Spatial Aspects Research Articles

AKAP1/PKA-mediated GRP75 phosphorylation at mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes protects cancer cells against ferroptosis.

Emerging evidence suggests that signaling pathways can be spatially regulated to ensure rapid and efficient responses to dynamically changing local cues. Ferroptosis is a recently defined form of lipid peroxidation-driven cell death. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis are emerging, spatial aspects of its signaling remain largely unexplored. By analyzing a public database, we found that a mitochondrial chaperone protein, glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75), may have a previously undefined role in regulating ferroptosis. This was subsequently validated. Interestingly, under ferroptotic conditions, GRP75 translocated from mitochondria to mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) and the cytosol. Further mechanistic studies revealed a highly spatial regulation of GRP75-mediated antiferroptotic signaling. Under ferroptotic conditions, lipid peroxidation predominantly accumulated at the ER, which activated protein kinase A (PKA) in a cAMP-dependent manner. In particular, a signaling microdomain, the outer mitochondrial membrane protein A-kinase anchor protein 1 (AKAP1)-anchored PKA, phosphorylated GRP75 at S148 in MAMs. This caused GRP75 to be sequestered outside the mitochondria, where it competed with Nrf2 for Keap1 binding through a conserved high-affinity RGD-binding motif, ETGE. Nrf2 was then stabilized and activated, leading to the transcriptional activation of a panel of antiferroptotic genes. Blockade of the PKA/GRP75 axis dramatically increased the responses of cancer cells to ferroptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Our identification a localized signaling cascade involved in protecting cancer cells from ferroptosis broadens our understanding of cellular defense mechanisms against ferroptosis and also provides a new target axis (AKAP1/PKA/GRP75) to improve the responses of cancer cells to ferroptosis.

Näkymättömyysviitta ja tuntoisuuskysymys – kielenomistajuus, kehollisuus ja tila kielikeskusopiskelijoiden kertomina

This article examines university students’ experiences with the embodied and spatial aspects of language learning and use, along with the concept of language ownership. Bridging sociolinguistics, cognitive science, and the phenomenology of embodiment, the study is based on 11 thematic interviews with students who have taken at least one language course at a Finnish university language center. Our data illustrates how language users describe their bodily and spatial language experiences. We also demonstrate that language ownership, akin to grounded cognition, exists at the intersection of sensory perception, the external body as the object of perception, and the material and social environment. This research enriches the discussion on language learning environments and practices in higher education, while providing an interdisciplinary perspective on sociolinguistic concepts.

Long-term hypoxia modulates depolarization activation of BKCa currents in fetal sheep middle cerebral arterial myocytes

IntroductionPrevious evidence indicates that gestational hypoxia disrupts cerebrovascular development, increasing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage and stroke in the newborn. Due to the role of cytosolic Ca2+ in regulating vascular smooth muscle (VSM) tone and fetal cerebrovascular blood flow, understanding Ca2+ signals can offer insight into the pathophysiological disruptions taking place in hypoxia-related perinatal cerebrovascular disease. This study aimed to determine the extent to which gestational hypoxia disrupts local Ca2+ sparks and whole-cell Ca2+ signals and coupling with BKCa channel activity.MethodsConfocal imaging of cytosolic Ca2+ and recording BKCa currents of fetal sheep middle cerebral arterial (MCA) myocytes was performed. MCAs were isolated from term fetal sheep (∼140 days of gestation) from ewes held at low- (700 m) and high-altitude (3,801 m) hypoxia (LTH) for 100+ days of gestation. Arteries were depolarized with 30 mM KCl (30K), in the presence or absence of 10 μM ryanodine (Ry), to block RyR mediated Ca2+ release.ResultsMembrane depolarization increased Ry-sensitive Ca2+ spark frequency in normoxic and LTH groups along with BKCa activity. LTH reduced Ca2+ spark and whole-cell Ca2+ activity and induced a large leftward shift in the voltage-dependence of BKCa current activation. The influence of LTH on the spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ sparks and whole-cell Ca2+ responses varied.DiscussionOverall, LTH attenuates Ca2+ signaling while increasing the coupling of Ca2+ sparks to BKCa activity; a process that potentially helps maintain oxygen delivery to the developing brain.

