Spatial Concentration Of Poverty Research Articles

Spatial Poverty Concentration In East Java Province

This study focuses on the spatial concentration of poverty in East Java Province by looking at data on the number of poor people in each urban district in East Java province using the Moran Index Analysis. The results of the analysis and discussion through Moran's I conclude that there is a spatial autocorrelation in the percentage of the poor population in East Java, both in 2020 and 2021. Moran's I figures in 2020 and 2021 are 0.989 and 0.990 which indicates a positive autocorrelation or a pattern that is grouped and have similar characteristics at adjacent locations

The reproduction of informal settlements in Santiago: Housing policy, cycles of repopulation and the ‘politics of poverty’ as a regime of government

This article analyses the persistence of informal settlements in the city of Santiago, Chile, between 1990 and 2018, a period of democratic governments characterised by falling poverty rates and – paradoxically – state efforts to reduce informality by increasing the provision of housing for low-income groups. Based on a qualitative study that includes document analysis and interviews with poor urban residents and governmental actors, I describe one mechanism of informal housing reproduction: the cyclical repopulation of informal urbanisations, that is, the intertwined processes of relocation of informal residents and the reoccupation of settlement sites by new families. In contrast to dichotomous understandings of informality that explain informal housing as produced by residents’ poverty, the article shows that repopulation cycles respond to a regime of government structured around what I call a ‘politics of poverty’, a framework that labels informal settlements as ‘spatial concentrations of poverty’, therefore creating spatial zones of intervention. While this helps the state to target informal settlements as subjects of poverty policies, residents mobilise the policy’s categories to legitimate informal practices.

Inter‐County Migration and the Spatial Concentration of Poverty: Comparing Metro and Nonmetro Patterns*

AbstractWe use panel data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to document the changing volume and rate of intercounty migration among the poor. We evaluate whether the exchange of migrants between metro and nonmetro counties has exacerbated spatial disparities in poverty and whether some nonmetro counties have become “collecting grounds” for America's poor. The PSID highlights exceptionally high rates of intercounty migration among the nonmetro population, but especially among the poor. The results show that rural poor migrants circulate among nonmetro counties, often from one poor county to an even poorer one. This circulation of poor rural migrants has exacerbated the concentration of poverty in the most economically disadvantaged nonmetro counties. Concentrated poverty also is exacerbated by the migration of the “best and brightest” from nonmetro‐to‐metro counties, which also is associated with upward residential attainment (to counties with lower poverty rates). Significantly, metro‐to‐nonmetro migration is both selective of the poor and strongly associated with downward residential mobility to poorer nonmetro counties. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that poor nonmetro counties have become collecting grounds for America's poor.

Examining the Effect of Squatter Settlements in the Evolution of Spatial Fragmentation in the Housing Market of the City of Buenos Aires by Using Geographical Weighted Regression

The spatial fragmentation in the housing market and the growth of squatter settlements are characteristic for the metropolitan areas in developing countries. Over the years, in large cities, these phenomena have been promoting an increase in the spatial concentration of poverty. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between the squatter settlement growth and spatial fragmentation in the housing market of Buenos Aires. By performing a spatiotemporal analysis using geographically weighted regression in the house prices for the years 2001, 2010, and 2018, the results showed that while squatter settlements had a strong negative effect on house prices, the affected areas shifted over time. Our findings indicate that it is not the growth of the squatter settlement that causes spatial fragmentation, but rather the widening income disparities and further segregation of low-income households. However, squatter settlements determined the spatial demarcation of fragmented housing market by attracting low-income households to surrounding low house price areas.

What Should Be the Future of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program?

