Spanish Varieties Research Articles

Palladium/sepiolite systems as hydrogenation catalysts, III. Hydrogenation of variously substituted olefins

The application of a Spanish sepiolite variety known as “Pansil” (commercialized by Tolsa S.A.): as a Pd support in the reduction of variously substituted carbon-carbon double bonds, both with gaseous hydrogen and by hydrogen transfer with cyclohexene as donor is described.

Meiotic Behaviour and Fertility of three Cultivars of Barley (Hordeum VulgareL.) and Their Mutants Induced by Irradiation

SUMMARYCytological and fertility studies show that the mutagenic treatment has not affected in a significant way the meiotic behaviour nor the chromosome structure or the fertility of the mutants. The Spanish variety «Albacete», the more extensivelly cultivated in Spanish dry areas, is homozygous for a reciprocal chromosome interchange. The coorientation of the quadrivalent in the hybrids of «Albacete» is, mainly, of the adjacent type, and the average fertility of the structural hybrids was 54%.

A comparison of rhizosphere microflora in two varietal forms of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary A comparison of the rhizosphere microflora of seven groundnut varieties [Virginia (var. hypogaea): 3; Spanish (var. vulgaris): 4], grown under field conditions, was made at different stages of crop growth. Virginia varieties, in general, harboured higher numbers of bacteria (including Azotobacter), compared to Spanish forms. Gram-negative and non-spore forming bacteria were predominant in the rhizosphere of all varieties. Bacterial populations were positively correlated with vegetative traits: leaf, root, and plant weights and also nodule number. A. chroococcum populations were higher in Virginia varieties, viz., Punjab 1, Kobut 33-1, and Spanish variety GG 2. Actinomycete and fungal populations were not correlated with varietal forms. The fungal flora was found to be higher at the maturity stage and species of Aspergillus were prevalent.

Size and shape of cock hackles derived from three varieties of Spanish chickens related to dry‐fly construction

Abstract 1. Length, width and width:length ratio of feathers were measured in two bands of the necks of 109 cocks to estimate repeata‐bilities and correlations between traits. Three Spanish varieties were studied. 2. The normality of the distributions was adequate based on the Shapiro‐Wilk W‐test. The variances of the length:width ratios were not homogeneous but the inverse ratio (width:length) was acceptable. 3. For the width.‐length mean ratio of the two bands, the order of merit for the varieties was Cistierna>Riano>Plateada Vasca. 4. The repeatability estimates ranged from 043 to 0–54, which indicated a moderate degree of variance among animals and between bands of feathers relative to the variation within animals. 5. Correlation coefficients showed a positive relationship between length and width (r=0–45 to 0–72), a negative correlation between length and width:length ratio (r= —0–48 to —0–65) and no association between width and width:length ratio.

Notions of Grammaticality among Teachers of Bilingual Pupils

Teachers attending summer institutes were asked to react to different varieties of English and Spanish. The teachers participating in the ESL and Applied Sociolinguistics Institutes evaluated four varieties of English: (a) standard American English, (b) Hispanicized English, (c) ungrammatical English, and (d) English/Spanish code alternation. The teachers participating in the Bilingual Institute judged four varieties of Spanish: (a) standard Mexican Spanish, (b) local Spanish, (c) ungrammatical Spanish, and (d) English/Spanish code alternation. All three groups of teachers rated each variety in terms of its appropriateness for the classroom, degree of correctness, and the speaker's academic potential. The teachers ranked the English and Spanish varieties on a standard continuum. Teachers from the Bilingual Institute differentiated among the four Spanish varieties, while teachers in the ESL and Applied Sociolinguistics Institutes did not judge code switching less favorably than ungrammatical English. Some of the notions that teachers held about Spanish varieties were influenced by Spanish proficiency, ethnicity, and birthplace. Knowledge about language use in bilingual contexts did influence the teachers' level of tolerance toward marked English varieties, suggesting that some attitudes toward nonstandard speech styles are influenced by cognitive and motivational considerations.