(Pragmatist) geographies of rankings

AbstractAs a rapidly growing interdisciplinary literature has argued, rankings have become a key means of valuation in contemporary society. However, the majority of the work focuses on rankings in only a few areas, and even if spatial aspects play a role in the interdisciplinary literature, the number of explicitly geographical works on rankings is surprisingly low. Against this backdrop, in this paper I aim firstly to flesh out a pragmatism‐inspired geographical perspective on rankings. Secondly, using the example of wine rankings, I will ask the question as to how the growing importance of rankings has changed valuation schemes. The wine industry is particularly well suited to this, as nominal classifications in the form of designations of origin have historically played a central role here. A pragmatist, geographical perspective on ordinal ordering processes illustrates that rankings evoke both economic and geographical realities; they do this not only through the ranking processes as such, but also through observation of and engagement with rankings by different actors. In the case of wine, local/regional specificity is an inherent part of the world of rankings—be it through the fact that ranking processes build on (embodied) geographically contextualised knowledge of wine judges, through the possibilities of using (or not using) (different) rankings for different markets by wine producers, or through the balance between the marketing of wine through rankings and the suitability of those very wines for the specific markets in which they are to be sold. This is perhaps the biggest difference compared with other fields in which the importance of rankings has increased considerably—in particular, higher education. It helps to explain why the historically significant valuation scheme of geographical origin has not lost any of its significance, despite the increase in the importance of rankings in the world of wine.

A Vibrotactile Belt for Measuring Vibrotactile Acuities on the Human Torso Using Coin Motors

Accurate measurement of the vibrotactile acuities of the human torso is the key to designing effective torso-worn vibrotactile displays for healthcare applications such as navigation aids for visually impaired persons. Although efforts have been made to measure vibrotactile acuities, there remains a lack of systematic studies addressing the spatial, temporal, and intensity-related aspects of vibrotactile sensitivity on the human torso. In this work, a torso-worn vibrotactile belt consisting of two crossed coin motor arrays was designed and a psychophysical study was carried out to measure the spatial, temporal, and intensity-related vibrotactile acuities of a set of human subjects wearing the designed belt. The objective parameters of vibrational intensity and the timing latency of the coin motor were also determined before measuring the vibrotactile acuities. The experimental results indicated that the tested coin motor was able to generate a median number of five and six available just-noticeable differences in intensity and duration, respectively. Among the four parameters of vibrational intensity, the perceived intensity was the most relevant to vibrational displacement. The spatial acuities measured as the degree of two-point spatial thresholds (TPTs) showed less individual difference than the distance TPTs. The results from the current work provide valuable guidance for the design of a comfortable torso-worn vibrotactile display using coin motors.

Connect, care, create: practical framework for physical environment design for person-centred palliative care.

This article aims to explore architectural-rich insights derived from users' experiences within everyday practice in palliative environments and provides a practical framework for healthcare organisations, architects and researchers involved in (re)designing palliative environments for person-centred care. An ethnographic study involving participatory observation was undertaken to gain insight into the influence of palliative environments on the diverse users' subjective experiences. This immersive research took place across multiple palliative environments, encompassing a palliative care unit, a day care centre for palliative care and a hospice located in Belgium. Also, informal conversations and photo-elicitation interviews were conducted with residents, family members, healthcare professionals, volunteers and maintenance staff. Analysing the subjective experiences yielded a practical framework of four architectural atmospheres (proximity, support, engagement, comfort) intended to serve as guiding principles for designing palliative environments. To shape these atmospheres, this article elaborates on 17 spatial aspects and aligns them with real-life experiences of users within palliative environments, thereby enriching and contextualising these insights. This study presents a practical framework encompassing atmospheres, spatial aspects and overarching insights. It is augmented by supplemental material featuring real-life user experiences, all directed towards guiding the design of palliative environments in pursuit of person-centred palliative care. This article advocates for a collaborative, interdisciplinary, holistic design approach that acknowledges these considerations' interconnectedness and considers the users' multiple perspectives. Ultimately, this approach serves as a means of bridging design intentions and actual experiences encountered by users in their real-life contexts to assist healthcare organisations and architects in creating environments for person-centred palliative care.

