Spark Plug Gap Research Articles

Identifikasi Unjuk Kerja Mesin 4 Langkah Variasi Busi dan Koil Pengapian

The most critical component of a motorcycle's combustion process is the spark plug, which fires sparks for the ignition system. In this research, the performance of several spark plug electrode gap diameters and materials was varied to detect how much they affected engine performance, fuel consumption, and emissions. Engine testing was conducted on a 110-cc four-stroke engine. Nickel material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.9 mm, platinum material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.8 mm, iridium material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.7 mm, and two types of ignition coils. The test findings indicated that there is a spark plug with an appropriate gap for engine performance in the form of torque and power in the B2 configuration, which has a gap of 0.8 mm. Increasing the spark plug gap produces a loss in engine performance, but it also increases it. There is an optimal point of fuel consumption in configuration B2, where raising the spark plug gap decreases fuel consumption while increasing the spark plug gap increases fuel consumption. Exhaust emissions likewise experience an optimal point in configuration B2, when exhaust emissions rise as long as the spark plug gap is increased once more, HC and CO levels decrease with an increasing spark plug gap. To examine the study on the impact of spark plugs with electrode gaps and ignition coils on engine performance, fuel consumption, and emissions. This can provide insight into a reference technique for using spark plugs and ignition coils.

Экспериментальные исследования изменения коэффициента избытка воздуха и свободного кислорода в отработавших газах бензинового ДВС

The operation of the internal combustion engine in areas of poor and rich mixture is characterized by a decrease in the efficiency of the catalytic converter and increase in the degree of wear of the system of elements fuel supply systems, ignition and antitoxic systems. Current trends of shifting the operation of the internal combustion engine to the area of poor mixtures. leads to increased emissions of NO and CO2, deterioration of the combustion process. The diagnostic parameters, which are free oxygen and the excess air coefficient, were theoretically determined and selected for the research. The regularity of the change in O2 at 20 % and 40 % of the throttle opening from the resistance of the exhaust tract and the spark plug gap with varying injection time duration has been established. Experimental control of the parameter l showed a trend of having a maximum in the zone of injection durations, and a gradual decrease when shifting to the zone of long injection durations to the limits of the efficiency of the internal combustion engine. An increase in the resistance of the exhaust tract leads to an equidistant shift of the characteristics l upwards into the zone of large values l while significantly reducing the range of the engine performance.

Optical Study on Spark Plug Gap in Extending Methane Lean Combustion Limits under High Ignition Energy Conditions

<div>Lean combustion has the potential to achieve high thermal efficiency for internal combustion engines. However, natural gas (NG) engines often suffer from slow burning rates and large cyclic variations when adopting lean combustion. In this study, the effects of spark plug gaps (SPGs) on methane lean combustion are optically investigated under high ignition energy conditions. Synchronization measurements of in-cylinder pressure and high-speed photography are performed for combustion analysis. The results show that large SPGs with high ignition energy exhibit great improvement in engine combustion stability and power capability. Under ultra-lean conditions, a large SPG with a high ignition energy of 150–200 mJ can extend the lean limit to 1.55. Combustion images indicate that this is contributed by the enlarged initial flame kernel, which promotes early flame propagation. Besides, an empirical criterion is adopted to quantify the underlying mechanism, and the results confirm that a more stable early flame development with a faster burning rate can be obtained by a larger SPG and higher ignition energy under lean conditions. Therefore, a large SPG is an effective way to improve combustion stability and thermal efficiency for NG engines.</div>

The Synergy Effect of Ignition Energy and Spark Plug Gap on Methane Lean Combustion with Addressing Initial Flame Formation and Cyclic Variation.

