Spanish Territory Research Articles

The traumatic rural unconscious in contemporary Galician culture: hydropolitical violence in literature and film

ABSTRACT The article starts with an analysis of the national politics implicit in the España vacía debate, arguing that its vision of a unified Spanish territory marked by urban–rural tensions acts as a new imaginary of consensus. In parallel, it argues that the national politics of the España vacía debate relegate to invisibility the historical specificities of regions such as Galicia, whose traumatic process of rural dispossession has shaped both culture and politics in the region to the degree that Galicia’s traumatic relationship with the disappearance of its rural ecosystem constitutes the “traumatic unconscious” of contemporary Galician culture. To substantiate this claim, the article will offer new readings of three key works in contemporary Galician culture, focusing on reservoir building and hydropolitics. Chus Pato’s poetry book A ponte das poldras (1996, 2006), Enrique Otero’s film Crebinsky (2011) and César Souto and Luis Avilés’s documentary Os días afogados (2015) are read here as critiques of Galicia’s traumatic rural-to-urban transformations in the second half of the twentieth century. These works’ commentary on the experiences of forced displacement of Galician rural populations during Francoism, as well as their engagement with questions such as language and belonging, encapsulates the complex relation between rural dispossession, identity, violence and trauma that state-led debates on España vacía can camouflage.

Bioecology of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the water basin of the Huebra River (Western Spain)

The objectives of this study were to analyse the diversity and geographical distribution of the blackfly species from the Huebra River basin located in Salamanca province, Western Spain. This research significantly contributes to expanding our knowledge of the Simuliidae family. The study not only increases and ameliorates faunal and bioecological data, but also enhances the understanding of blackfly species across the Spanish national territory. The identification of 23 species has led to the addition of six new records to the simuliid fauna of the region: Simulium (Nevermannia) armoricanum Doby & David, 1961; Simulium (Nevermannia) carthusiense Grenier & Dorier, 1959; Simulium (Nevermannia) naturale Davies, 1966; Simulium (Nevermannia) vernum Macquart, 1826; Simulium (Simulium) bezzii (Corti, 1914) and Urosimulium faurei (Bernard, Grenier & Bailly-Choumara, 1972), expanding the previously recorded 19 species to 25. This study also provides valuable insights into the biology and geographical distribution of these species. It sheds light on the ranges of altitude, water velocity, temperature and the depth of watercourses conducive to preimaginal development. Additionally, it offers new information on the abundance of larvae and pupae, revealing the diverse ecological gradients that influence their occurrence and distribution patterns. The results indicate that the diversity of blackfly species varies according to factors such as altitude, water velocity, turbidity, and water temperature.

Risk management during times of health uncertainty in Spain: A qualitative analysis of ethical challenges.

The study examines the reflections of various experts in risk management when asked about uncertainty generated by a health threat and the response to such a threat: what criteria should guide action when potential harm is anticipated, but not known with certainty? The objective of the research is to obtain a holistic perspective of ethical conflicts in risk management, based on experts' accounts within the Spanish territory. A qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 27 experts from various fields related to health risk management and its ethical implications, following the grounded theory method. The method includes theory generation through an inductive approach, based on the identified categories. The 27 narratives obtained revealed a variety of fundamental issues grouped into 8 subcategories and subsequently grouped into three main categories. The first category focuses on human vulnerability in health matters. The second category explores the agents and instruments for decision-making that arise from uncertain or traumatic social events. The third category refers to the need for common ethical paradigms for all humanity that implement justice over universal values. A main theory was suggested on the concept of responsibility in a global common good. There is an urgent need to assume this integrative responsibility as an inherent strategy in decision-making. To achieve this, the involved actors must acquire specific humanistic training, conceptualizing fundamental ethical principles, and emphasizing skills more related to humanistic virtues than technical knowledge.