A Deep Learning Approach for Predicting Aerial Suppressant Drops in Wildland Firefighting Using Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast Data

This study utilizes Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) data sourced by the OpenSky Network to curate a dataset aimed at enhancing the precision of aerial suppressant drop predictions in wildland firefighting. By amalgamating ADS-B data with Automated Telemetry Unit (ATU) drop information, this research constructs a reliable base for analyzing the spatial aspects of aerial firefighting operations. Using sequential machine learning models, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (1DCNN), the study interprets complex flight dynamics to predict drop locations. The dataset, covering 2017 to 2023, is labeled and segmented to reflect accurate suppressant release events, facilitating the distinction between drop and non-drop activities in fixed-wing aircraft. The LSTM model demonstrated strong predictive performance with an F1 score of 0.922, effectively identifying suppressant drop events with high accuracy. This model’s reliable predictions can significantly improve situational awareness in real-time aerial firefighting operations, enabling more informed decision-making and better coordination of resources during wildfire events.

Adapting spatiotemporal gait symmetry to functional electrical stimulation during treadmill walking.

Individuals with neurological impairments often exhibit asymmetrical gait patterns. This study explored the potential of using functional electrical stimulation (FES) as a perturbation method during treadmill walking to promote gait symmetry adaptation by investigating whether the FES perturbation could induce gait adaptation concerning spatial and temporal gait symmetry in healthy subjects. In the FES perturbation, both legs received electrical pulses at the same period as the subjects' initial stride duration, and the temporal gap between the two pulses for each leg was manipulated over a 7-min period. Following this, subjects continued to walk for another 5 minutes without FES. Subjects participated in two trials: implicit and explicit. In the implicit trial, they walked comfortably during FES perturbation without consciously adjusting their gait. In the explicit trial, they voluntarily synchronized their toe-off phase to the stimulation timing. To examine the effects of the FES perturbation, we measured step length and stance time and then analyzed changes in step length and stance time symmetries alongside their subsequent aftereffects. During the explicit trial, subjects adapted their gait patterns to the electrical pulses, resulting in a directional change in stance time (temporal) symmetry, with the left stance becoming shorter than the right. The stance time asymmetry induced by FES perturbation showed a slight residual effect. In the implicit trial, the directional change trend was slightly observed but not statistically significant. No consistent trend in step length (spatial) symmetry changes was observed in either condition, indicating that subjects may adapt their spatial gait patterns independently of their temporal patterns. Our findings suggest that the applied FES perturbation strategy under explicit condition can induce adaptations in subjects' temporal gait asymmetry, particularly in stance. The implicit condition showed a similar slight trend but was not statistically significant. Further experiments would provide deeper understanding into the mechanism behind subjects' response to FES perturbations, as well as the long-term effects of these perturbations on the spatial and temporal aspects of gait symmetry.

Examining the Impact of Social Factors on Spatial Desirability of Urban Neighbourhoods

The increasing importance of neighbourhoods in urban planning, combined with an enhanced focus on the social aspects of designing desirable communities and societies, has emanated the necessity of developing a clear understanding of spatially desirable neighbourhoods. When considering various dimensions of social vitality and existing urban planning norms for residential neighbourhoods, it appears essential to consider and integrate both social and spatial aspects to formulate a desirable community. This article examines the impact of social factors on spatial desirability and vitality of residential neighbourhoods in the context of Iran. The historic city of Yazd has been selected as the case study. Following thorough evaluation of existing neighbourhoods in the city, three study areas have been selected for detailed study; Zortosht neighbourhood, Shahrak University residential complex and Baqiyatullah Azam residential complex. Based on the nature of this study, a qualitative method has been adopted to conduct this research. Extracting from the literature review, three factors of safety and security, sense of attachment to place and social interaction are among the most important socio-cultural factors that can affect the social vitality of a neighbourhood. After the content analysis of the interviews (through semi-structured questionnaires) from the stakeholders and residents of the study areas, observation and documentation of physical and spatial structure of the neighbourhoods and analysing data by interrelating social, as well as spatial aspects, the study concluded that social and spatial aspects are interconnected and both are impacting each other to result in social vitality and spatial desirability of a neighbourhood. Moreover, it was observed that spatial layout of neighbourhoods can increase the potential for social vitality and liveliness. Finally, research recommends design policies for socially integrated and spatially desirable neighbourhoods in the context of Iran, which may be applicable in other similar contexts too.

