Free Time Research Articles

The pathological characteristics and prognostic analysis of medullary thyroid microcarcinoma

Objectives: To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of medullary thyroid microcarcinoma (MTMC). Methods: A case series studies. The clinical data of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) diagnosed by postoperative pathology and with complete follow-up data who were initially treated in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital from January 2013 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. There were a total of 170 cases, including 70 males and 100 females, aged (49.7±12.3) years old. Among them, there were 61 patients with MTMC. They were divided into group A (with a maximum tumor idameter of ≤0.5 cm, n=13) and group B (with a maximum tumor diameter >0.5~≤1.0 cm, n=48) based on whether the maximum diameter of the tumor was >0.5 cm. Analysis was conducted on their pathological results and prognosis. Results: Among the MTC, MTMC accounted for 26.4% (61/231) with 26 males and 35 females aged M［Q1，Q3］51.0 (41.0, 59.0) years. Among the MTMC patients, 57.4% (35/61) were in stage Ⅰ, 16.4% (10/61) were in stage Ⅲ, and 26.2% (16/61) were in stage Ⅳ. For MTMC with a maximum diameter of≤0.5 cm and a maximum diameter of >0.5-≤1.0 cm, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of gender, age, mixed cancer, invasion of glandular lobes, multifocal, central lymph node metastasis, lateral neck lymph node metastasis rate and other pathological characteristics(both P>0.05). In terms of prognosis, the recurrence free survival time of MTMC patients was 83.1 (68.0, 97.0) months. Among them, structural tumor recurrence occurred in 5 patients (8.2%) after surgery, and 1 patient (1.6%) died. The expected 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 93.4% and 89.0%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in recurrence free survival time among MTMC patients, MTC patients with a maximum diameter of >1.0-≤2.0 cm, and MTC patients with a maximum diameter of >2.0 cm (all P>0.05). Conclusion: MTMC has strong invasiveness, and although the prognosis of most MTMCs is relatively good, the risk of long-term recurrence and death is still high.

Places to be young: The dispossession of public space in Old Havana

The touristification of Old Havana is resulting in unique patterns of gentrification that rely on a new spatial imaginary, the enforcement of which is resulting in the loss of places for residents to be young. The Cuban state’s preservation of significant proportions of social housing as part of its investments in the heritage tourism industry is disrupting common housing-led displacement in the city. The neighbourhood’s economic transition is concentrated instead in public spaces, as squares and streets are taken over by new tourist-serving businesses. This process of enclosure dispossesses locals of both public and private leisure spaces, as the cost of consumption in said businesses is beyond the purchasing power afforded by Cuban salaries. The dispossession of public space is particularly problematic for local youth who, given the persistence and pervasiveness of Havana’s housing crisis, spend the majority of their free time in streets and squares. This displacement of youth reinforces existing patterns of exclusion and discrimination along lines of race, class and gender. Given the particular value of public space for youth development in communities like Old Havana, this article documents the three main processes through which young people are being displaced from or dispossessed of urban public space in their neighbourhood, enclosure, sanitisation and temporary appropriation, and discusses the impacts on young peoples’ place-related identity.

Parents’ View of Child-Friendly Cities Initiative: The Case of Mersin

This study is about the Child-Friendly Cities Initiative, which was carried out in 2014 and 2015 in Türkiye. A child-friendly city is a concept that responds to the needs of children, who represent the future of cities, to develop healthily, to feel happy and free, and to develop physically, mentally, and socially in the city they live in. Child-Friendly Cities Initiative started in 10 municipalities in 2014, to intervene in the difficulties faced by disadvantaged children and adolescents in urban areas in Türkiye. In this study, the situation in Mersin, which was within the scope of the project in 2014-2015, is discussed from the parent's perspective. Six parents living in Mersin are included in the scope of the research. Parents' awareness and satisfaction levels, together with their expectations, regarding the child-friendly city project carried out in the city are measured through in-depth interviews. Five main objectives of the Child-Friendly Cities Initiative are determined as a framework for preparing the interview questions. These goals are (1) the right of children to enjoy basic facilities such as health, education, and nutrition, (2) the right to be heard, (3) the right to be valued, respected, and treated fairly, (4) the right to be safe, and (5) the right to spend quality time with family, have free time and play games. The data is analyzed using descriptive analysis. The findings showed that most of the parents were not aware of the child-friendly city project carried out in partnership with the municipality and UNICEF in Mersin, but they could still define Mersin as a “child-friendly city”. Parents' expectations from similar projects in the future focus on health, education, nutrition, and security components. Keywords: child-friendly cities initiative, children's rights, Mersin, Türkiye