EFFECT OF PARBOILING AND FREEZING ON QUALITY OF THREE SPANISH RICE VARIETIES

The effects of parboiling and of freezing at −18, −40°C or in liquid nitrogen on quality of cooked rice was studied for three Spanish varieties, Bahia, Sequial and Italpatna, using instrumental and sensory measurements. Parboiling prior to cooking and then freezing reduced rice quality. Freshly cooked samples differed from frozen cooked samples for firmness as measured instrumentally but not for any of the sensory parameters. Principal component analysis did not separate samples on the basis of their varietal quality.

Effects of soil moisture stress on the growth and yield of Spanish variety peanut

Greenhouse grown Spanish variety peanut was subjected to soil moisture stress during the early flowering and pod formation growth stages. Vegetative growth was not significantly reduced by the moisture stress. Primary root length and the number of pods produced were significantly reduced. However, there was no difference between the two stress treatments.

Título en español

Un estudio sobre la duración en almacen del jugo enlatado de dos variedades de piña (Española Roja y PR-167) se llevó a cabo por un periodo de 11 meses, evaluándolos mensualmente. Los datos no arrojaron diferencias significativas entre las características químicas de las dos variedades, con excepción del porcentaje de ácidos totales, que en la PR- 167 fue casi un 0.17% más alto. La apreciación de la fruta en fresco de la PR-167 fue significativamente más alta que la de la variedad Española Roja. La actividad de la bromelina arrojó una escala de 3,522 a 685 unidades de leche coagulada por gramo de jugo en la piña verde y madura, respectivamente, de la PR-167 y de 2,203 a 805 en el jugo de la piña verde y madura, respectivamente, en la Española Roja. Estos valores son comparables con los informados para la variedad Cayena Lisa, que varía de 2,000 a 800 unidades. En la evaluación sensorial de los jugos enlatados de ambas variedades se observó que únicamente el jugo puro de la variedad PR-167 se juzgó inferior. No obstante, al comparar diferentes proporciones de este jugo con el de la variedad Española Roja su apreciación mejoró considerablemente.

Effect of canning and storage on carotenoids (vitamin A activity) and vitamin C in Spanish and Turkish oranges

AbstractCanning caused a small reduction in the vitamin C content of orange purée of both Spanish and Turkish varieties; subsequent storage for 24 months at 10°C caused complete loss of vitamin C. Carotenoids, however, were retained to a limited extent after storage and similar amounts were present at both room temperature and at 10°C. Most of the vitamin C in the flavedo was retained after 24 months' storage at ‐ 20°C but there was a considerable fall when the frozen material was thawed and stored at room temperature for 4 days. Thirteen carotenoids were present in both varieties of purée, with three additional ones in the Spanish variety and one additional one in the Turkish variety. Despite the heating in acid conditions involved in the canning process, only two of the pigments, violaxanthin and flavoxanthin, isomerised from the all‐trans to cis‐trans isomers.

Distribution of Lectins in the Jumbo Virginia and Spanish Varieties of the Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L

Peanut lectin was purified from seed meal of the Spanish and Jumbo Virginia varieties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by affinity chromatography on lactose coupled to Sepharose 4B. Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing resolved the lectin preparation from Jumbo Virginia seeds into seven isolectins (pI 5.7, 5.9, 6.0, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, and 6.7). Seed meal from the Spanish variety contained six isolectins which were indistinguishable from the pI 5.7, 5.9, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, and 6.7 isolectins from Jumbo Virginia. Quantitative, lactose-specific hemagglutination was used to examine the lectins in tissues of both peanut varieties. In young (3- to 9-day-old) seedlings of each variety, more than 90% of the total amount of lectins detected in the plants was in the cotyledons. Most of the remainder was in hypocotyls, stems, and leaves; young roots contained no more than 4 micrograms of lectin per plant. Lectins were present in all nonroot tissues of 21- to 30-day-old seedlings, except 27-day-old Spanish hypocotyls. As cotyledons of each variety senesced, several of the more basic isolectins decreased to undetectable levels, but the acidic isolectins remained until at least 15 days after planting. Some of the seed isolectins and several apparently new lactose-binding lectins were also identified in affinity-purified extracts of 5-day-old roots and hypocotyls. Rabbit antibodies raised against the Jumbo Virginia seed isolectin preparation reacted with seed, cotyledon, and hypocotyl lectin preparations from both varieties. Analysis of seed lectin preparations from seven varieties of A. hypogaea and of a related species (A. villosulicarpa) indicated that isolectin composition in Arachis may be a characteristic of both the species and the subspecies (botanical type) to which the variety belongs.