ABSTRACTThis research examines the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) developments in metropolitan areas nationwide. The results indicate that the LIHTC program contributes to the spatial concentration of poverty as well as of racial and ethnic minorities. The program is not promoting mixed-income housing. The program is serving an income category with very little need for additional units and is not serving those with a need. Finally, the program is increasing the rental housing stock in soft markets and failing to increase the supply in tight ones. It is recommended that states adopt allocation standards that would deconcentrate poverty and affirmatively further fair housing. The benefits of the program should be reconfigured to promote mixed-income housing. The LIHTC program should permit states to exchange tax-credit authority for vouchers, to better serve the poorest households. The program should exercise greater rigor in market analysis so that new units are added only in tight markets and deteriorated units are rehabilitated elsewhere.

Concentrated poverty and neighbourhood effects: youth marginalisation in Buenos Aires’ informal settlements

This paper provides evidence for the relationship between concentrated poverty as manifested in the informal settlements and the labour market in the city of Buenos Aires. It also examines the consequences that these have on the social marginalisation of young people. First, it analyses the effects of residential location in informal settlements on labour market access. Secondly, it examines the results of multivariate analyses which measure the net effect of living in informal settlements on key indicators of youth marginalisation, as well as the interrelation of the effects of family educational and occupational status. The results demonstrate that the spatial concentration of poverty in informal settlements is linked to labour market segmentation, and is a central determinant of urban marginality. For young people, the very fact of living in informal settlements, in households with highly precarious employment status, significantly increases their risk of marginalisation in a cumulative manner. These findings point to the importance of adopting an integral approach that addresses the dynamics of deprivation in a multi-dimensional and multi-level setting.

Non-metro versus metro poverty in the transition to adulthood in the United States: (1980–2009)

Between 1980 and 2009 young adults in non-metro areas of the United States faced unfavorable structural changes in the global macroeconomy, spatial concentrations of poverty in non-metro areas, and shifts in family and household structure; however, little existing scholarship explores poverty specifically with reference to non-metro or rural young adults. We argue that young adulthood provides a strategic window in which to examine the intersection of these varied risk factors for economic hardship since young adults are especially vulnerable to poverty and are the most likely to experience changes in family or household structure. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) this paper examines non-metro versus metro variation in the risk of falling into poverty between the ages 25–30. Time-varying covariates are utilized in order to accurately model changes in residential status and family structure over time. Results indicate that, while poverty is unevenly distributed across non-metro and metro areas, residence itself is not a significant predictor of poverty when family background and individual-level characteristics are taken into account. Family socioeconomic status, service-sector occupation, and living in a single-parent household with children are found to be the most significant risk factors for poverty in the transition to adulthood.

POVERTY AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN BRAZILIAN MUNICIPALITIES: MONETARY, PRIVATE AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH

Este trabalho tem como objetivo mensurar a pobreza entre os municípios brasileiros, identificando seus fatores determinantes. Para isso, três índices foram construídos, abordando a pobreza a partir das concepções monetária, de privações e multidimensiona

‘Gap talk’ and the global rescaling of educational accountability in Canada

In this paper, we undertake a particular policy critique and analysis of the gender achievement gap discourse in Ontario and Canada, and situate it within the context of what has been termed the governance turn in educational policy with its focus on policy as numbers and its multi-scalar manifestations. We show how this ‘gap talk’ is inextricably tied to a neoliberal system of accountability, marketization, comparative performance measures and competition within the context of a globalized education policy field. The focus initially is on how the gender achievement gap has emerged in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OCED) publication of the 2009 Program For International Student Assessment Results, but attention is drawn to questions and categories of equity that are used to define and measure socio-economic disadvantage. We illustrate that such measures and categories in use function to eschew important aspects of maldistribution, with important consequences for understanding the significance of the interlocking influences of race, social class, gender and geographical location, where there is evidence of spatial concentrations of poverty and histories of cumulative oppression. In the second part of the paper, we focus on the Canadian data to illustrate the multi-scalar dimensions of global/national/provincial ‘policyscapes’ through a politics of numbers. Contrary to the ways in which Canada and specifically Ontario have been marketed and celebrated by OECD and other stakeholders for their high performing, high quality education system in terms of achieving equitable outcomes for diverse student populations, we illustrate how the ‘failing boys’ discourse and achieving ‘gap talk’ have actually functioned to produce a misrecognition of the gender achievement gap, with boys emerging as a disadvantaged category in the articulation of equity policies.

