Spanish Treatises Research Articles

New World of Gain: Europeans, Guaraní, and the Global Origins of Modern Economy by Brian P. Owensby

The Jesuit missions among the Guaraní Indians in Paraguay (1640s to 1767) have attracted attention for many centuries. At their peak in the early eighteenth century, the missions, numbering thirty at the time, encompassed around 140,000 people. They appeared to be virtually autonomous in their government, relying mostly on an internal economy only partially connected to the colonial economy. Owensby contributes to the study of these missions by placing them within a larger history of capitalism (which he calls “gain”). He argues that the Guaraní economy, based on what he calls “substantive mutuality,” offered an alternative to the European model’s increasing focus on mercantile endeavor and the exaltation of individual profit.Owensby dives deeply into the history of Paraguay as a Spanish colony, from its beginnings when the Guaraní accepted the Spanish as allies to aid in the defense against outside indigenous enemies. He asserts that the Guaraní understood society as the ultimate refuge against predation; the keys to a good life were exchange and reciprocation, which the Guaraní initially enjoyed with the Spanish, accepting them as brothers-in-law to their women and thus incorporating them into their society. As the sixteenth century wore on, however, the Spanish changed this relationship by seizing or demanding Guaraní women as a way to accumulate wealth. Owensby provides a culturally sensitive discussion of the interplay between Spanish exploitation of indigenous labor and the Guaraní response. The Guaraní began to bristle at the Spanish demands.By the early seventeenth century, the Jesuit missions had offered the Guaraní protection from Spanish exploitation. Owensby shows through the careful reading of philosophical texts, ranging from Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas to sixteenth-century Spanish treatises, how the Jesuit vision dovetailed with Guaraní social relations. By the early eighteenth century, the missions had reached their apogee, which Owensby characterizes as a system largely based on indigenous consent to the mutual benefit of the Spaniards and the Guaraní (“substantive mutuality”). Owensby does not provide much detail about the founding of the missions nor of their administration; his purpose is to explore the thinking that lay behind the way the missions were supposed to work.The foregoing is not meant to imply that Owensby does not discuss such crucial aspects as the lead-up to the Guaraní War, when a large part of the mission population rebelled against the king, surrendering seven of the most prosperous missions to the Portuguese as part of the Treaty of Madrid (1750). Owensby dedicates two chapters to the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 and its aftermath to show how new ideas of utility and the triumph of economic rationality over other aspects of rule destroyed the mission towns. Chapter 7 is an acute analysis not only of the missions but also of the late eighteenth-century reform project of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy in general.In its attempt to use the Guaraní missions to make larger points about the history of capitalism, the last chapter veers from Paraguay to a discussion of how intellectuals of the seventeenth and eighteenth century (mis)interpreted the Jesuit missions for their own ends. Owensby uses interpretations from the British Isles to reveal the disdain that most thinkers had for the missions as a counterexample to the emerging European system of commerce and individual gain.Through his exploration of the Paraguayan missions, Owensby makes the case that European notions of economic gain were not inevitable and that societies could be organized in better ways to bring about greater well-being. This book is important not only for its erudition about the Paraguayan missions but also for its understanding of the European colonial enterprise and economic thought in general.

Ibrāhīm al-Balīshṭār's book of arithmetic (ca. 1575): Hybridizing Spanish mathematical treatises with the Arabic scientific tradition

We present an Arabic treatise on arithmetic, penned in Cherchell (Algeria) around 1575, of which five manuscripts are extant. The author, Ibrāhīm al-Balīshṭār, is a hitherto unknown Morisco mathematician from Aragon. After sketching his biography, we show that his treatise, claimed by him to be the translation of a book by a Christian priest, is actually an elaborate personal work, resulting from the intertwining of two Spanish treatises–those by Marco Aurel and Juan de Ortega–and of material drawn from Arabic authors such as al-Ghurbī, al-ʿUqbānī and Ibn al-Bannāʾ. It is therefore an original attempt to create a Euro-Islamic hybrid knowledge.