Familial risk for depression is associated with reduced physical activity in young adults: evidence from a wrist-worn actigraphy study

Depression is characterized by reduced physical activity and sleep-wake cycle disturbances, often considered important features of the disease. While a few studies have suggested that self-reported reduced physical activity and sleep-wake cycle disturbances might both be linked to depression vulnerability, actigraphy-based measures in vulnerable samples remain largely unexplored. This study relied on actigraphy-based parameters to test whether these disturbances characterize depression vulnerability. Seven-day actigraphy data were collected from 20 (13 female) university students with a high vulnerability to depression, which was determined by the presence of a family history of the condition but no current symptoms, and 32 (21 female) controls with neither a family history of depression nor current depressive symptoms. Daily physical activity, namely gross motor activity, was quantified as average daily acceleration and time spent engaging in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms were assessed as total sleep duration per night (in hours), sleep within sleep period time (in hours), sleep efficiency (%), and relative amplitude (i.e., the difference between the activity during the day and the night, which reflects circadian rhythms amplitude). Results showed that individuals with a familial risk for depression exhibited reduced daily acceleration and time spent in MVPA relative to the control group, particularly on the weekend during their free time away from scheduled activities. On the other hand, the two groups were comparable in terms of sleep estimates. Taken together, reduced physical activity, but not sleep-wake disturbances, seem to be associated with vulnerability to depression and might be a viable target for identification and prevention efforts.

Differences in mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles

Aim: To examine parental experiences and investigate dif-ferences between mothers’ and fathers’ parenting practices.Methods: We used a qualitative methodology in this study. We conducted semi-structured interviews with both moth-ers and fathers from fifteen families between April and May 2021 in the Makarska Riviera region in southern Croatia. All interviews were conducted face-to-face, mostly in cafés and participants’ homes; they lasted 15 minutes on average.Results: Most fathers were stricter and had more authority over their children, while mothers were more permissive. Although both parents were involved in raising their chil-dren, the mothers had a slightly higher level of participa-tion. The parents used their free time to interact with their children. They set boundaries and expected their children to respect them, but also provided affection, warmth, and security. They addressed all parenting dilemmas by mutual agreement. Compared to their own parents, they used a soft-er approach with their children and preferred the authori-tative parenting style.Conclusions: It appears that parental practices have changed over time – the older, rigid, authoritarian parenting style has been supplanted by authoritative parenting. Nowadays, fathers are becoming increasingly involved in the family sphere and child-rearing, indicating a shift toward modern, equal parenting.

Effects of slackline training during active breaks and free-time activities break at school on children's attention: a comparison of two-intervention methods

Purpose: To describe the effects of two interventions, regular Physical Education classes plus free active break times and school Physical Education plus Slackline classes during free time, on the attention of schoolchildren. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a quantitative approach. Two groups participated in the interventions: body balance training (Slackline group) (n: 10; age: 7,8±1,93) and free-time activities break (FTA group) (n: 10; age: 7,8±1,22). Attention was assessed using the D-2 test. Repeated measures ANOVA was used. The magnitude of the effect size was estimated by the partial squared eta - η2p. Results: When we analyzed the interactions between time*group, it was not possible to find significant changes attributed to the specificities of the one intervention group, with most results having a medium effect size (η2p≥ 0.06 ≤ 0.25). The results of the paired analysis confirmed that both groups improved the results over time, but the slackline group showed changes with a slightly greater magnitude. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that in free time, both free physical activities and body balance training are effective for children's attention. However, pairwise analysis revealed that both groups demonstrated improvements over time, with the slackline group showing slightly greater changes in magnitude. Key words: Postural Balance, Physical Education and Training, Exercise, Psychomotor Performance, Cognition