Controlling carbon emissions could be a win-win for both the environment and humans, and the use of low-carbon fuels is the key to being carbon-neutral in traffic transportation. Natural gas can achieve low carbon emissions and obtain high efficiency, but the poor lean combustion performance may result in large cycle-by-cycle variations. In this study, the synergy effect of high ignition energy and spark plug gap on methane lean combustion was optically studied under low-load and low-EGR conditions. High-speed direct photography combined with simultaneous pressure acquisition was used to analyze early flame characteristics and engine performance. The results show that high ignition energy can improve the methane engine's combustion stability, especially under high excess air coefficient conditions, and the main reason is that the initial flame formation is improved. However, the promoting effect may become marginal when the ignition energy increases above a critical value. As for the effect of spark plug gap, it varies with the ignition energy, and there exists an optimal spark plug gap for a given ignition energy. In another word, high ignition energy must combine with a large spark plug gap; thus, the promoting effect on combustion stability can be maximized and the lean limit can be extended. The statistical analysis of the flame area shows that the speed of initial flame formation is more important in determining combustion stability. As a result, a large spark plug gap (1.20 mm) can extend the lean limit to 1.4 under high ignition energy conditions. The current study shall give some insights into the spark strategies for natural gas engines.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭКОЛОГИЧНОСТИ БЕНЗИНОВОГО АВТОМОБИЛЯ ПУТЕМ АНАЛИЗА СОСТАВА ОТРАБОТАВШИХ ГАЗОВ ПЕРЕД АНТИТОКСИЧНОЙ СИСТЕМОЙ

A test diagnostic method is proposed, based on monitoring the toxicity parameters of exhaust gases in the exhaust manifolds of individual cylinders up to the catalytic converter with a multi-component gas analyzer. The relationships between the parameters CO2 and CH are analysed both individually and jointly when simulating changes in the technical condition of the spark plugs of the ignition system and the resistance of the catalytic converter in the exhaust system. Experiments are carried out at two throttle opening positions: 20 and 40 %. A joint analysis of the dependences of CO2 and CH shows a shift of the point of their intersection to the zone of longer or shorter injection duration, depending on the malfunction. As the exhaust resistance increases, the range of changes in CO2 and CH decreases significantly; the same is observed when the spark plug gap decreases. The presented method is recommended for use by auto service and machine-building enterprises, which will allow them to carry out highly effective monitoring of the technical condition of engine systems.

RANCANGAN PERALATAN ALTERNATOR PADA SISTEM PENGAPIAN BUSI ELEKTRONIK CDI SEPEDA MOTOR

In automotive spark plug ignition, gasoline-fueled vehicles require spark ignition system equipment. One of the electronic cdi spark plug ignition systems uses electronic equipment and components that replace conventional spark plug ignition systems. In this study, the design of the electronic cdi spark plug ignition system using the main equipment of the alternator produces an ac output voltage source on the exiter coil winding. The results of the design of the equipment are generated by a timer signal from the pulser component related to the rpm speed of the alternator permanent magnet rotor shaft which is driven by the rotation of the ac electric motor shaft. The ignition timing process of the spark plug is controlled by the charge/discharge condition of the electronic capacitor charge in the cdi device to produce an ac power supply voltage, the output time function to the primary input of the coil is expressed as the Vprimer(t) parameter in volts. The result of the primary voltage Vprimer(t) at the primary input of the induced coil generates a high voltage at the secondary output of the ignition coil, which is expressed as the Vo(coil) parameter. The result of a high voltage Vo(coil) momentarily connected to the spark plug produces spark ignition which indicates that there is a spark in the spark plug gap.

Effect of intake manifold geometry on cylinder-to-cylinder variation and tumble enhancement in gasoline direct injection engine

In this study, the effect of intake manifold geometry on cylinder-to-cylinder variation was investigated considering the volumetric efficiency, early tumble development, turbulent kinetic energy, and spark plug gap velocity using computational fluid dynamic program, CONVERGE v2.4. The simulation model was validated based on the PIV experiment in the cylinder and Mie-scattering experiment of intake manifold, and its results agreed well with the experiment results. The curved intake manifold and straight manifold were compared. As a result, it was advantageous for cylinder-to-cylinder variation in the straight intake manifold compared to the curved intake manifold in perspective of volumetric efficiency which were a maximum deviation of 1.7% in curved manifold and 0.6% in straight manifold. And the straight manifold had an effect of the strengthening the in-cylinder flow, so that the turbulent kinetic energy near TDC was increased to maximum 11% than curved manifold. And considering the effect of manifold curve radius on in-cylinder flow intensity in straight manifold, with increasing engine speed, the in-cylinder flow intensified during compression with decreasing the intake manifold radius due to the short distance between manifold inlet and port. Especially at 2000 rpm, the tumble ratio increased 55% at intake manifold radius of 10 cm than of 7 cm at bTDC 280 deg. Therefore, for the purpose of enhancing the in-cylinder flow near spark plug timing, shortened distance between intake manifold inlet and port and increasing the manifold radius is required.

