid measures and become an application that can help victims when an accident occurs. googlemaps as a spatial data service and system testing has been carried out using the Black Box testing method. This application, which has a file memory of 3.5Mb, can help smartphone users to recognize, learn and understand various first aid measures and become an application that can help victims when an accident occurs.

A Dynamic Pyramid Tilling Method for Traffic Data Stream Based on Flink

Traffic guidance, traffic management and emergency vehicle traffic all require keeping abreast of traffic status. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is highly expected to provide real-time traffic condition information service. To achieve this, the capability of handling dynamic data stream collected from multi traffic monitoring sources and serving the public with information timely is essential for ITS. With the wide spread of Internet of Things technology, not only the amount, but also the spatial and temporal resolutions of real-time traffic data have explosive growth, thereby enhancing the difficulty of real-time traffic data processing in ITS. Web pyramid map tiles is wide accepted for massive spatial data service, and the latency of tile generation significantly reduces the timeliness of information transmission and the reliability of services. A Flink-based method for dynamic pyramid tile generation and updating is proposed here. Take advantages of combining grid indexes, employing data partition and window selection mechanisms, and applying iterative computational characteristics for resampling, the distributed dynamic pyramid map tile generation algorithm (DPTG), can quickly visualize real-time spatial traffic data with digital map tiles. Taking the national highway road data from China as an example, the experimental results show that the Flink-based DPTG method has high efficiency and scalability in both batch processing and stream processing mode, which highlights the capability of the proposed method to support real-time traffic monitoring data processing for timely large-scale public service in ITS.

Digital curation after digital extraction for data sharing

Digital curation after digital extraction for data sharing

RESEARCH AND PRACTICE ON SPATIO-TEMPORAL BIG DATA CLOUD PLATFORM OF THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE

Abstract. Spatio-temporal big data cloud platform is an important spatial information infrastructure that can provide different period spatial information data services, various spatial analysis services and flexible API services. Activities of policy coordination, facilities connectivity and unimpeded trade on the Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) will create huge demands to the spatial information infrastructure. This paper focuses on researching a distributed spatio-temporal big data engine and an extendable cloud platform framework suits for the B&R and some key technologies to implement them. A distributed spatio-temporal big data engine based on Cassandra™ and an extendable 4-tier architecture cloud platform framework is put forward according to the spirit of parallel computing and cloud service. Four key technologies are discussed: 1) a storage and indexing method for distributed spatio-temporal big data, 2) an automatically collecting, processing, mapping and updating method of authoritative spatio-temporal data for web mapping service, 3) a schema of services aggregation based on nodes registering and services invoking based on view extension, 4) a distributed deployment and extension method of the cloud platform. We developed a distributed spatio-temporal big data centersoftware and founded the main node platform portal with MapWorld™ map services and some thematic information services inChina and built some local platform portals for those countries in the B&R area. The management and analysis services for spatio-temporal big data were built in flexible styles on this platform. Practices show that we provide a flexible and efficient solution tobuild the distributed spatio-temporal big data center and cloud platform, more node portals can be aggregated to the main portal bypublishing their own web services and registering them in the aggregation schema. The data center and platform can support thestorage and management of massive data well and has higher fault tolerance and better scalability.

Improving rendering speed of 3D geospatial data based on HTML5/WebGL using improved arithmetic operation speed

ABSTRACTThe plug-in must be installed in the web environment to enable 3D spatial data service. Increasingly, these plug-ins are unused owing to installation errors, unsupported cross-browser compatibility, and security vulnerabilities. Specifically, in 2015, the NPAPI service was terminated and is now running only on applications based on Internet Explorer. In response, HTML5/WebGL (next-generation Web standard, confirmed in October 2014) technology has emerged. WebGL has been able to display 3D spatial data without any plug-in in any browser. In this study, we attempted to identify the necessary technologies and limitations for 3D spatial data display using HTML5/WebGL and suggested ways to improve the display speed. We used Emscripten technology to improve the speed of arithmetic operations. To conduct an experimental implementation on the proposed method, we used the 3D data provided by ‘Spatial Information Open Platform (VWorld)’ in Korea and analyzed the display speed of 3D spatial data in terms of frames per second and rendering time.