Título en español.

Se investigó el efecto de la época de siembra sobre el rendimiento de ocho variedades de arroz de grano corto sembradas en regadío cada 3 meses. El estudio, realizado en Gurabo, se prolongó por un año. Las seis variedades españolas arrojaron rendimientos medios similares durante el año. Las variedades Girona, Bahía y Amposta superaron en rendimiento a Caloro y Colusa, ambas de California. En las siembras de septiembre y diciembre no hubo diferencia significativa en rendimiento de las distintas variedades. En las siembras de marzo, las variedades Amposta, Dosel y Girona fueron las que produjeron más. En las de junio, Amposta, Balilla, Bahía, Girona y Nano Sollana fueron las que más produjeron. Las siembras de diciembre y marzo produjeron casi igual: 5,533 kg./ha. (4,940 libras por cuerda) de arroz en cáscara, en promedio. Los rendimientos más bajos se obtuvieron en la siembra de septiembre con un promedio de 4,581 kg./ha. (4,090 libras por cuerda) de arroz en cáscara y los más altos en la siembra de junio con un promedio de 7,045 kg./ha. (6,290 libras por cuerda). El rendimiento medio por cosecha para todas las variedades y épocas del año fue de 5,678 kg./ha. (5,070 libras por cuerda). Una siembra comercial de 26 ha. (65 cuerdas) de la variedad Girona en Vega Baja produjo 5,712 kg./ha. (5,100 libras por cuerda) de arroz en cáscara. Este demostró tener muy buenas propiedades molineras y apariencia atractiva. La siembra de junio produjo una cosecha solo 81 días después de sembrada, mientras que la de diciembre tardó 117 días. El promedio para todas las variedades y épocas del año fue 98 días. Las variedades españolas tardan entre 5 y 6 meses en producir una cosecha en España. Estos datos señalan que es factible lograr tres cosechas de arroz al año en Puerto Rico donde haya riego disponible. En siembras comerciales en Vega Baja se cosecharon tres siembras de la variedad Girona en menos de 12 meses.

Factors Affecting Peanut Peg Attachement Force

Abstract The peg attachement force (p.a.f.) of peanuts was measured using an unbonded strain gage transducer. Dimensions, weight and moisture content (m.c.) of the peanuts and their component parts were also measured. Results showed that p.a.f. is extremely variable, the coefficient of variation ranging from 20 to 40 percent in individual tests. Spanish varieties had the highest p.a.f. and Runners the lowest. Dividing p.a.f. by the pod projected surface area showed that varieties with highest p.a.f./projected surface area maintained lowest field losses. P.a.f. increases with increasing m.c. and decreases with increasing maturity. Use of Kylar (succinic acid 2, 2 dimethyl hydrazide) growth regulator did not have significant effect on p.a.f. or on peg diameter.

Field Comparison of Peanut Varieties Resistant to the Lesser Cornstalk Borer12

Spreading Virginia peanut varieties ( Arachis hypogaea L.) require insecticidal sprays to be applied to all plant portions touching the soil surface to protect them from attack by Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller). Percent yield reductions were less for resistant varieties, particularly the Virginia peanuts, although these supported relatively high populations of the insect (tolerance). Varietal differences, especially between the Spanish and Virginia varieties in this test, should be considered in developing economic thresholds. Resistant Virginia varieties also significently reduced the size of collected larvae (antibiosis). E. lignosellus collected from spreading Virginia peanuts were parasitized at a higher rate than those from Spanish varieties. Consequently, the intermediate levels of resistance demonstrated may be more significant in view of increased activity of parasitoids.