THE EFFECT OF SPARK PLUG GROUND ELECTRODE ON SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PERFORMANCE

Motorcycle performance is influenced by many factors, including combustion chamber dimension, fuel characteristic, type of spark plug, spray flame, ignition timing, and the combustion chamber's cooling system to avoid incomplete combustion and knocking processes. The spark plug is an essential component of SIE. Several studies, such as spark plug gap, material type, multiple-ground Electrode, roughness, etc., have been conducted to examine the effect of spark plug modifications on the combustion process. Some previous research investigates the impact of a multiple-ground electrode spark plug in biofuel combustion. However, a study about the effect of multiple-ground electrode spark plugs on the gasoline combustion process has not been conducted. This research was conducted to determine the impact of multiple-ground electrode on Supra 125 cc performance. The data displayed in this study are power, torque, BHP, and BMEP in single, double, and triple ground electrode. The results showed that the double ground electrode spark plug produced better performance than other variations.

Effects of swirl enhancement on in-cylinder flow and mixture characteristics in a high-compression-ratio, spray-guided, gasoline direct injection engine

In this study, the flow enhancement effects of applying a swirl control valve were investigated with particle image velocimetry and simulation using CONVERGE v2.4 program in a high compression ratio, spray-guided, gasoline direct injection engine. This was followed by analysis of varying the spray structure and the mixture preparation process for different swirl control valve angles. The flow intensity was strengthened in the order of swirl control valve angle 45°, 30°, and 0°, and spark plug gap velocities near TDC were increased 1.89, 4.40, and 6.69 m/s in that order. However, the effect was not significant when it was increased to more than 45°. Also, the swirl-dominant flow and the tumble-dominant flow were differentiated based on the relationship between maximum swirl and tumble ratios. In the swirl dominant flow (swirl control valve angle of 0°), more retarded injection timing produced mixture formation in the order of homogenous to mal-distributed to stratified, whereas in the tumble dominant flow (swirl control valve angle of 45°), the order was homogenous to stratified to mal-distributed. It was determined by characteristic period to which the injection timing belonged, and the characteristic period was defined based on the relationship between the intake valve lift and the piston velocity.

Optimasi Penyetelan Celah Elektroda Busi Terhadap Emisi Gas Buang Pada Sepeda Motor Matic

The development of the number of motorized vehicles in Indonesia is increasing rapidly each year, most motorized vehicles produce bad exhaust emissions, either due to inadequate maintenance or bad driver behavior. Air pollution that has occurred so far is largely due to the presence of motorized vehicles as a means of transportation. Most of the air pollution is caused by motor vehicle emissions. Motor vehicles emit harmful gases which can have a negative impact on both human health and the environment. As for the problems that occur that we often encounter, one of them is the process of replacing spark plugs where these spark plugs are part of the engine component, which, if the maintenance process is neglected, will have an impact on exhaust emissions, one of the causes of the process of adjusting the spark plug electrode gap. The process of this research is to design data collection through Experiments with Optimization of Adjustment of the spark plug electrode gap on the matic vario 125 motorcycle vehicle in 2014. Then the results of the adjustment are known to be different from the adjustment of the spark plug gap with lower exhaust emissions of CO and HC levels. This study uses Perthalite type fuel, then adjusts the spark plug gap 0.20 mm, until the adjustment process is 1.40 mm at 900 rpm, 2000 rpm and 2100 rpm rotation, the engine with the aim of knowing the characteristics of the exhaust gas that comes out of the vehicle into the environment . Based on the results of this study where the CO and HC values were the best at setting the spark plug gap of 0.60 mm with CO 1.77% and HC 360 ppm at 900 rpm and CO 0.11% and HC 74 ppm at 2000 rpm and 2100 rpm rotation.