Depth Video-Based Secondary Action Recognition in Vehicles via Convolutional Neural Network and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory with Spatial Enhanced Attention Mechanism

Secondary actions in vehicles are activities that drivers engage in while driving that are not directly related to the primary task of operating the vehicle. Secondary Action Recognition (SAR) in drivers is vital for enhancing road safety and minimizing accidents related to distracted driving. It also plays an important part in modern car driving systems such as Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADASs), as it helps identify distractions and predict the driver’s intent. Traditional methods of action recognition in vehicles mostly rely on RGB videos, which can be significantly impacted by external conditions such as low light levels. In this research, we introduce a novel method for SAR. Our approach utilizes depth-video data obtained from a depth sensor located in a vehicle. Our methodology leverages the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which is enhanced by the Spatial Enhanced Attention Mechanism (SEAM) and combined with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) networks. This method significantly enhances action recognition ability in depth videos by improving both the spatial and temporal aspects. We conduct experiments using K-fold cross validation, and the experimental results show that on the public benchmark dataset Drive&Act, our proposed method shows significant improvement in SAR compared to the state-of-the-art methods, reaching an accuracy of about 84% in SAR in depth videos.

Spatial Distribution and Environmental Correlates of Cataract and Glaucoma Prevalence in Damaturu LGA, Nigeria

Study’s Excerpt/Novelty This study presents spatial analysis of cataracts and glaucoma within Damaturu Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria, leveraging hospital records from Yobe State University Teaching Hospital to identify demographic distributions and spatial trends of these eye conditions. It employs both Arc Map software and Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) for comprehensive data evaluation, addressing the challenge of string data types in age group records to provide precise demographic insights. The research's emphasis on middle-aged and older individuals' susceptibility and the critical need for targeted healthcare interventions offers new perspectives on managing and mitigating the impact of cataracts and glaucoma in developing regions. Full Abstract The rising prevalence of blindness and vision impairments, particularly due to cataracts and glaucoma, poses significant challenges in developing countries with limited access to essential healthcare services. This paper delves into the spatial analysis of cataracts and glaucoma in Damaturu Local Government Area of Yobe State, Nigeria, aiming to uncover spatial trends and demographic distributions of these eye conditions within the region. Drawing data from Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, where records of patients with Glaucoma and Cataract diseases were periodically documented, the study included a total of 187 patients. An essential aspect of the analysis focused on mapping the age groups affected by cataracts and glaucoma, providing valuable insights into the vulnerability of different age cohorts to these diseases. The data encompassed age groups ranging from 20 to 80 years, with notable concentrations observed between ages 25 to 60 and 25 to 80 years, indicating the higher susceptibility of middle-aged and older individuals. It's noteworthy to mention that due to the nature of data collection at the hospital, the age group values were recorded as string data types, represented by unique values for each case. This necessitates a detailed understanding of the age demographics affected by cataracts and glaucoma to tailor healthcare interventions effectively. To correct any errors or ambiguities, the data was also evaluated and analyzed using the Arc Map software with variables and the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) was also be used for analysis along with the administrative boarders. The study's conclusion underscores the critical need for intensified management and treatment of patients with progressive cataracts and glaucoma cases, emphasizing the importance of optic disc excavation and addressing distorted vision fields. These findings align with previous hospital-based studies, highlighting the ongoing challenges and the imperative for targeted healthcare strategies to address the growing burden of these eye conditions comprehensively. In essence, this research contributes valuable insights into the spatial and demographic aspects of cataracts and glaucoma in Damaturu LGA, advocating for focused healthcare interventions and management protocols to enhance patient outcomes and mitigate the impact of these prevalent eye diseases.

Historic street layout and its impact on shaping residents’ daily lives: insights from Sanxue Street, Xi’an

ABSTRACT Historic street layouts are integral to historic districts’ tangible cultural heritage and are intricately linked to the residents’ daily lives; however, existing studies have only examined their spatial aspects, primarily using quantitative methods. Conversely, studies on tangible cultural heritage’s impact on residents’ lives have principally employed qualitative methods. Therefore, this study bridges qualitative and quantitative approaches to propose a layout – daily life model, which explains the relationship between the layout of Xi’an, China’s Sanxue Street historic and cultural district, and its residents’ daily lives. A combination of space syntax and geographic information system-based land-use analyses revealed that eating, shopping, calligraphy, and transportation were the main activities of residents. Questionnaire responses from 335 participants validated the proposed model and confirmed its feasibility. When certain types of facilities are widely distributed in streets with high choice and integration, residents’ daily lives tend to involve the functions represented by them. Furthermore, calligraphy is an important part of most residents’ daily lives, regardless of the transportation mode used. This study contributes to the understanding of the effect of tangible cultural heritage, particularly street layouts, on residents’ daily lives in historic districts.