ГОРОДСКИЕ СООБЩЕСТВА В 1920-е гг. (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СЛОБОД И ПРИГОРОДОВ г. КРАСНОЯРСКА ЕНИСЕЙСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ)

The paper attempts to reconstruct certain aspects of the daily life of residents of urban communities - residents of slobodas and suburbs of Krasnoyarsk in the 1920s – as an insufficiently studied phenomenon of local history. The relevance of the topic is determined by the possibility of identifying the social consequences of compact living of groups with similar sociocultural and status characteristics. In the context of intensified migration processes in modern urban landscapes, places of autonomous residence of such groups are often formed, creating an increased riskiness, which actualizes the need to address the topic, including in the context of historical experience. In the paper, the main research perspective is focused on the analysis of archival sources identified by the author - minutes of meetings of local history circles organized at the State Museum of the Prienisei Region and the Pedagogical Museum of Krasnoyarsk - and the representation of inhabitants of slobodas and suburbs in regional media of the 1920s. Based on a study of the characteristics of the sociocultural appearance of the residents of these territories, interaction with other actors in the urban space, reconstruction of the conditions of everyday life and ways of spending free time, the process of compiling a social characteristic is initiated, the reasons for giving the inhabitants of slobodas and suburbs of Krasnoyarsk similar status characteristics and possible reasons for socio-spatial segregation in the discourse of local society are identified. The results of the study makes it possible to conclude that in the local conditions of a provincial Siberian city in the 1920s the peculiarities of everyday life and work, and the leisure preferences of residents of slobodas and suburbs became one of the reasons for the appearance of “invisible borders” within the urban space. Prospects for further research are related to the possibility of drawing up a holistic picture of the daily life of urban residents of provincial territories in the first years after the restoration of Soviet power and identifying the reasons.

B-cells depletion after treatment with rituximab predicts relapse of IgG4-related disease.

B cell depletion therapy with rituximab is effective in most patients with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) but requires repeated cycles to prevent disease flares. We here aimed to assess B cells after rituximab to predict relapse of IgG4-RD and guide retreatment. Patients with active IgG4-RD included in this retrospective study fulfilled the ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria. Total CD19+ B cells, plasmablasts, naïve and memory B cells were measured on peripheral blood by flow-cytometry at baseline and six months after rituximab. All patients were treated with two 1 g infusions of rituximab 15 days apart and monitored for 48 months. Disease response was assessed using the IgG4-RD Responder Index. Thirty-three patients were included. Six months after rituximab, disease response was observed in all patients. Complete depletion of CD19+ B cells, plasmablasts, naïve and memory B cell depletion was achieved in 30%, 55%, 39%, and 42% of cases, respectively. Twenty-three relapses (70%) were observed at a median time of 24 months after rituximab. Relapse rate was significantly higher in patients who failed to achieve complete depletion of CD19+ cells (60% vs 17%, p= 0.02), naïve B cells (54% vs 15%, p= 0.01), or memory B cells (50% vs 16%, p= 0.03) six months after rituximab. The median relapse free survival time was shorter in patients who failed to achieve complete depletion of CD19+ cells (19 vs 38 months, p= 0.02), naïve B cells (16 vs 38 months, p= 0.01), or memory B cells (19 vs 38 months, p= 0.03) six months after rituximab. The degree of B cell depletion six months after rituximab may predict disease flare and may instruct on the pacing of B cell depletion therapy in IgG4-RD.

A Comprehensive Review of Literature on OTT Platforms

OTT Platforms has been in demand ever since the pandemic hit the world. During and after pandemic the demand for OTT Platforms is increasing by bits and leaps. The existence of OTT Platforms before pandemic was there but was confined to certain countries and viewers. Due to spare time during lockdown in pandemic, people had explored the different aspects of OTT Platforms. Many viewers of cinema had begun adopting OTT Platforms as their entertainment tool. The content that OTT Platforms provide, is different from that of traditional tools of entertainment. The current paper talks about the findings of various research work (literature) that has been done in the field of OTT Platforms so far and how OTT Platforms have evolved from time to time. Even, few of research papers were only limited to certain country’s aspect whereas, regional aspect in OTT Platforms is less touched upon. This paper focuses on identifying those dimensions of OTT Platforms which have not taken for research or less literature is available for the same. However, the journey of OTT Platforms research has just begun, and it will take new tricks and turns in coming few years as the cinemas are greatly affected by these platforms.