Основные этапы формирования теории архитектуры испанского Возрождения (по материалам трактатов XVI–XVII веков)

The Spanish treatises of the 16th — early 17th century on the theory of architecture are reviewed in the context of design evolution, stylistic features of text and visual material, sources of theoretical thought of predecessors that influenced the creative rethinking of architecture, generation of new original ideas and the determination of their place in the evolution of the architectural views of the Renaissance as a whole. The appeal to antiquity as a treasury of humanistic values was typical for the Spanish culture of the 16th century. The Spanish theorists interpreted the focus on the classical tradition in architecture as the embodiment of the ideas of Christian architecture, the source of which was the theoretical legacy of the Italian Renaissance. 
 The main stages in the formation of the theory of architecture of the Spanish Renaissance are reflected in the works of Diego de Sagredo “The Medidas del Romano” (1526), Juan de Arfe “Measurements for architecture and sculpture” (1564), Fray Lorenzo de san Nicolás “Art use of architecture” (1639). The authors of the treatises tell about the benefits and the need for study, use the construction and artistic experience of antiquity, and provide a didactic overview of the most significant theoretical works of their predecessors with practical tips for building professional skills. In general, the Vitruvian style as the structural basis of classicism was very popular in Spain during Renaissance, and its components serve as the fundamental method of practical use at each stage of the development of architecture.

‘THESE ARE THE TONES COMMONLY USED’: THE TONOS DE CANTO DE ÓRGANO IN SPANISH BAROQUE MUSIC THEORY

In the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, composers and music theorists moved away from the system of the eight ecclesiastical modes that had been elaborated by medieval theorists and was later applied to polyphonic music (including the varied system extended to twelve modes in the sixteenth century) towards modern bimodal tonality. Although several modal systems coexisted within this time period, a distinct variant of the eight modes, often known in modern scholarship as the church keys, developed as a practical solution to problems associated with the performance of psalms and other recited formulas (especially the Magnificat) in alternatim practice between the choir in plainchant and the organ. A scarcity of research on this topic within investigations of Spanish music prompts us to outline an introduction to a matter so crucial to music theory of the baroque period in Spain. Thus we present an overview of the treatment of the church keys or tones in Spanish treatises over a long period of two centuries, and focus briefly on particular contributions made by individual authors.

El arte de la caligrafía en el siglo XVIII. Aproximaciones a la historia social de la escritura en el mundo hispánico (España y Nueva España)

This paper analyzes, from the perspective of the social history of writing, three of the most relevant 18th century Spanish treatises on the art of calligraphy. It shows that this century produced rich reflections on the ways handwriting had been taught hitherto in the Spanish empire, and reveals the interest that different sectors had to standardize writing, promoting a closer understanding of both the criteria that sought to regulate the practices of the period and of the techniques and specific gestures that delineated the social access to this aspect of literacy.

A Contribution to the Study of Instruction in Geometry and Architectural Representation in Spain during the 17th Century

This study contributes to the knowledge of architectural representation and the theory of architecture in Spain during the 17th century through the examination of a littleknown document that is highly important in the context of Spanish treatises of the 17th century: the manuscript “Artes Excelencias dela Perspectiba, 1688”. (“The excellent arts of perspective, 1688”). The importance of this document lies in its being a novel text of a pedagogical nature that served as a connecting link between geometrical trends in perspective in northern Europe in the 17th century and the traditions of Hispanic culture.

History of the Historiography of Spanish Textbooks and Treatises on International Law of the 19th Century

The bibliography of Spanish international law textbooks is a good indicator of the evolution of the historiography of international law. Spanish historiography, with its own special features, was a recipient of the great debates concerning naturalism v. positivism and universalism v. particularism that flourished in European and American historiography in the nineteenth century. This study is articulated on four principal axes. The first states how the writings of the philosophes continued to dominate the way in which the subject was conceived in mid-nineteenth century Spain. Secondly, it explores the popularization and democratization of international law through the work of Concepcion Arenal and the heterodox thought of Rafael Maria de Labra. Thirdly, it examines the first textbooks of international law with their distinct natural law bias, but imbued with certain positivist elements. These textbooks trawled sixteenth century Spanish history, searching for the origins of international law and thus demonstrating the historical civilizing role of Spain, particularly in America. Fourthly, it considers the vision of institutionist, heterodox reformers and bourgeois liberals who proclaimed the universality of international law, not without some degree of ambivalence, and their defence of Spain as the object of civilization and also a civilizing subject. In conclusion, the article argues that the late development of textbooks was a consequence of the late institutionalization of the study of international law during the last decade of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the legacy of the nineteenth century survives in the most progressive of contemporary polemics for a new international law.