Experimental investigation of spark plug gap on performance and emission of single cylinder 4S SI engine with Hydroxygen as an additive

The Hydroxygen as an additive to the gasoline is used in the present experimental investigation for reducing the fuel consumption and conserve the fast depleting fossil fuel without any engine modification. The Hydroxygen was produced from the developed electrolytic cell and the power of the alternator through the battery was used. The power to the electrolytic cell was controlled by circuit. During the experiment, the voltage and current across the electrolytic cell was measured by introducing the other circuit and data was collected. The experiment was conducted on Discover bike engine with constant Hydroxygen gas flow of 600 ml per hour to the engine intake manifold. Performance and exhaust gas emission parameters were measured by keeping 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm electrodes gap of spark plug (EGSP). Overall performance and emission was found to be optimum for 0.6 mm EGSP with Hydroxygen addition with the maximum relative decrease in brake specific fuel consumption 50.43%, increase in brake power and brake thermal efficiency (ƞ%) are 77.20% and 101.76% respectively, the maximum relative decrease in carbon monoxide, un burned hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide are 96.96%, 90.29%, and 81.73% respectively.

An overview of the spark plug engine profile in a spark ignition engine

The main concern regarding on the spark plug usage is their ignition efficiency and lifetime capabilities. This article reviews on the spark plug engine profile in a spark ignition. An intelligent practical approach needs to be developed to be the indicator to know when the spark plug should be changed. Due to its promising effect on the spark ignition engine, the study of spark plugs profile is increasing day by day. For safety, mechanical vibration of a vehicle is a very important phenomenon. Moreover, it specifically affects passenger comfort in some applications. Due to the effects on vehicle structure components and passenger comfort as well as safety, the mechanical vibration through the spark ignition engine has acquired great significance. However, there are many problems in researching existing running engines with a spark ignition system, such as slower ignition, increased cyclic variance and possible misfire. The higher spark energy will improve the ignitibility, but due to electrode corrosion, the life of the spark plug will decrease, and electrodes serve as a sink of thermal energy that will affect the spark plug’s health. For instance, the conditions such as the spark plug gap, the plug thickness and the carbon dissipated on the spark plug that influences the output of a spark ignition, are highlighted in this article.

Influencing factors on the vibrational and rotational temperatures in the spark discharge channel

Plasmas are widely used in engines as ignition sources and combustion assistances. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the effects of plasmas on ignition are of great importance for improving engine performance, but with challenges. In this study, the vibrational and rotational temperatures are calculated based on the N2 second positive molecular emission spectra, with different discharge powers, ambient pressures, gas compositions, and spark plug gap sizes. The spatial distribution of the rotational temperature is also investigated. With an increased discharge power, the vibrational and rotational temperatures increase, while the difference between the vibrational and rotational temperatures decreases. As the pressure ambient increases from 0.3 to 5.0 bar, the vibrational temperature decreases initially and increases subsequently. The rotational temperature increases with the increased pressure, while the temperature difference decreases. The gas composition and gap size greatly affect the vibrational and rotational temperatures. The rotational temperature increases with the enlarged gap size, and the difference between the vibrational and rotational temperatures decreases. For the spatial distribution of the rotational temperature in the spark gap, the highest rotational temperature occurs near the center of the spark gap. Meanwhile, the rotational temperature near the central electrode is higher than that near the ground electrode.

Emission Characteristics from Vehicles at Idling Condition.(Dept.M)

The present study aims to evaluate the emission characteristics for gasoline-fueled vehicles at idling condition. Factors influencing the formation of emissions at different operating conditions are examined. The study is focused on the ignition parameters as well as the mixture quality which are the most important factors affecting the engine performance and emission. A wide range of spark plug gap(0.3- 1.9) mm and ignition timing (10- 1900 BTDC)were employed in the present study. The mixture quality at idling is varied along the flammability limit to clarify its effect on the combustion products concentration. The measurements were carried out on a specified vehicle. Both the engine speed and combustion products concentration were recorded simultaneously. The results indicate the importance of adjusting the idling condition to optimize the exhaust products.

