Spatial Considerations Research Articles

이슈화 된 여성 형상에 관한 공간학적 考察: 20세기 전환기 중국 여성 작가의 소설 작품을 중심으로

이슈화 된 여성 형상에 관한 공간학적 考察: 20세기 전환기 중국 여성 작가의 소설 작품을 중심으로

A review of spatial statistical approaches to modeling water quality

We review different regression models related to water quality that incorporate spatial aspects in their model. Spatial aspects refer to the location of different sites and are usually characterized by the distance between different points and directions by which they are related to each other. We focus on spatial lag and error, spatial eigenvector-based, geographically weighted regression, and spatial-stream-network-based models. We evaluated different studies using these methods based on how they dealt with clustering (spatial autocorrelation) of response variables, incorporated those clustering in the error (residual spatial autocorrelation), used multi-scale processes, and improved the model performance. The water-quality-based regression modeling approaches are shifting from straight-line distance-based spatial relations to upstream–downstream relations. Calculation of spatial autocorrelation and residual spatial autocorrelation was dependent upon the type of spatial regression used. The weights matrix is used as available in the software and most of the studies did not attempt to modify it. Different scale processes like certain distance from rivers versus consideration of entire watersheds are dealt with separately in most of the studies. Generally, the capacity of the predictor variables to predict the response variable significantly improves when spatial regressions are used. We identify new research directions in terms of spatial considerations, weights matrix construction, inclusion of multi-scale processes, and identification of predictor variables in such models.

Joint Local Block Grouping with Noise-Adjusted Principal Component Analysis for Hyperspectral Remote-Sensing Imagery Sparse Unmixing

Spatial regularized sparse unmixing has been proved as an effective spectral unmixing technique, combining spatial information and standard spectral signatures known in advance into the traditional spectral unmixing model in the form of sparse regression. In a spatial regularized sparse unmixing model, spatial consideration acts as an important role and develops from local neighborhood pixels to global structures. However, incorporating spatial relationships will increase the computational complexity, and it is inevitable that some negative influences obtained by inaccurate estimated abundances’ spatial correlations will reduce the accuracy of the algorithms. To obtain a more reliable and efficient spatial regularized sparse unmixing results, a joint local block grouping with noise-adjusted principal component analysis for hyperspectral remote-sensing imagery sparse unmixing is proposed in this paper. In this work, local block grouping is first utilized to gather and classify abundant spatial information in local blocks, and noise-adjusted principal component analysis is used to compress these series of classified local blocks and select the most significant ones. Then the representative spatial correlations are drawn and replace the traditional spatial regularization in the spatial regularized sparse unmixing method. Compared with total variation-based and non-local means-based sparse unmixing algorithms, the proposed approach can yield comparable experimental results with three simulated hyperspectral data cubes and two real hyperspectral remote-sensing images.

Advanced medical post within hospitals as possible tactical instrument for handling mass casualty incidents

An important instrument for handling mass casualty incidents in preclinical settings is the use of an advanced medical post. In certain circumstances, however, the establishment of such an advanced medical post on or close to the incident site is impossible. Terrorist attacks are aprime example for this. The highest priority for hospitals during mass casualty incidents is to adjust the treatment capacity to the acute rise in demand and to sustain its functionality throughout the duration of the incident. By establishing an advanced medical post within hospitals during certain types of mass casualty incidents these aims could potentially be accomplished. The aims of this pilot study were to test the practicability of the establishment of an advanced medical post within auniversity hospital and to identify potential problems. The results provide the foundation of ageneralized concept, which will then be integrated into the hospital emergency plans. After the formation of amultiprofessional expert committee, different areas within the hospital were evaluated based on spatial and tactical considerations. Predefined questions were assessed and harmonized with respect to organization, vehicle management, communication, leadership and patient transport through the means of apractice run. The establishment and operation of an advanced medical post within the hospital were easily possible. The consequent deployment of section leaders enabled the smooth coordination of transport and an unobstructed simulated patient flow. The management of the treatment area by asenior emergency physician and asenior emergency medical service officer in close cooperation with the operational hospital lead proved to be auseful concept. Technical problems with communication within the hospital were resolved by using wireless phones and the installation of adigital radio repeater. During acute scenarios with only short prior notice, the authors prefer concepts that supplement the normal hospital operation through additional staff and material. In circumstances with prior notice of more than 60 min an advanced intrahospital advanced medical post, staffed by civil protection units, could be a concept that enables the absorption of the first patient arrivals within the first hour of amass casualty incident without disturbing the functionality of hospitals to any great extent. Further practice runs are, however, necessary to further develop and adjust this concept to real-life circumstances.