How culture shapes Chinese teacher’s compassionate love

ABSTRACT Background Love could play a role in motivating teachers to help students and is closely related to students’ achievement and prosocial behaviour. Though influenced by culture, teachers’ love is not adequately studied. Purpose This study explores how Chinese teachers’ compassionate love is expressed and how situational factors such as Chinese culture and history influence or motivate teachers to perceive and express compassionate love for students. Method This study adopted a qualitative approach of narrative study by describing and investigating the experience of a Chinese middle school teacher and two middle school students and their parents during COVID-19 pandemic. Findings Chinese teacher’s compassionate love demonstrates some universal features in terms of emotional response, cognitive understanding and behaviour. Furthermore some Chinese culture-related features are also found: Chinese teachers behave in a caring and supporting way at the cost of sacrificing their own free time and comfort; an enduring long-term teacher-student relationship is valued; the Chinese culture encourages, sustains and motivates Chinese teacher’s compassionate love. Discussion Teacher’s compassionate love is a multi-dimensional concept entailing some universal traits in cognition, emotion and behaviour. The perception and enactment of teacher’s love is subject to situational factors. Some measures for compassionate love could be built into teacher’s education programme.

ARCHIGENIUS - VR MAZE SOLVING USING A* ALGORIHTM

Game is one of the entertainment media that is rapidly growing. On this day, playing games is one way to spare time for refreshing. One of the popular games this year is an action game such as First-Person Shooter (FPS). Besides, the FPS game genre has developed rapidly to make it more interesting for the player. Non-player Character (NPC) has an essential function in artificially and automatically to make a game more immersive and consisting of various kinds. Also, from observation, adding challenges when playing, namely enemy characters, can make a player more enjoyable. Besides, one of modern technology to develop innovations for supporting a game is called virtual reality. So, in this research, the FPS game is built by adding NPC elements with virtual reality technology. Also, the gameplay in this game is a survival maze. Based on the evaluation, this game application can display objects in a virtual reality smoothly, and all feature in this game can display and run effectively. Besides, the respondents also give good feedback for user testing which has average score 4.66 from several users. So, the conclusion from this research is this game can make the FPS game more interesting for users by adding NPC, 3D element, and virtual reality. Keywords - First-person Game, Virtual Reality, Survival Maze, Non-Player Character, virtual maze environment.

Impact of the Double-Reduction Policy on Middle School Students Study

This study explores the impact of the Double-Reduction Policy on middle school students' study habits, academic performance, and overall wellbeing. The policy aims to reduce academic stress by decreasing homework load and classroom hours. Through this research, we examine the diverse effects that this policy has on students' perceptions and experiences. The majority of students see the policy favourably; they report lower levels of stress, better sleep habits, and more free time for extracurricular activities. However, concerns about a perceived lack of readiness for future academic activities as well as a decreased academic challenge and falling enthusiasm are voiced, especially among high achievers. With an emphasis on the function of observational learning, self-efficacy beliefs, modeling actions, and the dynamic interaction of personal and environmental elements, social cognitive theory provides a theoretical framework to comprehend the observed behaviors and results. This research highlights the necessity for balanced policies that promote well-being while retaining academic rigor as well as the need of taking into account individual variances in students' reactions to policy changes. These findings hold significant implications for teachers and policymakers. It highlights the need of educational policy that takes into account the varied life experiences of students in order to improve their health and success in school. More study is required to figure out how these policies will play out in the long run and what elements will have the most impact on individual outlooks and experiences.

Chinese Immigrant Caregivers: Understanding Their Unmet Needs and the Co-Design of an mHealth App.

Immigrant caregivers support the aging population, yet their own needs are often neglected. Mobile technology-facilitated interventions can promote caregiver health by providing easy access to self-care materials. This study employed a design thinking framework to examine Chinese immigrant caregivers' (CICs) unmet self-care needs and co-design an app for promoting self-care with CICs. Nineteen semi-structured interviews were conducted in conceptual design and prototype co-design phases. Participants reported unmet self-care needs influenced by psychological and social barriers, immigrant status, and caregiving tasks. They expressed the need to learn to keep healthy boundaries with the care recipient and respond to emergencies. Gaining knowledge was the main benefit that drew CICs' interest in using the self-care app. However, potential barriers to use included issues of curriculum design, technology anxiety, limited free time, and caregiving burdens. The co-design process appears to be beneficial in having participants voice both barriers and preferences.