Health inequities in environmental justice communities: relevant indicators to reflect a variety of health threats

Background Residents of environmental justice (EJ) communities often suffer significant health inequities due to pollutants and to adverse social conditions. However, methodologies for assessing such communities seldom account for both kinds of factors. While traditional environmental health risk assessments use single-pollutant, single-source measures of chronic risk alone, this project develops a technique for assessing “overall risk burden” in EJ communities. Cumulative risks from aggregate (that is, multi-agent, multi-pathway, multi-source, over time) exposures are combined with an index representing a wide range of social determinants of health. The work is being piloted in West Port Arthur, Texas, an EJ community flanked by petrochemical plants and a seaport, and characterized by poverty and disadvantage. Materials and methods Place-based social determinant indicators relevant to EJ communities were identified from Health Impact Assessment tools, then added to novel measures of cumulative risk developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and others, forming a composite index for overall risk burden [1,2]. Indicators were mapped to show spatial disparities across the community [3]. A community participatory mapping exercise was conducted to collect local knowledge of overall risk burden and to support local capacity to participate in and understand the project. Results Preliminary findings suggest that the neighborhood’s proximity to petrochemical plants and to the seaport poses health risks to residents not only due to exposure to pollutants but also to the adverse health impact of living in an area with physical isolation due to poorly designed roadways, poor food security, poor child care availability, high unemployment and a depressed economy. Spatial concentrations of poverty and segregation further undermine health in the community. In fact, non-chemical social determinants of health may have a greater combined effect on health than exposure to toxicants in this community. Further study of this differential effect is needed. Conclusions

Mapping Urban Poverty for Local Governance in an Indian Mega-City: The Case of Delhi

The article maps urban poverty, using the `livelihoods assets framework' to develop a new index of multiple deprivation, examining the implications for area and sector targeting by policy-makers. This article deals with the index and the results for Delhi. The study maps: the spatial concentration of poverty; the diversity of deprivation at ward level; whether poverty is concentrated in slums; and correlations between voting patterns and poverty levels. The index uses census data disaggregated to electoral-ward level for multicriteria analysis, through GIS. Results show that hotspots of poverty are diverse in character, but are not concentrated in slum areas, with strong implications for policy-making and poverty studies methodology. These results suggest that the new index allows better insight into poverty with better targeting possibilities for policy-makers.

Ghettos in Canada's cities? Racial segregation, ethnic enclaves and poverty concentration in Canadian urban areas

Recent literature suggests a growing relationship between the clustering of certain visible minority groups in urban neighbourhoods and the spatial concentration of poverty in Canadian cities, raising the spectre of ghettoization. This paper examines whether urban ghettos along the U.S. model are forming in Canadian cities, using census data for 1991 and 2001 and borrowing a neighbourhood classification system specifically designed for comparing neighbourhoods in other countries to the U.S. situation. Ecological analysis is then performed in order to compare the importance of minority concentration, neighbourhood classification and housing stock attributes in improving our understanding of the spatial patterning of low‐income populations in Canadian cities in 2001. The findings suggest that ghettoization along U.S. lines is not a factor in Canadian cities and that a high degree of racial concentration is not necessarily associated with greater neighbourhood poverty. On the other hand, the concentration of apartment housing, of visible minorities in general, and of a high level of racial diversity in particular, do help in accounting for the neighbourhood patterning of low income. We suggest that these findings result as much from growing income inequality within as between each visible minority group. This increases the odds of poor visible minorities of each group ending up in the lowest‐cost, least‐desirable neighbourhoods from which they cannot afford to escape (including social housing in the inner suburbs). By contrast, wealthier members of minority groups are more mobile and able to self‐select into higher‐status ‘ethnic communities’. This research thus reinforces pleas for a more nuanced interpretation of segregation, ghettoization and neighbourhood dynamics.