Regional Landscape of Bolivian Economic Growth

Bolivia is a wide surface country, with more than one million of squared kilometers and diverse ecological ecosystems. Besides its landlockedness, Bolivian economic activity has been shaped by the diverse geographic characteristics mainly distance and the availability of communication channels. In this paper I use a novel regional database of regional economic activity to analyze in what extent the spatial dimension has influenced medium term economic growth of the nine regions during the past 45 years. Contrary to standard approach based on contiguity or geographical distance to introduce spatial issues in the analysis, I use an exponential decay approach built on “true distance” jointly a gravity model. Then, I found as significant the inclusion of spatial consideration in the estimation of static and dynamic balanced panel data models, where I found how the process of regional economic growth has been slightly influenced by this spatial feature implying the still low degree of integration among Bolivian regions.

STUDI POTENSI VARIABEL ANGIN ZONAL SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR UNTUK WILAYAH BENUA MARITIM (STUDI KASUS SUMATERA)

Prediksi curah hujan menggunakan model global (Global Circulation Model) memiliki resolusi yang rendah sehingga tidak bisa memberikan informasi lokal. Untuk mendapatkan informasi skala lokal digunakan metode statistical downcsaling. Keandalan prediksi diperoleh dengan memilih variabel prediktor yang berhubungan erat dengan curah hujan. Pemilihan variabel prediktor dilakukan berdasarkan pertimbangan analisis spasial dan temporal di wilayah dengan pola hujan tahunan dan semi-tahunan. Analisis korelasi prediktor dan curah hujan dilakukan dengan metode SVD (Singular Value Decomposition). Hasil mode dominan koefisien ekspansi deret waktu dari hasil SVD dianalisis dengan transformasi wavelet. Hasil korelasi menunjukkan variabel angin zonal U850 terkait erat dengan curah hujan di Sumatera dengan korelasi 0,77 dan kesamaan keragamaan pasangan data (kovariansi) 92%. Variabel angin U850 milibar dapat menangkap pola monsun (1 dan 0,5 tahunan) dan pola antar tahunan yaitu ENSO (El Nino Southern Ocillation) dengan periode 2, 4, dan 12 tahunan. Korelasi antara angin zonal (observasi) sekitar Sumatera dengan index Nino 3.4 (>0,6). Kemampuan prediktor U850 mb lebih andal di bagian selatan Sumatera Utara dibandingkan selatan Sumatera. Secara umum predictor dapat digunakan untuk wilayah benua maritime yang berpola curah hujan tahunan dan semitahunan.

Spatial Considerations for Implementing Two Direct-to-Consumer Food Models in Two States

To open new markets, some farmers have adapted direct-to-consumer (DTC) models, such as Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), to reach new settings or audiences. We compared sociodemographic and geospatial contexts to farmers’ experience with one of two DTC innovations: a cost-offset CSA for low-income families and food boxes distributed through rural convenience stores. We geocoded addresses of thirteen farms and DTC pickup sites in two U.S. states (Vermont and Washington) and calculated road network distances from pickup to supermarket, farmers’ market, and farm. We compiled Census block-level demographic and transportation data, and compared it to postseason interviews to explore the effect of suitability of the pickup location; proximity to food retail; and potential farmer burden. Most pickup areas were heavily car-dependent, with low walkability and few public transportation options. Conventional sources of fresh produce were within six miles of most pickups, but farmers markets were further away. Despite modest profitability, both models were deemed worth pursuing, as they expanded farmers’ customer base. Farmers implementing the store-distributed food box were sensitive to market trends and customer needs in choosing pickup location. Farmers seemed more concerned with marketing in convenience store settings, and finding efficient ways to conduct recordkeeping than with delivery distances.