Impact of Tile Size and Tile Overlap on the Prediction Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks Trained for Road Classification

Popular geo-computer vision works make use of aerial imagery, with sizes ranging from 64 × 64 to 1024 × 1024 pixels without any overlap, although the learning process of deep learning models can be affected by the reduced semantic context or the lack of information near the image boundaries. In this work, the impact of three tile sizes (256 × 256, 512 × 512, and 1024 × 1024 pixels) and two overlap levels (no overlap and 12.5% overlap) on the performance of road classification models was statistically evaluated. For this, two convolutional neural networks used in various tasks of geospatial object extraction were trained (using the same hyperparameters) on a large dataset (containing aerial image data covering 8650 km2 of the Spanish territory that was labelled with binary road information) under twelve different scenarios, with each scenario featuring a different combination of tile size and overlap. To assess their generalisation capacity, the performance of all resulting models was evaluated on data from novel areas covering approximately 825 km2. The performance metrics obtained were analysed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to evaluate the impact of distinct levels of the fixed factors (tile size, tile overlap, and neural network architecture) on them. Statistical tests were applied to study the main and interaction effects of the fixed factors on the performance. A significance level of 0.05 was applied to all the null hypothesis tests. The results were highly significant for the main effects (p-values lower than 0.001), while the two-way and three-way interaction effects among them had different levels of significance. The results indicate that the training of road classification models on images with a higher tile size (more semantic context) and a higher amount of tile overlap (additional border context and continuity) significantly impacts their performance. The best model was trained on a dataset featuring tiles with a size of 1024 × 1024 pixels and a 12.5% overlap, and achieved a loss value of 0.0984, an F1 score of 0.8728, and an ROC-AUC score of 0.9766, together with an error rate of 3.5% on the test set.

Scale of Perceptions of Future Primary School Teachers on Unaccompanied Foreign Minors: Exploratory and Confirmatory Analysis

Unaccompanied foreign minors (UFMs) face stigmatisation and social exclusion in Spanish territory. Given their growing presence in schools, it is crucial that trainee teachers have valid and real information about these students in order to provide equitable, personalised, and quality education to all their students in the near future and to mitigate any uninformed prejudices and stigma developed before they enter the classroom. This study seeks to validate a scale designed to assess the perceptions of pre-service teachers about UFMs (n = 169). The objective of this study was to validate a scale designed to assess the perceptions of pre-service teachers about UFMs (n = 169). All participants were studying primary education at the University of Granada (Spain) [♂ = 131 (77.5%); ♀ = 37 (21.9%)]. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, ex post facto, and quantitative study was conducted. The data were analyzed with IBM SPSS® 28.0 and IBM Amos Graphics® 23.0 programs. Results: A multidimensional scale was developed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.858 and McDonald’s omega of 0.859, consisting of a total of 26 indicators divided into three factors: socio-educational characteristic (n = 13), social threat (n = 7), and physical and emotional well-being (n = 6). The general scale showed high reliability and acceptable fit (p < 0.001; KMO = 0.880; GFI = 0.832; IFI = 0.925; NFI = 0.816; CFI = 0.924; SMSR = 0.058). CFA reports that the items with the highest factor loadings are related to determining whether these minors respect cultural differences, are involved in drug trafficking, and arrive in Spanish territory with significant malnutrition. However, the items with the lowest factor loadings are linked to understanding the type of academic education these minors have, whether they consume alcohol, or if they require teachers with intercultural competencies to help them integrate socially. Conclusions: A reliable and robust scale was developed to assess the perceptions of pre-service primary school teachers about unaccompanied foreign minors. This instrument can be used to identify the knowledge of teachers in training, which allows training actions to be implemented in the context of higher education to raise awareness, detect biases, and make this vulnerable group visible.

Architecture Competitions as an Opportunity for Young Women Architects. The Case of the Competition for Rural Subsidised Housing and the Canarian Magüi González, 1981-85

The Spanish democratic transition (1975-1982) was a time when architecture competitions with open and anonymous participation gradually began to appear, a phenomenon that coincided with the progressive incorporation of women architects into the discipline. The first part of this article analyses the situation of these competitions by studying their repercussions in 16 Spanish professional architectural journals belonging to both consolidated and emerging Spanish Architects’ Associations. The participation of women architects is also analysed in order to assess whether these competitions were a source of professional opportunities for them. In the second section, the article studies the Competition for Architectural Solutions for Officially Subsidised Single-Family Housing in Rural Areas (1981-83), a nationwide call with the most significant participation of architecture professionals (more than 1.000) and with a notable number of selected proposals by women architects. This study shows that women architects working in peripheral areas of the Spanish territory had a special presence in this competition, with the Canary Islands being the most remarkable case, for both the good results of its female participants and its ultra-peripheral location. Among the participating women architects, Magüi González stands out for the quality of her proposal and for being the only female professional who eventually obtained a commission from this competition. Finally, the investigation focuses, from a compositional, constructive and design culture perspective, on González’s final built project: 30 dwellings in Juan Grande in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (1983-85), which was, indeed, her opera prima and was eventually awarded an important regional architecture prize.