Inheritance of Branching Pattern in Arachis hypogaea L.1

Abstract The genetics of the branching pattern on the cotyledonary laterals of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was studied through scoring F1 and F2 generation progenies from crosses among four lines of Virginia, Valencia, and Spanish types. With one exception, these lines traced directly to gene centers in South America. When results were expressed as the ratio of reproductive branches to total branches (R/R+V), the F2 from crosses of Virginia × Valencia gave a continuous distribution with the median near that of a Spanish type. Spanish × Virginia crosses gave a continuous distribution in the F2 with the median equivalent to the Virginia parent. These results suggested that Spanish varieties may have originated from hybridization of Virginia and Valencia types. The presence, or absence, of inflorescences in the mainstem leaf axils of F2 plants was scored for one cross. The results suggested the presence of two sets of duplicate loci with epistasis among the alleles.

Sources of variation in the resistance of subterranean clover to clover scorch (Kabatiella caulivora) in the field

The resistance of 307 varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) to the clover scorch disease pathogen was assessed in three locations in south west Australia. Disease intensity as measured by visual ratings of sward damage was found to vary with variety and location. Resistance was independent of subspecies groupings but dependent on country of origin. Spanish and Portugese varieties were generally less susceptible than North African selections. Disease severity was also related to plant characters by correlation and multiple regression analysis. Late maturing varieties were most resistant under the test conditions and rapidly growing earlier varieties, with large pale leaves and thick petioles, were least resistant.

A Brief Sampling of West Texas Teacher Attitudes toward Southwest Spanish and English Language Varieties

A Brief Sampling of West Texas Teacher Attitudes toward Southwest Spanish and English Language Varieties

Influence of Peanut Seed Quality and Variety on Susceptibility to Herbicides1

AbstractGreenhouse and field studies were conducted using various procedures to reduce seed quality in order to determine if peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed quality influenced the susceptibility of young peanut seedlings to herbicide injury. Plants from small seeds were more susceptible to injury from herbicides than from larger seeds. Plants that developed from seeds without a seedcoat, or from one‐half a seed with and without a seedcoat, were also more susceptible to herbicide injury than plants from visibly sound seed. Whenever there was mechanical abuse of the germ end or the side of the seed, the plants showed greater susceptibility to herbicide injury. The Dixie Spanish variety was slightly more susceptible to herbicide injury than five other varieties.

Peanut-pod mycoflora and kernel infection

The mycoflora in soil clinging to dry pods of peanuts of the Spanish variety Argentine was sampled in 2 experiments by serially washing pods for increasing periods in changes of sterile water. Of the 9 principal fungi found,Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, Rhizopus spp. andSclerotium bataticola were present initially in relatively small numbers and decreased rapidly in subsequent dilutions. This decrease paralleled a decrease in weight of suspended material and in percentage of soil and organic particles greater than 0.016 mm in size.Penicillium funiculosum, P. rubrum, P. citrinum, andFusarium spp. were found in large numbers and increased or slowly decreased in numbers in subsequent dilutions. In some instances variations in numbers followed trends of percentages of soil and organic particles less than 0.016 mm in size.

Observations on the Biology of the Southern Corn Rootworm and Insecticidal Tests for Its Control on Peanuts in Georgia1

Pieplant granular insecticidal treatments were not so effective as pegging treatments for control of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. Most effective pieplant materials were aldrin, phorate, and Telodrin® (1,3,4,5,6,7, 8,8-octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7,-methanoisobenzofuran). The following pegging treatments, applied in a 14-in band over the row in 1962, resulted in significantly higher yields: granular parathion, American Cyanamid 43064 (2- (diethoxyphosphinothioylimino) -1, dithiolane), Zinophos ( O,O -diethyl O -2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate), Bayer 25141 ( O,O -diethyl O-p- (methylsulfinyl) phenyl phosphorothioate), diazinon, and General Chemical compound 4072 (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate). Diazinon and compound 4072 applied at the prebloom stage in 1963 produced significant yield increases. Bayer 25141, diazinon, Zinophos, compound 4072, AC 43064, parathion, and fenthion gave significant yield increases when applied as row band treatments. Statistically they were all equal in effectiveness when applied at the rate of 2 lb/acre. Sprays applied to the soil were not so effective as the granular formulations. In 1962 and 1963 insecticidal dusts applied on 10- or 15-day schedules were not effective for rootworm control. Peg and pod damage counts made during the 1962 growing season indicated that compound 4072, diazinon, parathion, Zinophos, and Bayer 25141 were the most elfective materials tested. Bioassay of soil samples taken from field treatments throughout the 90-day testing period showed Zinophos and compound 4072 to be the most persistent, Bayer 25141 and parathion slightly less, and diazinon the least. No variety of peanuts recommended in Georgia was found to be resistant to rootworm attack. Tests indicated that Spanish varieties were less damaged by rootworms than Virginia or runner types during 1962 and 1963. The southern corn rootworm passes the winter in south Georgia as an adult, which may be active on warm days during the winter. Each year 3 and perhaps 4 generations occur. They are omnivorous feeders. Under laboratory conditions the incubation period was 7 days, the larval stage 10 days, and the prepupal and pupal stages approximately 10 days.

