Spanish Sea Research Articles

Effects of lipophilic phycotoxin okadaic acid on the early development and transcriptional expression of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma

The lipophilic okadaic acid (OA)-group toxins produced by some species of Dinophysis spp. and Prorocentrum spp. marine dinoflagellates have been frequently and widely detected in natural seawater environments, e.g. 2.1∼1780 ng/L in Spanish sea and 5.63∼27.29 ng/L in the Yellow Sea of China. The toxicological effects of these toxins dissolved in seawater on marine fish is still unclear. Effects of OA on the embryonic development and 1-month old larvae of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) were explored and discussed in this study. Significantly increased mortality and decreased hatching rates occurred for the medaka embryos exposed to OA at 1.0 μg/mL. Diverse malformations including spinal curvature, dysplasia and tail curvature were also observed in the embryos exposed to OA and the heart rates significantly increased at 11 d post fertilization. The 96 h LC50 of OA for 1-month old larvae was calculated at 3.80 μg/mL. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly accumulated in medaka larvae. Catalase (CAT) enzyme activity was significantly increased in 1-month old larvae. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity significantly increased with a dose-dependent pattern in 1-month old larvae. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in 11 KEGG pathways with Q value < 0.05 in 1-month old medaka larvae exposed to OA at 0.38 μg/mL for 96 h, which were mainly related to cell division and proliferation, and nervous system. Most of DEGs involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, nucleotide excision repair, oocyte meiosis, and mismatch repair pathways were significantly up-regulated, while most of DEGs involved in synaptic vesicle cycle, glutamatergic synapse, and long-term potentiation pathways were markedly down-regulated. This transcriptome analysis demonstrated that a risk of cancer developing was possibly caused by OA due to DNA damage in marine medaka larvae. In addition, the neurotoxicity of OA was also testified for marine fish, which potentially cause major depressive disorder (MDD) via the up-regulated expression of NOS1 gene. The genotoxicity and neurotoxicity of OA to marine fish should be paid attention to and explored further in the future.

Del mar español al océano estadounidense, una transición geopolítica

The Pacific Ocean was integrated into the global economy when it was possible to travel from the Philippines Islands to New Spain, thanks to the navigator and explorer Andres de Urdaneta. The Ocean discovered by Nunez de Balboa in 1513 and explored by the Magallanes-Elcano expedition, in its circumvallation of the Earth, between 1519-1522, focused the interest of other European powers in the 17th and 18th centuries that, until then it was just a Spanish sea. Dutch, British, Russians, Americans and finally French colonialism transformed the Ocean into the geopolitical core of their colonial disputes and their mercantilist interests. This situation was possible due to the existence of a weak Chinese Empire, where the colonial powers established their areas of influence for decades, and an isolated Japan with its medieval status, which used Western influences to become a great empire with expansionist purposes. The German Empire had little influence on the Pacific Ocean. This article shows that, at the end of the 19th century, the collapse of the Spanish Empire gave way to the new American imperialism and it was the origin of the influence of United States of America in the Pacific Ocean and transformed it into the geopolitical and geoeconomic center of gravity of the new world order.

소금의 보돌연변이 및 암세포성장억제 효과

국내산 정제염, 천일염과 유럽산 천일염 등의 SEM에서의 형태, 무기질 성분, 보돌연변이와 암세포 in vitro 항암 기능성을 측정하였다. 정제염은 SEM을 이용한 관찰 시 구조가 규칙적이었고 천일염은 불규칙한 표면 구조를 가지고 있었다. 천일염의 크기도 차이가 있었고 프랑스 천일염과 한국천일염Ⅰ은 다른 천일염보다 크기가 작았다. 무기질 함량은 프랑스 천일염과 한국 천일염Ⅰ이 Ca, K, Mg 등의 함량이 다른 소금보다 더 많았다. pH도 프랑스 천일염과 한국 천일염Ⅰ이 가장 높았다. 한국산 두 가지의 천일염은 무기질 함량에 따라 물리적 특성의 차이를 보였고 한국 천일염Ⅰ은 프랑스 천일염과 비슷한 무기질 함량을 가지고 있었다. 소금은 보돌연변이 효과가 있었지만 특히 무기질 함량이 높았던 프랑스 천일염과 한국산 천일염Ⅰ은 다른 소금보다 낮은 보돌연변이 효과를 나타내었다. HCT-116과 AGS 암세포에 대한 in vitro 항암 효과에서도 보돌연변이 효과와 비슷한 경향을 나타내었고 많은 무기질을 함유한 프랑스 천일염과 한국산 천일염Ⅰ의 암세포 성장 억제효과와 암세포의 apoptosis 유도 효과가 가장 높았다. 이상의 결과로부터 소금의 기능성은 무기질 함량이 많은 천일염이 정제염보다 좋으며 천일염 중에도 Ca, K 등의 무기질 함량이 높을수록 기능성도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