Crafting theories about living heritage: the postcolonial condition of contemporary Asian architecture and urbanism as an Asian ‘display’

ABSTRACT Heritage usually represents how the past is valued today. This paper, however, introduces a new perspective based on historical materialism, which is evident in modern Asian architecture. It argues that contemporary Asian architecture moves away from traditional historicism and embraces different ways of relating to history. The paper explores the idea of “living heritage”, which is shaped by the postcolonial nature of current Asian architecture and urban planning. The core idea is that immediate historicity, the presence of appreciated historical values, creates a unique quality called “display-ness”. This concept involves not just physical, visual, and spatial aspects, but also how a place is institutionalised. As evidence, modern heritage is influenced by global political dynamics. In Asia, the quality of architecture has shifted from modernism to what might be called colonial modernity, showing a new focus on hybridity. By comparing Japan and Singapore, this paper illustrates this idea of display-ness, which suggests a blend of future urban developments and cultural history in the present.

Hasht Bihisht: A Spatial Interpretation of the Location, Size, and Layout of Humayun’s Tomb-Garden in the Nizamuddin Area of Mughal Delhi

Abstract Humayun’s tomb-garden has many levels of spatial significance that include the garden’s elegant layout, monumental size, and strategic location in the Nizamuddin area of New Delhi. Previous research has shed light on spatial aspects of the tomb’s architecture, visual power, and religio-political symbolism. This article focuses on the garden’s fourfold and ninefold layout, size, and location. It interprets the garden’s hasht bihisht layout through a combination of historical geographic and spatial analysis methods. Conversion of garden measurements to gaz-i Sikandarī (a unit of measurement introduced by Sikandar Lodi [r. 1489–1517], 77.01 cm) units enabled testing hypotheses about garden layout in 5-gaz and 6.5-gaz modules. Topographic analysis sheds light on the garden’s siting in relation to natural landforms, drainage, urbanization, and antecedent architectural sites. Geometrical analysis identifies strong spatial linkages between the tomb-garden, dargāh of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Awliyaʾ, and grave of Nizamuddin’s poet-disciple Amir Khusraw, with additional connections to antecedent tombs, the city of Dinpanah (Purana Qila), and the Grand Trunk Road from Agra to Delhi. The paper concludes with an interpretation of parallels and connections among Amir Khusraw’s poem Hasht Bihisht, Humayun’s imaginative administrative apparatus, and the hasht bihisht tomb-garden layout.

Open spaces and emergent dwellings. Innovative solutions to sustainable renovation of student housing.

Abstract The paper aims to report the research results that deal with the theme of educational open spaces such as schoolyards or student housing, framing it in an environmental dimension capable of enhancing the existing identity and landscape quality elements, at the same time responding to climatic vulnerabilities, but also to new needs of users, with adequate performance responses. The proposed research is part of a scientific collaboration agreement developed aim of supporting it in the field of environmental issues and innovative technologies for student housing with Agenzia del Demanio at the end to write guidelines for spatial functional, technological and environmental aspects of its sustainable design of heritage to be converted into student housing. University student living is an evolving form of housing, subject to significant investment and design experimentation. In addition to the issue of housing, the open space related to student housing even in the face of emergent dwelling becomes a continuation of housing and therefore cannot be underestimated. The proposed methodology from best practice highlights a new demand framework useful for the development of the guidelines of which an excerpt concerning open space is proposed here.