Architecture of a spatial data service system for statistical analysis and visualization of regional climate changes

The use of large geospatial datasets in climate change studies requires the development of a set of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) elements, including geoprocessing and cartographical visualization web services. This paper presents the architecture of a geospatial OGC web service system as an integral part of a virtual research environment (VRE) general architecture for statistical processing and visualization of meteorological and climatic data. The architecture is a set of interconnected standalone SDI nodes with corresponding data storage systems. Each node runs a specialized software, such as a geoportal, cartographical web services (WMS/WFS), a metadata catalog, and a MySQL database of technical metadata describing geospatial datasets available for the node. It also contains geospatial data processing services (WPS) based on a modular computing backend realizing statistical processing functionality and, thus, providing analysis of large datasets with the results of visualization and export into files of standard formats (XML, binary, etc.). Some cartographical web services have been developed in a system’s prototype to provide capabilities to work with raster and vector geospatial data based on OGC web services. The distributed architecture presented allows easy addition of new nodes, computing and data storage systems, and provides a solid computational infrastructure for regional climate change studies based on modern Web and GIS technologies.

Europejskie źródła danych w zakresie zagospodarowania przestrzennego: potrzeby i ograniczenia

Strategia na rzecz inteligentnego i zrównoważonego rozwoju sprzyjającego włączeniu społecznemu, zawarta w komunikacie Komisji Europejskiej pt. Europa 2020 (Strategia Europa 2020, 2010), przedstawia wizję gospodarki rynkowej Europy w XXI wieku odnoszącej pełne korzyści gospodarcze i społeczne. Jedna z inicjatyw strategii Europa 2020, zawartych w komunikacie Komisji pt. Europejska Agenda Cyfrowa (Komunikat Komisji…, 2010a), przyznaje doniosłą rolę poprawie standardów w dziedzinie technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych dla zapewnienia interoperacyjności aplikacji, usług i produktów, mając na względzie zmniejszenie fragmentaryzacji rynku cyfrowego, a jednocześnie promowanie innowacji i konkurencji. Z kolei inna inicjatywa tej strategii, zawarta w komunikacie zatytułowanym Zintegrowana polityka przemysłowa w erze globalizacji. Konkurencyjność i zrównoważony rozwój na pierwszym planie (Komunikat Komisji…, 2010b), wzywa Europę do rozwijania systemu standardów, który spełniałby oczekiwania zarówno uczestników rynku, jak i europejskich władz publicznych, promując jednocześnie wpływy Europy wykraczające poza jednolity rynek w globalnej gospodarce. Ogólnym celem agendy cyfrowej jest zapewnienie korzyści gospodarczych i społecznych z jednolitego rynku cyfrowego w oparciu o szybki i ultraszybki internet oraz interoperacyjne aplikacje. Autorka zwraca uwagę na potrzeby i ograniczenia związane z pozyskiwaniem zestandaryzowanych źródeł i usług danych przestrzennych dotyczących zagospodarowania przestrzennego w warunkach polskich, prezentując swoje wyniki badań jakościowych, wywiady pogłębione z polskimi ekspertami szkolącymi, specjalistami GIS, planistami przestrzennymi, przeprowadzone w latach 2011–2013, na tle doświadczeń innych krajów, w tym Wielkiej Brytanii, Holandii i Republiki Czeskiej.