Lo que un cantor debe saber: the Italian school of singing in Spanish music treatises, 1754-1799

Lo que un cantor debe saber: the Italian school of singing in Spanish music treatises, 1754-1799

« Los problemas matemáticos son como los temas gramaticales » : logique, grammaire et arithmétique dans les traités d’analyse logique et grammaticale (XIXe siècle)

This paper focuses on the relationship between grammar and arithmetic, considered foundational school subjects in the 19th century. We will first describe the logical connection established in France between grammar and arithmetic, and examine how this relationship was reported in early Spanish treatises on logical and grammatical analysis. We will then, taking both French and Spanish treatises, examine the introduction of terms ‘ complex’ and ‘ uncomplex’ to classify clausal elements (subject and attribute). We will conclude our article with an overview of the influence of arithmetic on formal representations of analysis in some Spanish manuals devoted to this practice.

Stairs in the Architecture Notebook of Juan de Portor y Castro: An Insight into Ruled Surfaces

Historic treatises on stonecutting of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries contributed to progress in the study and understanding of properties of the different surfaces and the intersections between them. One of the topics that contributed most towards the development of knowledge of the geometry of surfaces was the practical use of ruled surfaces. Defining the geometry of a piece of stone by surfaces that can be cut using a ruler as a guide and a check has always been considered very interesting in the field of stonecutting. This present study focuses on stairs in two Spanish treatises to illustrate how warped surfaces were treated.

Cooking up the Nation in Fin-de-Siècle Spanish Cookery Books and Culinary Treatises

This article examines the nationalization of Spanish cuisine in a selection of texts from four of the most important fin-de-siècle culinary authors: Mariano Pardo De Figueroa, Don José Castro y Serrano, Ángel Muro, and Emilia Pardo Bazán. First, it demonstrates the bind in which these writers found themselves in their attempts to construct a national cuisine that also adhered to the universal (French) standards for modern cuisines. Secondly, it shows that their culinary project was not uniform. Indeed, these authors can be divided into two groups. While some of them constructed a national cuisine based on the French model of assimilationist national cuisines, the others proposed a model, unique to Spain, which constructed Spanish cuisine as made up of all of its regional cuisines.

El lugar de la sátira en la poética: los tratados españoles del siglo XIX

This article aims to analyse the satirical genre and its connections with Poetics in the Spanish Poetry and Rhetoric precept treatises of the nineteenth century. Throughout that century, literary theory was subject to major changes, such as the success of Hegel’s postulates on literary genres. Satire faces these changes and its own evolution: it was first identified with the Roman satura and afterwards through its various forms, it became a mixed or transitional genre. Its fragile nature seems to confront directly the normative perpetuity of treatises that, in spite of their rupture with romanticism, may be considered inheritors of the classicist principles.

:Spanish Treatises on Government, Society and Religion in the Time of Philip II. The 'De regimini principum' and Associated Traditions

:<i>Spanish Treatises on Government, Society and Religion in the Time of Philip II. The 'De regimini principum' and Associated Traditions</i>