Genetic analysis and natural history of Parkinson's disease due to the LRRK2 G2019S variant.

The LRRK2 G2019S variant is the most common cause of monogenic Parkinson's disease (PD); however, questions remain regarding the penetrance, clinical phenotype and natural history of carriers. We performed a 3.5-year prospective longitudinal online study in a large number of 1286 genotyped LRRK2 G2019S carriers and 109 154 controls, with and without PD, recruited from the 23andMe Research Cohort. We collected self-reported motor and non-motor symptoms every 6 months, as well as demographics, family histories and environmental risk factors. Incident cases of PD (phenoconverters) were identified at follow-up. We determined lifetime risk of PD using accelerated failure time modelling and explored the impact of polygenic risk on penetrance. We also computed the genetic ancestry of all LRRK2 G2019S carriers in the 23andMe database and identified regions of the world where carrier frequencies are highest. We observed that despite a 1 year longer disease duration (P = 0.016), LRRK2 G2019S carriers with PD had similar burden of motor symptoms, yet significantly fewer non-motor symptoms including cognitive difficulties, REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and hyposmia (all P-values ≤ 0.0002). The cumulative incidence of PD in G2019S carriers by age 80 was 49%. G2019S carriers had a 10-fold risk of developing PD versus non-carriers. This rose to a 27-fold risk in G2019S carriers with a PD polygenic risk score in the top 25% versus non-carriers in the bottom 25%. In addition to identifying ancient founding events in people of North African and Ashkenazi descent, our genetic ancestry analyses infer that the G2019S variant was later introduced to Spanish colonial territories in the Americas. Our results suggest LRRK2 G2019S PD appears to be a slowly progressive predominantly motor subtype of PD with a lower prevalence of hyposmia, RBD and cognitive impairment. This suggests that the current prodromal criteria, which are based on idiopathic PD, may lack sensitivity to detect the early phases of LRRK2 PD in G2019S carriers. We show that polygenic burden may contribute to the development of PD in the LRRK2 G2019S carrier population. Collectively, the results should help support screening programmes and candidate enrichment strategies for upcoming trials of LRRK2 inhibitors in early-stage disease.

Professional relationships and professional learning from a generational perspective

ABSTRACT This paper examines teacher interactions by considering their generational diversity. The scientific literature establishes that teachers constitute an increasingly heterogeneous group of people linked to different generations: novice teachers, veterans, and retirees. In order to characterise how teachers from generationally differentiated groups perceive their professional relationships and their impact, a descriptive study was carried out with a qualitative methodology, using discussion groups as a source of information. The sample consisted of teachers of different generations and educational stages, with a diverse geographical distribution throughout the Spanish territory. The results of the study support the idea that the generational diversity of teachers is a factor in professional learning and that effective professional development requires the provision of conditions that create opportunities for flexible and sustained interactions that allow for reflection and collaboration between generationally diverse teachers in the workplace.

Corso, esclavitud y resistencia: Afroespañoles del Gran Caribe en la Norteamérica colonial

Drawing on eighteenth-century newspaper records from New York, Boston and Philadelphia, in addition to archival sources from New York, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, this study interrelates Spanish and English privateering in the Greater Caribbean and along North America’s Atlantic Coast with the unfortunate phenomenon of the enslavement of African-descendant and Indigenous sailors from the Spanish territories in the British colonies. It focuses on group escape attempts as one strategy employed by Spanish-speaking enslaved people to achieve freedom.