Ogólnopolski system udostępniania zasobów geoinformacyjnych OGNIWO

The article presents the idea and the main objectives of the project: „Th e development of digital geospatial resources and their availability in the National Geoinformation Science System Integrating Geodetic Knowledge – OGNIWO”. Th e project was financed in frames of the Innovative Economy Operational Programme, Priority 2. Th e general objective of the project is to provide permanent and secure access to the advanced information infrastructure for representatives of Polish scientific environment and enteprenuers. Th e system enables the use of geoinformation resources of the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography for the scientific, research, economic and educational purposes. IGiK has some unique geoinformation resources regarding, among others. photogrammetry, remote sensing, geodesy and geodynamics or cartography, as well as resources of scientific publications and research results in this field. Th e result of the project is the OGNIWO geoportal that enables a wide group of various potential recipients to get access to the resources through a typical web browser. Spatial data services are delivered using the Internet as the main medium and are available for all authorized users.

Visualising and evaluating objective citizen-contributed environmental information: the CITI-SENSE Citizens’ Observatory Toolbox

Introduction: The Citizens’ Observatory Toolbox (COT) has been developed within the CITI-SENSE project (partly funded by the EU FP7-ENV-2012, grant agreement no. 308524) for collecting citizen-contributed observations of air quality. Methods: Environmental micro-sensor nodes for measuring air quality have been developed and are used to monitor NO, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5, PM10, and noise. Static nodes (AQMesh pods) and portable nodes were deployed with different stakeholders. The portable nodes are coupled to the ExpoApp smartphone application (Android), which also collects geolocation and accelerometry data. Both the AQMesh pods and the LEOs automatically and wirelessly transmit encrypted data to dedicated Spatial and Environmental Data Service (SEDS) and Web Feature Service (WFS) databases, where they are processed for visualisation and evaluation for usefulness by users. Results: AQMesh pods with an updated algorithm (v4.1) show highest correlations (R2 = 0.76–0.81) for NO2 when comparing 15-minute averages obtained by reference instruments at municipal monitoring stations. The portable nodes, due to the challenges of micro-sensors and egomotion, are communicating real-time Air Pollution Indication (APIN) levels to users. The APIN is based upon the Common Air Quality Index (CAQI) but represents minute averages, showing potential to improve micro-environmental exposure classifications as well as personal air quality advice. Dynamic city-wide air quality maps have been produced using data assimilation techniques, fusing data from the AQMesh pods with base maps obtained by land-use regression modeling. The products are being evaluated by focus groups of stakeholders, to assess the usefulness of the COT. Conclusions: The CITI-SENSE COT is facilitating environmental health governance and contributing to future work on time-space-activity exposure classification and dynamic air quality maps. All tools within it are being made available online upon completion of the project.

Big Data Architecture Design for the Development of Hyper Live Map (HLM)

The demand for spatial data service technologies is increasing lately with the development of realistic 3D spatial information services and ICT (Information and Communication Technology). Research is being conducted on the real-time provision of spatial data services through a variety of mobile and Web-based contents. Big data or cloud computing can be presented as alternatives to the construction of spatial data for the effective use of large volumes of data. In this paper, the process of building HLM (Hyper Live Map) using multi-source data to acquire stereo CCTV and other various data is presented and a big data service architecture design is proposed for the use of flexible and scalable cloud computing to handle big data created by users through such media as social network services and black boxes. The provision of spatial data services in real time using big data and cloud computing will enable us to implement navigation systems, vehicle augmented reality, real-time 3D spatial information, and single picture based positioning above the single GPS level using low-cost image-based position recognition technology in the future. Furthermore, Big Data and Cloud Computing are also used for data collection and provision in U-City and Smart-City environment as well, and the big data service architecture will provide users with information in real time.