Physiological Studies on Fructification of Peanut : 8. On the relation between the calcium in the fruiting zone and the formation of unfilled fruit.

This report deals with the results obtained in the various peanuts relative to the evaluation of calcium movement from the vegetative tissue to the fruiting organs when the nutrient treatments which differential amounts of calcium were applied to the fruiting zone, to essential amounts of calcium in the fruiting zone required for fruit filling, and to the quantitative difference of fractional calcium in above treatments. The isolated methods as reported previously, were begun on the various peanuts, and the nutrient solutions which contained the following amounts of calcium were added at weekly intervals to the fruiting zone of 2.8 kg acid-washed sand throughout the experiment: distilled water, minus Ca, 20 mg. Ca, 40 mg. Ca, and 60 mg. Ca as the complete solution. Before the pegs had penetrated the sand of the fruiting zone, 0.3 mc. of radiocalcium was applied to the rooting zone of each plant. 1. It was found that in case of runner type the immature pods including the subterranean pegs were more numbered than the aerial pegs, and that in case of bunch types the aerial pegs were more numbered than the immature pods. So far as those varieties are concerned, the unfilled fruits were formated only on the plants of Virginia type, and bunch varieties of the same type were found to have a greater tolerance against the formation of unfilled fruit than the runner ones. The rate of calcium contents in the shell and seed of Spanish varieties was somewhat greater than that of Virginia and Valencia. 2. The levels of calcium amounts of the fruiting zone where the unfilled fruits were formated, were 20 and 0 mg per 2.8 kg sand for Chiba-74 (runner type) and Tachi-Rakkasai (bunch type), respectively. In Southern Cross (bunch type of small-seed), irrespective of the amounts of calcium in this zone there were not observed the yield of unfilled fruits. In general the differences in the concentration of calcium in the fruiting zone seemed to have greatly affected calcium contents of the shell in all varieties, except in Southern Cross. On the other hand, there were no considerable differences in calcium contents in the seed of the above samples, but the contents of Chiba-74 were apparently less than the other two bunch vatieties. When the calcium deficient treatments were given in the fruiting zone, the very active translocation of Ca45 was observed from the vegetative tissue into the shells and seeds of the above varieties, and the movement of the labeled calcium into the seed in the bunch varieties was found to be more active than in the runner one. With adequate calcium supplied in the fruiting zone, the shells and seeds of fully developed fruits contained very small amounts of labeled calcium. 3. In the shell, alcohol soluble calcium in the filled fruits of the bunch types did not show any difference in various calcium treatments of the fruiting zone, while on the other hand, that of the runner type seemed to have sensitively increased by the increasing supply of calcium in the fruiting zone. Additionally, there were high contents of calcium in the unfilled fruits, especially when they were due to the high concentration of calcium in the fruiting zone. Regardless of the various calcium levels of the fruiting zones, the shell was found to have almost the constant contents of acetic acid soluble calcium, excepting in the case of high calcium level in Southern Cross. The contents of HCl soluble calcium were increased by the increasing supply of calcium in the fruiting zone in any case, but in the minus calcium, it seemed to have the tendency that the shell having two unfilled seeds in the mature pod had lower contents of calcium than the ordinary shell. In the seed, each amount of alcohol soluble and acetic acid soluble calcium remained almost unchanged independently both of the increasing supply of calcium in the fruiting zone and of the types. [the rest omitted]