Pemanfaatan Waktu Belajar Siswa Di Luar Jam Sekolah Melalui Kegiatan Ekstrakulikuler Keagamaan

This research is based on the relatively short study time of students. Therefore, to optimize or utilize spare time, activities are needed that can develop students' personalities in terms of morality, worship, and achievement. One of the informal institutions based on Islamic boarding school that has utilized spare time is the Paqusatta Islamic boarding school, located in the North Sangatta district, Kutai Timur regency. The adapted research method we used is a qualitative field method involving data collection, observation, and interviews. The utilization of students' study time outside of school hours through Islamic boarding school activities has significant objectives in education, especially in shaping character with morality and achievement. Therefore, this research aims to explore ways to utilize students' study time outside of school hours through Islamic boarding school activities to shape students' moral and high-achieving characters. This research uses a qualitative approach to collect data, relationships, cause and effect, and factors influencing the utilization of spare time in students. The aim is to determine the methods used by teachers in utilizing students' spare time, exemplified through religious activities and the implementation of extracurricular programs in Islamic boarding school, aiming to enhance the utilization of spare time in shaping moral and high-achieving characters in students.

Marx on Leisure: An Aristotelian Interpretation

Abstract Despite his influence on those interested by leisure, Marx's own conception of leisure is rarely discussed. Insofar as it is, he is generally either thought to see leisure as free time or as indistinct from necessary labour in communist society. In this article, I suggest that by reading Capital and the Grundrisse through an Aristotelian lens, we can find a third potential conception of leisure in Marx, which shares three features in common with Aristotle's. Leisure is distinct from free time simpliciter, it is a “state-condition” people are in when they perform ends in themselves, and it is constitutive of the final end. I conclude that adopting a conception of leisure grounded in this Marxian conception could have implications for contemporary debates around free time and the value of leisure goods like arts and culture.

Early pandemic recreational fishing patterns across the urban-to-rural gradient in the U.S.

In 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted individual and social behaviors and norms, including outdoor activities. A recreational angling survey of 18,000 licensed anglers from 10 states (AR, CT, FL, IA, MO, NC, SC, TX, UT, WY) was conducted in summer 2020 to characterize recreational fishing trends during the first few months of the pandemic. The study presented here builds off this survey by combining the survey data with county-level human population density and spring 2020 per capita COVID-19 cases to understand how anglers responded to the pandemic along the urban-to-rural continuum. Specifically, we wanted to know if population density or COVID-19 cases per capita influenced angler-reported 1) changes in license sales, 2) number of fishing trips, and 3) motivation for fishing. Overall results suggest that per capita COVID-19 cases were more influential in driving angler behavior than population density in the early pandemic (01 March 2020–31 May 2020). At the onset of the pandemic, high COVID-19 case counts were associated with an uptick in recreational angling activity. In counties with greater COVID-19 case counts, there was greater angler recruitment (i.e., attraction of new individuals to recreational fishing) and earlier license purchases. Anglers aged ≥40 years and earning ≥$50,000 living in areas of greater per capita COVID-19 cases also went on more fishing trips than they typically would. Angler motivations varied across gradients of population density and per capita COVID-19 cases: anglers living in areas of higher population densities were more likely to report fishing for stress relief, sport, and competition among friends, and anglers living in areas of higher per capita COVID-19 cases were more likely to report fishing for sport and because they had free time and less likely to report fishing for food. Management efforts can focus on retaining and reactivating pandemic anglers.