Effect of spark discharge energy scheduling on ignition under quiescent and flow conditions

The enhancement of the breakdown power during the spark discharge process has been proved to be beneficial for the flame kernel formation process under lean/diluted conditions. Such a strategy is realized by using a conventional transistor coil ignition system with an add-on capacitance in parallel to the spark plug gap in this paper. In practical application, the use of different ceramic material other than aluminum oxide can change the parasitic capacitance of the spark plug, achieving similar effect in terms of rescheduling the discharge energy released during the breakdown phase. Detailed research has been carried out to investigate the effect of the parallel capacitance and the cross flow velocity on the flame kernel formation and propagation process. With the increase in parallel capacitance, more spark energy is delivered during the breakdown phase, while less energy is released during the arc/glow phase. Shadowgraph images of the spark plasma reveal that the high-power spark discharge can generate a larger high-temperature area with enhanced electrically prompted turbulence under quiescent conditions, as compared with that using the conventional transistor coil ignition discharge strategy under the same condition. The breakdown enhanced turbulence of the high-power spark is proved to be beneficial for the flame kernel development, especially with the lean or exhaust gas recirculation diluted combustible mixtures, given that sufficient spark energy is available for the high-power spark strategy to successfully generate the breakdown event. The results of combustion tests under flow conditions reveal that the breakdown enhanced turbulence of the high-power spark tends to be overshadowed by the turbulence generated from the flow field, and both the increase in flow velocity and parallel capacitance contribute to the reduction in discharge duration of the arc/glow phase. Therefore, the benefits brought about by the high-power spark discharge tend to diminish with the intensification of flow velocity.

Extend Syngas Yield through Increasing Rich Limit by Stratified Air Injection in a Single Cylinder Engine

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation (D-EGR®) concept developed by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has demonstrated a thermal efficiency increase on many spark-ignited engines at both low and high load conditions. The syngas (H<sub>2</sub>+CO) produced in the dedicated cylinder (D-cyl) by rich combustion helps to stabilize combustion at highly dilute conditions at low loads and mitigate knock at high loads. The dedicated cylinder with 25% EGR can typically run up to equivalence ratio of 1.4, beyond which the combustion becomes unstable. By injecting fresh air near the spark plug gap at globally rich conditions, a locally lean or near-stoichiometric mixture can be achieved, thus facilitating the ignitability of the mixture and increasing combustion stability. With more stable combustion a richer global mixture can be introduced into the D-cyl to generate higher concentrations of syngas. This in turn can further improve the engine thermal efficiency.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study investigated the possibility of extending the rich limit by stratified air injection in a single cylinder engine. A custom modified spark plug with air passage was used to realize stratified air injection. The emissions were sampled with a Horiba 5-gas analyzer. The exhaust was also bag-sampled and H<sub>2</sub> concentration was analyzed.</div></div>

Effect of ambient pressure on fluorescence intensity of inexpensive inorganic fluorescent tracer for particle image velocimetry of gaseous flows near solid objects

Flow dynamics near the spark plug gap have become more important to promote more stable lean/dilute combustion in internal combustion engines. One experimental technique for the measurement of instantaneous gaseous flow in an engine cylinder is particle image velocimetry (PIV). However, PIV measurement of the flow near solid objects is difficult because of the flare due to strong scattered light from the solid objects. Therefore, methods that use fluorescent particles (f-particles) have been proposed to reduce this undesirable effect. The mass production of inexpensive inorganic-based f-particles was previously proposed by one of the authors of this paper, assuming flow measurement in a firing engine. Furthermore, flow measurement near the spark plug gap was attempted using PIV with these f-particles, whereby the unsteady flow motion near the spark plug was successfully detected. However, the measurements were conducted under atmospheric conditions at room temperature. Therefore, as a next step, investigation of the effect of ambient pressure and temperature on the fluorescence intensity of the f-particles, is required to clarify the degree of oxygen quenching and temperature quenching of the f-particles. The effect of ambient pressure on fluorescent intensity was investigated fundamentally using a constant volume vessel. As a result, the intensity of fluorescence emitted from the f-particles was almost equal at pressures between 0.1 MPa and 2.0 MPa.