Spatial Data Infrastructures and Spanish Cultural Heritage: The INSPIRE Framework Applied to the Monastery of El Escorial

The INSPIRE Directive established an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE), aiming to enable the interoperability and harmonization of spatial data sets and services across Europe. There are two main data specifications inside INSPIRE that might concern cultural heritage data: the Data Specification on Protected Sites, and the Data Specification on Area Management/Restriction/Regulation Zones and Reporting Units. These data specifications include the technical documentation of the application schema that defines the content and structure of the data required by one or more applications. Cultural heritage also overlaps the Data Specification on Buildings, for architectural heritage is to be taken as constructed buildings under that data specification. Nonetheless, many heritage features do not fit within the definition of a building. The Cultural Heritage Application Schema developed by IDEE (Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales) [Spatial Data Infrastructures] Working Group suggests the inclusion of cultural heritage protected areas as a special kind of protected site, and develops a minimal schema to include information about the real world protected entity. This approach involves some difficulties. As a case study we propose the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial and the surrounding Royal Estates.

Semantic analysis and retrieval of spatial data based on the uncertain ontology model in Digital Earth

Metadata are the information about and description of data. In Digital Earth, metadata become variant and heterogeneous with many uncertainties. This paper studies uncertain features in the generation and application of metadata, and two types of uncertainties (incomplete and imprecise) are described based on semantic quantitative measurement method semantic relationship quantitative measurement based on possibilistic logic and probability statistic (SRQ-PP). Moreover, in the case study, we apply two types of quantitative measurements based on SRQ-PP to describe incomplete (uncertain) knowledge and imprecise (vague) information separately in spatial data service retrieval, which in turn is helpful to identify additional potential data resources and provide a quantitative analysis of the results.

Research on Spatial Statistical Data Compression Algorithm Based on Point Cloud Clustering

The spatial information service system have the characteristics of a large amount of massive data and a large number of users, so the compression algorithm for statistical data will affects the system performance of spatial data services. A compression algorithm for spatial statistical data based on point cloud clustering is proposed in this paper to solve the above-mentioned problems. The access rule of the spatial data will be mapped into a point cloud. And the part of points will be deleted according to the clustering gradient of point cloud. Then the statistical data is compressed by run-length coding and spatial clustering extraction. The experimental results show that the algorithm have a high compression efficiency.

Research on Dynamic Statistics for Spatial Data Access Laws Based on P2P

The strategy of hierarchical storage can be adjusted utilizing the access rule of the spatial data, which will significantly improve system performance of spatial data services. The access and distribution rule of the spatial data based on Hotmap and Zipf-like cannot reflect its global information. A dynamic statistics algorithm for the distribution rule of the spatial data based on P2P is proposed in this paper. The service capabilities of the service nodes are calculated in our algorithm. The node agents with good service capabilities are chosen preferentially in the group. At the same time, the size of group is controlled. The experimental results show that the performance of our algorithm can be improved by about 28% compared with the algorithm of random nodes. The algorithm can meet the need of dynamic statistics in large scale distribution environment with high efficiency.

Multi-Source Data Processing Middleware for Land Monitoring within a Web-Based Spatial Data Infrastructure for Siberia

Land monitoring is a key issue in Earth system sciences to study environmental changes. To generate knowledge about change, e.g., to decrease uncertaincy in the results and build confidence in land change monitoring, multiple information sources are needed. Earth observation (EO) satellites and in situ measurements are available for operational monitoring of the land surface. As the availability of well-prepared geospatial time-series data for environmental research is limited, user-dependent processing steps with respect to the data source and formats pose additional challenges. In most cases, it is possible to support science with spatial data infrastructures (SDI) and services to provide such data in a processed format. A data processing middleware is proposed as a technical solution to improve interdisciplinary research using multi-source time-series data and standardized data acquisition, pre-processing, updating and analyses. This solution is being implemented within the Siberian Earth System Science Cluster (SIB-ESS-C), which combines various sources of EO data, climate data and analytical tools. The development of this SDI is based on the definition of automated and on-demand tools for data searching, ordering and processing, implemented along with standard-compliant web services. These tools, consisting of a user-friendly download, analysis and interpretation infrastructure, are available within SIB-ESS-C for operational use.