Unveiling spatial and non-spatial aspects of neglect in everyday behavior

Unveiling spatial and non-spatial aspects of neglect in everyday behavior

Integrated Simulation Model of the Spatial Distribution of Dynamic Systems Using Intelligent Cellular Automaton

This research emphasizes the versatility of cellular automata in studying the spatial and temporal aspects of disease spread. By simulating various intervention strategies, such as vaccination campaigns and social distancing measures, the model provides a platform for assessing their efficacy and optimizing resource allocation. The findings contribute to the development of informed public health policies aimed at curbing the impact of infectious diseases. Mathematical modeling using cellular automata emerges as a valuable approach in unraveling the complexities of infectious disease dynamics. The versatility of this framework allows for a nuanced exploration of diverse scenarios, fostering a deeper understanding of the interplay between individual-level interactions and broader population dynamics. The insights gained from such models hold the potential to guide evidence-based decision-making in the ongoing battle against infectious diseases.

Пространственное измерение бытия в поэзии Инны Кашежевой

The work examines the features of the construction of space and the role of its individual details at different stages of Inna Kashezheva’s poetic creativity. In view of the ideas that have become entrenched in Russian literary criticism, the “spatial-ethical field” of the poetic “I”. Kashezheva’s poetic “I” has been explored. The importance of visual perceptions in her work is highlighted. Nu-ances of perception of Caucasian geography are exposed, as are the expressive features of the spa-tial pictures she depicts: sound, light, movement, and their modifications throughout time, as well as the influence of time on the semantics of space. Landscape and interior space-related episodes are examined, and spatial aspects associated with the intimate and personal experiences of the po-etic “I” are highlighted. The image of silence plays an active role in adult creativity. Conclusions are formed about the type of space that best fits the worldview of I. Kashezheva’s lyrical “I”.

Assessing Fire Regimes in the Paraguayan Chaco: Implications for Ecological and Fire Management

This study analyzed the fire regime in the highly diverse Paraguayan Chaco, focusing on different aspects of fire patterns, including spatial (area burned) and temporal (frequency) aspects and magnitude (severity). We focused on fire as it is a natural phenomenon that drives ecosystem change and has significant economic, ecological and social impacts of particular concern in vulnerable ecosystems. Using the K-means clustering technique, we identified four distinct fire regimes in the study region: High (H), Moderately High (MH), Moderately Low (ML) and Low (L). On the one hand, the Dry Chaco predominantly featured Low and Moderately High regimes, characterized by a low fire frequency due to arid conditions. On the other hand, the Humid Chaco was particularly affected by agricultural burning, driven by extensive livestock activity and higher biomass productivity. Finally, in the Pantanal, the variations in fire intensity were influenced by flood pulses and rainfall patterns. Our findings highlight the distinct fire regimes across the Paraguayan Chaco and detail the differences in the regimes. The study’s findings are valuable for developing efficient management strategies that account for fire behaviour during agricultural burning in this poorly studied region.

SPATIAL DEIXIS IN BIMANESE AND ENGLISH: AN INVESTIGATION SIMILATIES AND DIFFERENCES

Spatial deixis is the language utterance that is employed by the speaker to convey the location of objects or events in space. The purpose of this research is to look into the aspects of specific deixis that exist in both Bimanese and English, as well as how individuals use them in natural conversation. This study next looks at the parallels and differences between spatial deixis in Bimanese and English. To collect data on the use of spatial deixis in Bimanese, the study used qualitative research methods such as semi-structured interviews and direct observation. In the meantime, documentation such as books, articles, or movies is employed to examine particular deixes in English. The subjects of this research were drawn from five distinct locations in Bima regency: Pela, Wawo Rada, Bima City, Wera, and Sila. The data was then descriptively evaluated by identifying, categorizing, describing, and explaining related to the people employing specific deixis in Bimanese. This study found that the aspects of spatial deixis in Bimanese can be seen from the deictic system namely; locative adverbs are marked by ta (ta ake, ta ede, and, ta aka), demonstrative pronoun (ake, ede, and aka), topography system (ese, awa, dei ari, and ipa), four corners direction (ɗa, ɗo, ɗi, ele), and political dimension (ese and awa). In English, there are various types of spatial deixis: demonstrative pronouns (this, that, and with plural forms), locative adverbs (here and there), and topography systems (up and down). The three aspects of spatial deixis that are similar between English and Bimanese are demonstrative pronouns (proximal and distal), locative adverbs (proximal and distal), and topographical system (up and down). Although the 'medial' concept in Bimanese has additional form in terms of demonstrative and locative adverbs. While there are distinctions between them, the Bimanese has many more spatial deixis aspects than English in terms of directions, topography systems, and socio-political dimensions.