Effect of Side Gapping Spark Plug on Engine Performance and Emission

Gasoline ignition system in automobiles is still one of the world's main fuel consumption today. The spark plug is one of the key features of a gasoline engine during the combustion process. The incompatibility between the width of the plug and the combustion engine fuel used causes a backfire and a knock. The spark plug gap had therefore been investigated in order to improve the engine's performance by controlling the combustion process. The main objective of this study is to analyze the effect of side gapping spark plug engine performance and emission. The selected type of spark plug being used for this study is cooper spark plug. This study has examined the parameters of side gapping spark plug gap (0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm and 1.2 mm) and of revolution per minutes RPM (1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm, 4500 rpm and 5000 rpm) also the emission effect in term of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and oxygen (O2). In this test, performance and power are showed an increment of side gapping spark plug. Other than that, this study is also showed positive results where the reduction in the percentage of opacity is demonstrated. Since the result has obtained for engine performance and emission showed positive outcome, this study can be used in future and highly recommended for continue with different type of spark plug.

Quantitative evaluation of the breakdown process of spark discharge for spark-ignition engines

For spark-ignition (SI) engines, downsizing, exhaust gas recirculation and lean burn are promising methods for meeting more stringent emission regulations and lower fuel consumption requirements. With these technologies, high density and high flow velocity around the spark plug at spark timing bring severe challenges for stable ignition. The ignition processes could be affected by breakdown phases and restrikes under high-density conditions. A quantitative evaluation for the breakdown phase is of great significance especially for high power density engines. In this study, the experiments with pressure up to 40 bar and temperature up to 450 K are established to evaluate the breakdown voltage and current, with different spark plug gaps. The breakdown voltage is related to the ambient density, spark plug gap distance and gas composition. The coil parameters have little effects on the breakdown voltage. The breakdown current shows positive correlation with the breakdown voltage, and is also affected by the coil characteristics. The breakdown voltage and current show the nonlinear correlations with the pressure and gap distance. With the increase of pressure or gap distance, the increase rates of the breakdown voltage and current decrease. The fuel concentration and species have little effects on the breakdown voltage when the fuel concentration is applicable for engine operations. Finally, a novel expression of the breakdown voltage is constructed as a function of ambient pressure, temperature and spark plug gap distance. The newly developed expression is valuable for simulating spark ignition processes for a wide range of ambient density for SI engines.

Effect of iridium spark plug gap on emission, noise, vibration of an internal combustion engine

The most important factors affecting comfort and performance in motor vehicles are; The exhaust gases generated by the internal combustion engine are noise and vibration. The effect of these factors can be reduced thanks to the fully efficient and regular operation of the engine. The most important part affecting the efficient operation of the spark plug ignition engine is the spark plug. Spark plug failure; emission, noise and vibration values increase. These negative effects reduce vehicle comfort and increase travel costs; it also causes more damage to nature. Vehicles are designed and manufactured to ensure optimum operating parameters during production. However, changes in these parameters occur as the vehicle is used and different types of parts are used during maintenance. In this study, spark plug nail spacing; Emission, noise and vibration effects and determination of optimum nail spacing. In the experiments, iridium spark plug was used as ignition spark type. The spark plugs wear out because the engine fires continuously during operation. This wear increases the distance between the center electrode and the electrode cap and changes the resulting spark quality. According to the experiments; When the iridium spark plug nail spacing is 0.8 mm, the noise is optimum at different revolutions, the vibrations in the 0.9 mm nail spacing increase at low revolutions, and the hydrocarbon value is minimized at high revolutions in the 0.8 mm spark plug nail spacing.