A disaster typology towards informing humanitarian relief supply chain design

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to construct a typology of a disaster that informs humanitarian-relief supply chain (HRSC) design across the stages of disaster relief.Design/methodology/approachIn addition to an interdisciplinary review of pertinent literature, this paper utilises a typology construction method to propose theoretically and methodologically sound dimensions of disasters.FindingsWhilst semantic arguments surrounding the concept of a “disaster” are ongoing, the authors propose three typologies based upon six dimensions that serve as interdependent variables informing resultant HRSC design considerations. These are speed of onset, time horizon, spatial considerations, affected population needs, perceived probability of occurrence and perceived magnitude of consequence. These combinational and independent relationships of the variables offer insight into key HRSC design-making considerations.Research limitations/implicationsThe study improves conceptual knowledge of disasters, distilling the concept to only the dimensions applicable to HRSC design, omitting other applications. The typologies provide empirical cell types based on extant literature, but do not apply the models towards new or future phenomena.Practical implicationsThis paper provides HRSC practitioners with normative guidance through a more targeted approach to disaster relief, with a focus on the impacted system and resulting interactions’ correspondence to HRSC design.Originality/valueThis paper provides three typological models of disasters uniquely constructed for HRSC design across the various stages of disaster relief.

A spatial valence model of political participation in China

In spatial models of political competition in democracies, citizens vote for the party or candidate that is the closest to their own ideological position, while in valence models, voters decide on the basis of non-policy factors, such as competence. What remains unclear, however, is whether citizens in authoritarian regimes use spatial or valence considerations to guide their decisions to participate in politics. This study uses data from the 2015 Chinese Urban Governance Survey to measure the ideology of Chinese citizens, and estimates an empirical stochastic model to explore how Chinese citizens use ideological distance and valence to determine how they want to participate in politics. The results show that valence issues, such as perceived government competence, play a larger role in political participation than ideology.

Locating the “Digital” in Digital Journalism Studies: Transformations in Research

This essay applies six commitments for journalism studies to research involving digital technologies, namely: contextual sensitivity, holistic relationality, comparative inclination, normative awareness, embedded communicative power, and methodological pluralism. We argue that the emergent characteristics of digital journalism – as reflected in algorithms, automation, networking tools, and mass posting, sharing, and production with a click of a button – bring on transformations that must be theorized holistically, contextually, and relationally as part of a subfield of journalism studies called “digital journalism studies.” Spatial and temporal considerations inform this argument and complicate how the field of journalism studies examines news production and consumption. It is within the studies of “transformation” that we as researchers find an emergent theory that not only reveals the disruption of norms and introduction of new developments, but also exposes enduring power dynamics. By locating the “digital” in digital journalism studies through the lens of these six commitments, scholars can better identify evolving and blurring boundaries of news content and its production, distribution, and consumption processes.