Response of a pan-European fish index (EFI+) to multiple pressures in rivers across Spain

Rivers are ecosystems highly threatened by human activities and fish are an invaluable tool to measure and communicate environmental degradation and restoration. Fish bioassessment is crucial but notoriously difficult in Mediterranean-climate streams for a number of reasons, including low local species richness, faunas with high spatial turnover and generalist species, and scarcity of reference sites. In this study, we conducted the most comprehensive test of the pan-European fish index (EFI+) in the Iberian Peninsula, analysing its response to multiple anthropogenic pressures. We compiled a database, which we provide online, with 2970 electrofishing samples across Spain, involving 100,732 fish of 69 species. Principal component analyses of many quantitative variables were used to create new synthetic anthropogenic pressure indices. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to test the relationship between these pressures and the fish index (EFI+) and its four individual metrics scores (i.e., density of species intolerant to oxygen depletion, density of fish ≤150 mm of species intolerant to habitat degradation, richness of species of rheophilic reproduction habitat, and density of species of lithophilic reproduction habitat). We also obtained the same models but including the river basin district to test for spatial or methodological differences. Our results indicate that both the EFI+ index and its individual metrics respond to various anthropogenic pressures. These pressures explained about 36% of the variance of EFI+ values. Notably, downstream and mainstream reaches with higher agricultural or urban land uses, increased hydrologic alteration, and water and habitat quality impairment exhibited lower EFI+ values. Although less variance was explained for the individual metrics than for the fish index, they responded as expected to the different pressures. For instance, the richness of rheophilic species and the number of lithophilic fish decreased with hydrologic alteration, while the number of fish intolerant to oxygen depletion decreased with water quality impairment. Similar correlations were observed when river basin district was included in the model, but with higher explained variation and greater significance of the pressures. While it is possible to develop regional indices with more metrics and a stronger correlation with anthropogenic pressures, EFI+ is the only fish index that has been validated throughout the Spanish peninsular territory. Our results support the use of EFI+ in intercalibration exercises across Spain until better regional indices are developed.

Analysis of CSEM offenders on the dark web using honeypots to geolocate IP addresses from Spain

Gathering evidence in cybercrime is a complex process. Under this premise, it is very important to have cutting-edge methodologies that allow the observation of criminal phenomena on the Internet and protect the personal integrity of the investigator, especially when the content is extremely critical and is located in the so-called dark zone of the Internet (hereinafter Dark Web). This article develops a new research methodology in the field of cybercrime based on the use of honeypots, and its main objective is to evaluate the ability to de-anonymize users in the Tor network to collect geographic coordinates and demographic data on the Dark Web in order to obtain digital evidence related to minors sexual (CSEM) offenders. The information collected aims to map the consumption of CSEM through cartograms, with a particular focus on the Spanish territory. The outcomes demonstrate the ability of using honeypots to assess the prevalence of CSEM consumption on the Dark Web. Future improvements of the methodology will be discussed.

Needs and Expectations of Long-Term Cancer Survivors: Multi-Centre Study Protocol.

Cancer is a social issue as its outreach affects not only mortality (it is the second cause of death in our environment) but also the costs due to morbidity and the distress it causes, as well as the losses and consequences in personal, family, work, and even social areas. This study is trying to find out the health needs of long-term cancer survivors and their perceptions and expectations of the care they received during their survival stage. For this, a joint, cross-sectional descriptive study with a qualitative and quantitative approach has been designed. For the qualitative approach, we have used different focus groups representing different geographical areas of the Spanish territory. For the qualitative approach, we have used a validated questionnaire. This study will provide a better knowledge of the quality of life of these patients, as well as their level of unmet and even unexpressed needs, in order to develop effective strategies and interventions that allow for the implementation of adapted care plans that include such unexpressed needs. This study will also allow for the creation and development of assessment methods for health results from the patient's perspective and experience. These issues require a multidisciplinary, complex approach. These survivors may require not well-known health services, as the number of these patients has grown recently, and their survival time is also longer. This research explores a wider and more thorough perspective of long-term cancer survivors' needs, experiences, and expectations to be achieved.

Silicosis mortality in Spain (1999-2020): A temporal and geographical approach.