Effects of teleworking on wellbeing from a gender perspective: a systematic review

Telework has been seen as a crucial tool for enhancing work-home balance, and potentially boosting employee wellbeing. However, contradictory findings highlight the necessity of integrating a gender perspective. This study aims to find out the psychosocial effects of teleworking on wellbeing from a gender perspective through a systematic review since 2010 till 2022. We used PRISMA, SPICE and PICOS models to finally select 37 studies, considering both quantitative and qualitative design perspectives. More than half of the reviewed articles (22) found that telework has negative effects on work-family interaction and work-family balance; and, as expected, these negative effects were greater for women, such as increasing dissatisfaction with work, life and free time. Studies reviewed show that women teleworkers report increased work-family conflict and traditional gender roles relating to household and family care responsibilities. We have found also that 10 studies observed positive effects of telework for both men and women, whilst five papers report both positive and negative effects on wellbeing. Lastly, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of teleworking from a gender perspective considering the results we have found.

Burnout and Satisfaction with Work-Life Balance among General Practitioners in Bulgaria during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The objective of the present study is to analyze the link between the degree of professional burnout among general practitioners in Bulgaria during a pandemic and their satisfaction with the balance between their personal lives and professional lives. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic from December 2021 to January 2022 among 377 general practitioners. We identified the presence and level of burnout syndrome among GPs using V. Boyko's method for diagnostics of the severity of symptoms and the phases of formation and completion of the 'occupational burnout' process. Descriptive statistics and parametric and non-parametric tests were used for the analysis. For the significance level of the null hypothesis, we assumed that p < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval. A total of 96.3% of the GPs had a high level of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. They worked more than 8 h a day (74.8%) and more than 5 days a week (69.0%). A total of 86.3% of them were not satisfied with the spare time they had and stated that they could not balance their work and personal lives (67.1%) since the pandemic was announced. A link was found between the level of professional burnout and long working hours (p = 0.022), dissatisfaction with free time (p = 0.028), and the inability to balance work and personal life (p = 0.000), as well as concerns related to safety during the pandemic (p = 0.048). Unrealistically high levels of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic due to a disturbed work-life balance is a reason to re-evaluate health policies and involve more hospital care doctors at the frontlines to fight against severe infectious diseases. The results of this study could be used to inform policy makers, healthcare managers, and other stakeholders about the factors that have had profound impacts on GPs' stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic.

What makes an efficacious teacher? The role of basic psychological needs and recovery from stressors in relation to teachers' self-efficacy and performance.

Studies suggest that teachers' ability to perform their work tasks well is one of the most important antecedents of the achievements of students. This project was focused on verifying an underresearched relation among basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, the way the teachers use their time to recover from work stressors, with their performance and self-efficacy. The participants were 503 teachers from a representative sample of schools in Poland. In the study performance (Individual Work Performance Questionnaire), self-efficacy (Norwegian Teachers Self-Efficacy Scale), basic psychological needs (Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale), and recovery processes (Recovery Experience Questionnaire) were measured. As expected, the results showed that there is a strong relation between basic psychological needs and teachers' individual performance and self-efficacy. However, this relation is partially mediated by some recovery processes, mostly control and detachment. The results prove that, to some extent, the relation between basic psychological needs satisfaction and teachers' performance and self-efficacy could be explained by the stress recovery processes undertaken by teachers in their free time. This study focused on explaining these relations and suggesting ideas for further studies in this domain.

The Utilization of Sociometric Tests in Identifying School Integration Challenges Among Students with Immigrant Parents.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how sociometric relationships are configured within the primary and secondary school group that have immigrant parents. The analysis of the specialized literature was carried out based on clear selection criteria, both chronologically and of the variables. Statistical analyses, including correlations and frequency calculations, were conducted for the research variables. The study also clarifies certain procedural aspects in the application of sociometric tests. Our study included four school groups, two with 4th-grade students and two with pre-adolescent high school students. Parental emigration is a phenomenon that can have significant negative effects on the school integration of children who are left behind. They may experience emotional stress and anxiety that can affect their school performance. Some may also face financial difficulties, resulting in material shortages necessary to participate in school activities. The overload of tasks and household responsibilities can lead to their stigmatization in school groups. Our study examined three dimensions of school integration: partnership in work activities, participation in leisure time activities, and leadership within the group. The results of the research indicate a poor sociometric positioning for the children of emigrants, who are often rejected by the group for work activities, ignored in terms of spending free time, and overlooked for leadership roles within the group. Even if there are situations where some of them gain followers, they are also among the students rejected by the group. Most of them are ignored or rejected by the more socially prominent students in the class,