U.S. end-of-life electric vehicle batteries: Dynamic inventory modeling and spatial analysis for regional solutions

While electric vehicles (EVs) have been promoted for green consumption, improper or inadequate management of end-of-life (EOL) EV batteries, as the current practice, compromises the benefits of EV adoption. This study aims to contribute to both theoretical research of material flow analysis and timely management of EOL EV batteries at various geographic scales (i.e., national, state, and county).Theoretically, this study tests two battery lifespan scenarios (i.e., constantly at 3–8 years and dynamically increasing over time), three discard probability functions (i.e., uniform, truncated normal, and Weibull), and three EV sale projections (i.e., low, moderate, and high). Results show that the short-term EOL volume (by 2025) can be particularly sensitive to the lifespan parameter. The long-term estimates involve most uncertainties related to the EV market penetration. Various discard probability functions generally derive similar results.In practical terms, the results suggest that necessary infrastructure for proper EOL EV battery management is needed sooner than the public may have perceived. This study urges for regional planning that incorporates both temporal and spatial considerations. To illustrate an example of regional solutions, this study adopts empirical data in California to simulate and spatially match EOL EV battery clusters and the renewable energy facilities that can potentially reuse EV batteries as energy storage. Meanwhile, the spatial mis-match between the supply and demand, as can be the case in other regions, calls for region-wide coordination in terms of both infrastructure development and transportation planning.

Spatial Scale Consideration for Estimating All-Sky Surface Shortwave Radiation With a Modified 1-D Radiative Transfer Model

The spatial scale variability of surface shortwave radiation (SSR) budget is dominated by clouds. Therefore, a prerequisite step for accurate estimation of the instantaneous SSR components under all-sky conditions, especially partly cloudy conditions, is to determine a proper spatial scale. In this study, a modified one-dimensional (1-D) radiative transfer (RT) model is developed to study the effect of cloud cover on SSR field, in which cloud fraction (CF) is introduced to improve the classic 1-D plane-parallel RT equations and a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is performed to quantitatively understand the effect of CF on SSR under both optically thick and optically thin cloudy conditions. An artificial neural network approach is then employed to generate multiple SSR components based on extensive RT simulations using the modified 1-D RT model and the GSA results. The optimal spatial scale is quantitatively determined through eight cloudy scenarios over the Tibetan Plateau, with different amounts and spatial distribution patterns of clouds. The GSA results show that the top three vital parameters for the modified 1-D RT model are solar zenith angle, CF, and land surface albedo. The optimal spatial scale for applying the modified 1-D RT model is about 20 km, which is surprisingly consistent with some theoretically and technically complicated simulation studies. The finding of the current study adds new evidence to the growing body of knowledge about the spatial scale consideration for estimating all-sky instantaneous SSR with 1-D RT theory.

Combining Environmental Monitoring and Remote Sensing Technologies to Evaluate Cropping System Nitrogen Dynamics at the Field-Scale

Nitrogen (N) losses from cropping systems in the U.S. Midwest represent a major environmental and economic concern, negatively impacting water and air quality. While considerable research has investigated processes and controls of N losses in this region, significant knowledge gaps still exist, particularly related to the temporal and spatial variability of crop N uptake and environmental losses at the field-scale. The objectives of this manuscript study were (i) to describe the unique application of environmental monitoring and remote sensing technologies to quantify and evaluate relationships between artificial subsurface drainage nitrate (NO3-N) losses, soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, soil N concentrations, corn (Zea mays L.) yield, and remote sensing vegetation indices, and (ii) to discuss the benefits and limitations of using recent developments in technology to monitor cropping system N dynamics at field-scale. Preliminary results showed important insights regarding temporal (when N losses primarily occurred) and spatial (measurement footprint) considerations when trying to link N2O and NO3-N leaching losses within a single study to assess relationship between crop productivity and environmental N losses. Remote sensing vegetation indices were significantly correlated with N2O emissions, indicating that new technologies (e.g. unmanned aerial vehicle platform) could represent an integrative tool for linking sustainability outcomes with improved agronomic efficiencies, with lower vegetation index values associated with poor crop performance and higher N2O emissions. However, the potential for unmanned aerial vehicle to evaluate water quality appears much more limited because NO3-N losses happened prior to early-season crop growth and image collection. Building on this work, we encourage future research to test the usefulness of remote sensing technologies for monitoring environmental quality, with the goal of providing timely and accurate information to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of food production.