Silicosis is an occupational respiratory disease linked to silica dust inhalation. The main driver was traditional coal mining, but in recent decades, new sources of exposure have emerged. Our aim in this study was to assess the temporal and spatial distribution of mortality due to this disease over a 22-year period in Spain. Silicosis records, as an Underlying Cause of Death, were extracted from the National Institute of Statistics from 1999 to 2020 using the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (code J62.8). Age- and sex-adjusted mortality rates per 1,000,000 inhabitants were calculated for the territory and by province. A geographic analysis was performed, and clusters of deaths were identified at the municipal level, and then the outcomes were compared in two periods of 11 years. There were 2618 deaths due to silicosis in Spain. The mean age of death increased significantly by 0.66% annually from 1999 to 2013. The age-adjusted mortality rate decreased by 7.30% per year, falling from 3.00 to 0.65 per 1,000,000 inhabitants. The temporal pattern showed a significant decrease of mortality rate in 31% of the provinces (16 out of 52), while it increased in Pontevedra. Regarding the spatial analysis, 11 clusters were found in both periods, but some variations were observed in terms of their distribution in the Spanish territory, as well as in the affected municipalities. The decrease in mortality due to Silicosis could be related to less exposure to silica dust over the years and an improvement in the survival of those affected. It is thus essential to analyze the role of preventive measures for this occupational disease.

Level of knowledge and attitude of spanish primary school teachers regarding tooth avulsion.

Nowadays, traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) have a growing prevalence and incidence worldwide, reaching their highest numbers in school-age children. The management of dental avulsion requires an important challenge for the clinicians and the prognosis depends on an immediate and an appropriate emergency action. In this regard, primary school teachers are in a privileged position to assist injured children. Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitudes of primary school teachers regarding the proper management of dental avulsion in schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Spain, including teachers from schools distributed throughout the Spanish territory, selected randomly. The sample consisted of 240 teachers. An ad hoc questionnaire, distributed in physical and online formats, was used to assess their knowledge on the proper management of dental avulsion in schoolchildren. A very high response rate was obtained (80%). The majority of the participants were unable to reimplant the tooth (76.3%), and they lacked knowledge of the appropriate medium for its optimal preservation (85.8%). This study suggests that there is an inadequate level of knowledge about the management of dental avulsion injuries among primary school teachers in Spain. It would be necessary to design educational strategies to improve this situation. Key words:Primary school teachers, traumatology, avulsion, knowledge.

Assessing the Defensibility of Medieval Fortresses on the Mediterranean Coast: A Study of Algerian and Spanish Territories

This study focuses on assessing the defensiveness of medieval fortresses situated along the Mediterranean coast, including the Northern Algerian coast and Southeastern Spain. The proposed methodology involved a two-fold process comprising identification and evaluation. Initially, we identified and geolocated our case studies, deriving their locations from archival sources. We then seamlessly integrated them into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for precise georeferencing on a rasterized landscape. Subsequently, we conducted assessments of visibility, intervisibility, and elevation, which we consider pivotal in determining the degree of defensibility of the fortified sites. Specifically, the aim of this research was to investigate the intricate relationship between natural landscapes and architectural defensive features, with a focus on discerning the influence that the chosen location has on the strategic and defensive significance of the studied fortresses. Our findings reveal that the evolution of those defensive systems within our study context is intricately tied to the physical elements comprising the landscape. These natural constituents have served as a foundation for the architectural and defensive characteristics adopted by medieval builders. Furthermore, we delineated two distinct typologies: the isolated type, intentionally designed to obscure visibility, and the exposed type, characterized by a higher visibility index.

“Holy to the Lord”: The Material Conversion of the Cammarata Finials

This article sets out to trace the trans-religious journey of two objects in the western Mediterranean at the end of the fifteenth century. The expulsion of Jews from all Spanish territories in 1492–1493 instigated the movement of objects from Jewish to Christian hands. Among these were a pair of Torah finials that belonged to the Jewish community of Cammarata, Sicily, where they were set on top of the rods around which the Torah scroll was rolled. These two finials were sold in Sicily and, through a chain of merchants and ecclesiastics, arrived at the Cathedral of Palma and were incorporated into the local Christian liturgy, a process that continued well into the twentieth century. This article analyzes the use and performance of the finials in their different liturgical settings and examines their conversion from Jewish ceremonial objects to ecclesiastical implements. It concludes with a discussion of temporality in studying converted objects, a factor that played a key role in the finials’ migration between socio-religious contexts and resulted in the creation of multifaceted objects.