The “Underclass” Revisited: A Social Problem in Decline

ABSTRACT:In the early 1980s, widespread concern over the social conditions of inner-city neighborhoods gave rise to a literature on the “underclass.” A team of researchers led by Isabelle Sawhill, then of the Urban Institute, crafted a controversial operational definition of the underclass and found a rapid rise in the number of neighborhoods classifying as underclass in the 1970s and, to a lesser extent, in the 1980s ( Mincy and Wiener 1993; Ricketts and Mincy 1990; Ricketts and Sawhill 1988). The increasing prevalence of the underclass was linked to the increasing spatial concentration of poverty ( Wilson 1987). However, the concentration of poverty decreased in the 1990s ( Jargowsky 2003; Kingsley and Pettit 2003). This article reexamines the underclass measure in light of the change in concentrated poverty and finds a dramatic decline in the number of underclass neighborhoods in the 1990s.

Local Social and Economic Conditions, Spatial Concentrations of Poverty, and Poverty Dynamics

Local Social and Economic Conditions, Spatial Concentrations of Poverty, and Poverty Dynamics

Identifying and comparing changes in the spatial concentrations of urban poverty and affluence: a case study of inner London

There is increasing interest, both academically and politically, in the spatial concentrations of poverty and affluence within cities. Although there has been a long history of research in this area, the majority of work has been concerned with poverty rather than affluence and has relied upon methods and measurement techniques that do not take into account the spatial concentrations of poverty. This research attempts to address this problem by measuring poverty and affluence using GIS and spatial statistical methods. By utilising contemporary census data and data collected by Charles Booth one hundred years ago, the research attempts to reveal the long-term changes in the spatial concentrations of poverty and affluence within inner London.

Deconcentration by Demolition: Public Housing, Poverty, and Urban Policy

During the 1990s, local and federal urban policymakers, neoliberal politicians, and advocates for the poor came to a broad consensus: the geographic concentration of low-income, minority residents in public housing projects located in the inner city constitutes the fundamental problem facing US cities. Accordingly, to solve the problems allegedly associated with the spatial concentration of poverty, public housing, which concentrates low-income people in the inner city, must be demolished and the residents relocated. In this paper I argue that such federal public housing policies are based on a conceptually inadequate understanding of the role of space and of spatial influences on poverty and on the behavior of poor people. The use of spatial metaphors such as the ‘concentration of poverty’ or the ‘deconcentration of the poor’ disguises the social and political processes behind poverty and helps to provide the justification for simplistic spatial solutions to complex social, economic, and political problems.

Poor people on the move: county-to-county migration and the spatial concentration of poverty.

"Poverty rates in high-poverty and low-poverty rural [U.S.] counties, and, thus, the spatial concentration of poverty, are affected by poverty-specific differences in in-migration and out-migration patterns. These patterns are investigated using 1985-90 county-to-county migration data from the decennial census. Effects on poverty rates of four migration flows (in- and out-migration of poor, in- and out-migration of nonpoor) are quantified, and their impacts on spatial concentration of poverty are assessed. The effect of selected county characteristics on the migration of the poor and nonpoor in nonmetro counties [is] estimated."

Migration and the Spatial Concentration of Poverty1

Current Population Survey data are used to estimate the effects of migration of the poor and nonpoor on the spatial concentration of poverty among five categories of counties defined by county poverty rates and, separately, among nonmetropolitan high‐poverty areas, central city high‐poverty areas, and other areas. During the 1981–1984 period studied, migration patterns of both the poor and nonpoor consistently reinforced pre‐existing poverty concentrations. High migration rates of the poor into and out of high poverty counties suggests an equilibrium condition. Implications for theory, research, and policy are discussed.