Effect of Gestational Age on Maternofetal Vascular Function Following Single Maternal Engineered Nanoparticle Exposure

Normal pregnancy outcome is accomplished, in part, by rapid and expansive physiological adaptations to the systemic circulation, the extent of which is specific to gestational day (GD) and anatomical location. Pregnancy-related hemodynamic changes in uterine placental blood flow stimulate compensatory vascular signaling and remodeling that begins early and continues throughout gestation. Exposure of the maternal environment to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) during pregnancy has been shown to impact health of the dam, fetus, and adult offspring; however, the consequences of specific temporal (gestational age) and spatial (vascular location) considerations are largely undetermined. We exposed pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats to nano-TiO2 aerosols at three critical periods of fetal development (GD 4, 12, and 17) to identify vascular perturbations associated with ENM exposure at these developmental milestones. Vascular reactivity of the maternal thoracic aorta, the uterine artery, the umbilical vein, and the fetal thoracic aorta were evaluated using wire myography on GD 20. While impairments were noted at each level of the maternofetal vascular tree and at each exposure day, our results indicate the greatest effects may be identified within the fetal vasculature (umbilical vein and fetal aorta), wherein effects of a single maternal inhalational exposure to nano-TiO2 on GD 4 modified responses to cholinergic, NO, and α-adrenergic signaling.

Scaling up sustainability: Concepts and practices of the ecovillage approach

AbstractSince the Brundtland definition, practitioners and theoreticians have strived to deal with incoherencies in the concept of sustainability or sustainable development, partly because the concept is defined on a global level and applied through local level initiatives. Explanatorily, describing the three sustainability dimensions (social, economic and ecological), the pillar model of sustainability has become popular. However, several authors indicate that a comprehensive understanding, methods and tools on how the dimensions relate to each other in the pillar model of sustainability, are absent. Further, sustainable interventions must express their relations through visible spatial terms and interpret them with the help of values and beliefs that can be handed over to future generations (temporal aspect). Many interventions that are expressed in sustainability dimensions often lack these spatial and temporal considerations. As a result, interventions lack case‐ and context‐specific concerns, objectives, priorities and possibilities, and often seem short‐term goal‐oriented. Within tensions between global and local, and spatial–temporal necessity, ecovillage is an emerging approach for shaping a sustainable future at grass roots level, and an opportunity to deal with the challenge of managing nature conservation in a community with culturally, socially and economically diverse actors. Hence, the overall objective of this article is to identify concepts and practices of ecovillage as sustainable way of living connected to a context. The attempt is to construe integrative understanding to sustainability and to express spatial and temporal aspects analytically. This understanding can be scaled up to strategies and policies. The article uses a literature review of various secondary sources, journals, narratives, and conference papers on sustainability and ecovillage. The article assumes that it is important to develop the framework analytically prior to empirical research. Findings indicate that to yield sustainable, inclusive and equitable outcomes, it is important to focus on the cultural and regional aspects. This focus can also provide a transition from local to national and global interventions and thereby become a mediator between different levels of sustainability, global and local.

Spatial considerations when monitoring reef fishes

Spatial dependence can obscure relationships between response and explanatory variables because of structuring within the residuals reducing variance and biasing coefficient estimates. Here, we highlight the influence of the spatial component, in the presence of spatial dependence, on abundance trends. This is illustrated using abundance data for a Critically Endangered reef fish, dageraad Chrysoblephus cristiceps, which were obtained from a long-term monitoring programme in the Tsitsikamma National Park marine protected area, South Africa. Correlograms illustrate distinct spatial structuring in the abundance data, and spatial variables were determined as more important than temporal variables when ranked according to predictive power using a random forest analysis. A generalised additive model (GAM) that did not account for spatial dependencies was compared to a generalised additive mixed model (GAMM) that incorporated a spatial residual correlation structure. Results derived from the spatially explicit GAMM differed considerably from the GAM lacking a spatial component, with the latter deemed to produce over-precise and partially biased abundance trends. The study emphasises the importance of space in accurately modelling abundance estimates, particularly temporal trends, and provides an introduction to the minimal statistical requirements necessary to address the violations associated with spatial autocorrelation.