Assessment of the large-scale extraction of photovoltaic (PV) panels with a workflow based on artificial neural networks and algorithmic postprocessing of vectorization results

Having a complete and high-quality geospatial catalogue of existing large-scale photovoltaic (PV) panels is very important nowadays, due to the rapid increase in the use of this type of installations. This catalogue could be used to estimate, with a higher level of granularity, the energy that can be produced from solar radiation forecasts, to operate the electricity system efficiently by adjusting supply to demand, as well as for fiscal reasons. However, most existing works in the specialized literature focus on the extraction of PV panels in reduced, favourable scenes. In this study, a processing strategy to obtain PV panel arrays geometries from aerial orthoimages at a very large scale, is proposed. The processing strategy includes operations for PV panel array classification and semantic extraction, and algorithmic improvement and simplification of the vectorization results. The processing workflow was trained and tested on two datasets containing aerial images of 256 × 256 pixels with the studied polygonal feature at two different spatial resolutions (with more than 185,000 and 690,000 images for spatial resolutions of 0.5 m and 0.25 m, respectively). The image tiles were labelled at pixel level with PV panel information for both spatial resolutions and cover representative, extended urban and rural regions of Spain. The accuracies achieved in the PV panel arrays classification are superior to 0.999, while the semantic segmentation performance is superior to 0.90 in the Intersection over Union score. The assessment of the proposed procedure of fifteen new, unseen areas distributed over the Spanish territory (covering approximately 8125 km2) demonstrated its suitability (in the analysis, percentage of incompletely detected installations of only 11 % were achieved) and indicated that future works focused on the improvement of the initial predictions are should be carried out.

MOBILITY AS CENTRAL ELEMENT IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: FROM ACCELERATION TO CONTAINMENT. EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS FROM GALICIA (SPAIN)

The COVID-19 pandemic developed in a context of hypermobility. International globalised financial capitalism has been consolidated at the beginning of the 21st century and it has resulted in an unprecedented increase in mobility. In Galicia (an autonomous region located in the northwest of Spain), as in many other Spanish, European and world territories, mobility restrictions were carried out according to different criteria. Here we will be concerned with showing the effectiveness of the different measures taken by the national and regional governments, linked to mobility and pandemic management. To achieve this objective, in addition to the official reports from the competent authorities, we use detailed data on the number and addresses of those infected during the first wave. We have this information because we were selected by the Government of Galicia to carry out a study on the territorial behaviour of the pandemic in Galicia.

Development of self-care in Spanish community pharmacies

Spain is a European country with over 47.5 million inhabitants and a public National Health System model (i.e., SNS or “Sistema Nacional de Salud”) that provides universal coverage to residents and non-residents. The system is funded primarily by general taxes, and it is managed by the 17 regions that have responsibility for the provision and management of healthcare services in their respective territories. The health system recognizes self-care as an important element where individuals have an important role to play in maintaining their own health and preventing illness. In addition, there are non-governmental organizations that promote self-care and provide resources and support to individuals and health professionals.Over 55 thousand pharmacists work in 22,198 community pharmacies distributed throughout the Spanish territory. Pharmacies are the only setting that provide non-prescription medications, which is one of the most used tools for self-care. In addition, they provide a range of Primary Care services to improve patient outcomes and the efficiency of the SNS. This paper includes a description and a classification of the community pharmacy services following the seven pillars of self-care established by the International Self-Care Foundation:-Related to pillars 1 to 4 and 6, Spanish community pharmacists provide health promotion, health education, health information and nutritional assessment.-In relation to pillar 5, the services offered are HIV and syphilis screening, colorectal and cervix cancer screening, SARS-CoV-2 screening test and communication, diabetes, high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia screening. Regarding the programs for avoiding/stopping drug use: methadone supply, syringe exchange and smoking cessation. Another important service is immunization. Spanish community pharmacists are not legally allowed to vaccinate; however, they contribute through education, or vaccines supply, among others.-For the pillar 7, community pharmacists provide services such as a minor ailment service, an adherence service or a network to actively monitor medication safety (sentinel pharmacies).-Many of the pharmacy services related to self-care have been defined and classified at a national level; however, not all community pharmacies provide them while only some services are funded by the regional health systems.

Comparative Study of the Different Therapeutic Strategies of Stroke Patients in the Spanish Health System: About a Bibliographic Narrative Review

Stroke is a focal or general neurological pathology of sudden onset. This condition is usually of vascular origin. It is considered a medical emergency, which requires rapid action and its evolution and cure is time-dependent, which requires immediate decisions based on evidence. The most widely used treatment is reperfusion by fibrinolysis. Objective: to compare the therapeutic strategies in the management of the stroke care plans of the different autonomies of the Spanish territory.