DURATION AND THE PLICA. PLAINCHANT IN SPAIN DURING THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

The topic of this study is the usage in Spanish plainchant manuscript sources from principally the fifteenth century of the square note with two stems, that is the sign commonly known as ?plica?, and the discussion of the sign by Spanish musical theorists from the same period and the following half century. The study focusses upon two questions: firstly, what is the meaning of the sign, and secondly, what criteria determine its usage. Although throughout this paper the sign is referred to as ?plica?, it should be borne in mind that the Spanish theorists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries used the term to mean the stem of a note and thus described the sign as ?punto con dos plicas?. Various scholars including Ismael Fern?ndez de la Cuesta, Mary Duncan and Robert Stevenson have all made reference to the meaning and use of the plica as a note of double duration, the interpretation given to it in the Spanish treatises of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.1 Studies of treatises which include discussions of the sign are found in the work of the same scholars and notably also in that of Francisco Jos? Le?n Tello.2 On the other hand, two scholars may be cited as having discussed the practice of liquescence associated with the plica in plainchant sources

AN EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES AND RESTORATION OF FRA. RICARDO PILAR’SCHRIST IN MARTYRDOMIN THE MONASTERY OF SÃO BENTO, RIO DE JANEIRO

This paper discusses the technical examination of Christ in Martyrdom, painted in 1690 by Fra. Ricardo Pilar for the Monastery of Sao Bento, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The painting, which hangs in the sacristy, has recently been restored; this restoration and three previous restorations are described. The characteristic pose of Christ in the composition has been found in mediaeval German sculpture and was popular in Spanish painting in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The techniques used for Christ in Martyrdom have been compared with contemporary Spanish and Portuguese treatises and selected paintings in the collection of the National Gallery, London, to illustrate Pilar’s original style. The palette and the linseed oil medium are typical of Spanish painting and are likely to have been imported from Europe.

A Bibliography of Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Spanish Treatises

pain possesses a rhetorical tradition of great antiquity and diversity. Contemporary scholarship is doing much to Uluminate the exceptional richness of the rhetorics of the Siglo de Oro—the Golden Age of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.' The early modem period, in contrast, has received relatively Uttle scholarly scrutiny. Accordingly, this bibUography seeks to exhibit the abundance of rhetorical treatises pubUshed in the eighteenth and runeteenth centuries. As the title indicates this list includes those rhetorics published in Spain between 1700 and 1900. Although a few editions of works printed outside Spain are noted, no systematic attempt has been made to include those rhetorics pubUshed in Latin America or elsewhere in the Hispanic world. In preparing this bibUography I have relied upon a wide variety of reference materials. The foUowing bibUographic works proved particularly helpful:

Spanish treatises on preaching: A book‐list

Spanish treatises on preaching: A book‐list

On Some Italian and Spanish Treatises on Music of the Seventeenth Century

About three years ago I had the privilege of reading a paper before this Association “On the Early Italian and Spanish Treatises on Counterpoint and Harmony.” At that time I had almost made up my mind not to carry on my remarks beyond the limits of the sixteenth century. I said that “the reason I had given no specimens of works of the seventeenth century was that it was about that time that modern tonality took its rise, mainly through the innovations introduced by Monteverde, and that the art was thus revolutionised.” At the same time I thought that perhaps “on some future occasion I might be allowed to trace the progress of the art down to more recent periods.” This further history of the theoretical development of the art of music is the subject on which I wish to enlist your kind attention to-day. It is by no means so easy to treat of this later period as it was of the earlier, because so many treatises were published in the seventeenth century that the task of selection becomes very difficult, and also because some musical facts and theories are involved which have no small bearing on controversies still under discussion at the present day. Before the seventeenth century modulation from key to key, as we now understand it, did not exist. Indeed, there could hardly be said to be any really fixed tonality beyond that of the old ecclesiastical scales, to which all music was rigidly conformed, except indeed such rustic melodies and dance-tunes as had escaped the influence of the scholastic theories then in vogue.

On the Early Italian and Spanish Treatises on Counterpoint and Harmony

The object of the paper I am about to read is to introduce to your notice some of the principal Italian and Spanish treatises on music of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is a subject which has never been much attended to in this country, probably on account of the excessive rarity of the works in question; but which possesses a great deal of interest, when viewed in connection with the History of Musical Art. In order to illustrate the subject more fully, I have placed on the table a few of the rarest of these ancient treatises, from my own library, in hopes that some of those who are here to-day may care to examine them, and thus verify the observations I shall have to make concerning them.