Фразеологія твору Пантелеймона Куліша "Чорна рада”

The article systematizes information about phraseological units of Panteleimon Kulish’s novel „The Black Council”, studied them in ethno-linguistic aspect, implemented temporal and spatial consideration of stable word combinations as a cultural phenomenon of artistic creation. The author proves that the ideological and aesthetic plan of the novel is represented by more than 260 phraseologisms. The writer used about 35 paremias, most of which glorify Cossack whirlwind, actualizing the values characterized for Cossacks at the end of the eighteenth century. With the help of paremias, the writer expresses his belief in a better future; demonstrates the complexity of life situations; explains the essence of Cossack preferences; condemns the behavior of Cossacks who conspire against the community, as well as those who take a passive position; figuratively characterizes the behavior of the actors. With the help of individual paremias, the writer formulates the regularities observed by mankind for a long time, which still fulfill the didactic function laid down in them. The emotionality of the actors' speech is indicated by the use of the curse. The central part in the phrasemicon of the work take place the units of somatic cultural code that help convey the psychological state of the heroes of the work, the complexity of human feelings, verbalize causes and signs of action. Phrases of anthropic cultural code are intended to characterize the actors, describe the social situation, demonstrate the veracity of the actors' speech. Persistent combinations of words of religious and demonologically-anthropomorphic ethnosubcode serve mainly the function of expressivization, they are actualized in references, quotations of religious subjects, traditional wishes, curses, etc. In general, the writer has used the encyclopedia-cognitive, linguistic and didactic potential of phraseological units used in the novel to create a folklore-genetic version of national writing, folklore speech of actors, and authorial digression.

Spatial context matters in monitoring and reporting on Sustainable Development Goals Reflections based on research in mountain regions

By committing to the 2030 Agenda, countries have promised to work towards sustainable development through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), pledging to leave no one behind. Yet, there is a risk of exclusion for those living in remote regions or those who fall through the cracks. Data collection methodologies and review schemes that account for SDGs at sub-national and regional levels need to be developed, which would facilitate decision-making and allow the growth of development agendas that are better aligned to the targets. However, so far little guidance is available for countries to account for spatial considerations.

Spatial context matters in monitoring and reporting on Sustainable Development Goals: Reflections based on research in mountain regions

By committing to the 2030 Agenda, countries have promised to work towards sustainable development through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), pledging to leave no one behind. Yet, there is a risk of exclusion for those living in remote regions or those who fall through the cracks. Data collection methodologies and review schemes that account for SDGs at sub-national and regional levels need to be developed, which would facilitate decision-making and allow the growth of development agendas that are better aligned to the targets. However, so far little guidance is available for countries to account for spatial considerations.

Spatial variability of airborne radar reflectivity and velocity measurements of tropical rain with application to spaceborne radar

One of the challenges in accurate estimation of rainfall from spaceborne radars is achievement of adequate spatial resolution with reasonable-sized antennas. Previous studies have shown that variability of precipitation within the radar beam can result in errors in rainfall and Doppler estimation from spaceborne radars. In designing these radars, it is therefore necessary to achieve a spatial resolution that reduces such errors to acceptable levels. In this work the author considers data acquired by airborne radar in the tropics or sub-tropics, over ocean. The author confirms many of the findings of previous studies, specifically large Ku-band reflectivity fluctuations and relatively short Ku-band reflectivity correlation lengths in convective areas. This study also examines similar statistics for Ku-band path integrated attenuation and for vertical motion, the latter of which is not widely discussed in the literature. Results from these observations are then applied to spatial resolution considerations for future spaceborne precipitation radars.