Rapid determination of gross alpha-activity in sea water by coprecipitation

The radiological examination of water requires a rapid screening that permits the determination of gross alpha-activity in order to decide if further radiological analyses are necessary. The usual method of gross alpha-determination includes sample evaporation to dryness on a disk and counting using a ZnS(Ag) scintillation detector or a proportional counter. The determination of gross alpha-activity in sea water using this method has a number of drawbacks such as high mass attenuation, lack of homogeneity in the precipitate, and very small volume of sample. In this work, coprecipitation is proposed to enable a 500 ml sample of water to be analyzed. The minimum detectable activity (MDA) achieved was 0.004 Bq.l–1 for a counting time of only 4 hours. Weight variation, self-absorption factor, efficiency and blanks were studied. In order to test reproducibility of the method, several Spanish coastal sea water samples were analyzed by two different laboratories.

Data gathered to map magnetic anomalies of Spanish sea floor

The most intensive mapping to date of the sea floor off Spain's coast is being undertaken by a Spanish government team. The first phase of this extensive geophysical survey, called the Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone (ZEEE) Project, was completed in February 2000 and focused on the Balearic Sea and the Valencia Trough in the Western Mediterranean (Figure l). The geomagnetic data acquired for the Valencia Trough area has been reduced and stored as a data base, and seven scalar magnetic anomaly maps have been produced. Four maps with scales of 1:200.000 were published in 1999 and two more will soon be printed. A map of the entire area at a scale of 1:500.000 is planned for 2001. All of the maps offer a complete and up‐to‐date overview of the region's magnetic character.

Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803.

In this crowning touch to his historical trilogy, Robert S. Weddle resumes the dramatic voyage of discovery and exploration in the Gulf of Mexico (the Spanish Sea) and along its coast. Combining thorough research with elegant narrative, Changing Tides treats the reader to political intrigue, tales of hurricanes and shipwrecks, and the rich historiography that marks the period between 1763 and 1803. The book opens with a series of territorial transfers that drove France from the North American continent and launched a flurry of exploration by Spain and England, each eager to survey its new territory and align its defenses. Spanish reconnaissance of the Texas barrier islands and lagoons in response to a rumored English threat and three voyages to survey and map the Gulf Coast west of the Mississippi River demonstrate international rivalry as a spur to exploration. The story concludes with Spain's retrocession of Louisiana to France and the immediate sale of the territory to the United States, a milestone toward the young nation's Manifest Destiny. Using sources previously underutilized by historians, Weddle raises new questions concerning events of the late eighteenth century and the politics that drove them, with emphasis on exploration and mapping in the Gulf. Scholars and students of Texas history, Spanish borderlands, and colonial America and Latin America will value this final installment in Weddle's meticulous, well-researched, and expertly written study.

Review: Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803, by Robert S. Weddle

Review: <i>Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803</i>, by Robert S. Weddle

Robert S. Weddle. &lt;italic&gt;Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803&lt;/italic&gt;. (Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, number 58.) College Station: Texas A&amp;amp;M University Press. 1995. Pp. xv, 352. $49.50

Robert S. Weddle. Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803. (Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students, Texas A&M University, number 58.) College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 1995. Pp. xv, 352. $49.50 Get access Weddle Robert S.. Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803. (Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students, Texas A&M University, number 58.) College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 1995. Pp. xv, 352. $49.50. David Buisseret David Buisseret University of Texas, Arlington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 102, Issue 2, April 1997, Pages 516–517, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/102.2.516-a Published: 01 April 1997

Book Reviews - Changing the Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803. By Robert S. Weddle. (College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 1995. Pp. 352. Maps. Photographs. Illustrations. Glossary. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $49.50.)

Book Reviews - Changing the Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803. By Robert S. Weddle. (College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 1995. Pp. 352. Maps. Photographs. Illustrations. Glossary. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $49.50.)

Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803.

Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803.

Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803.

Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803.

Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803

Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803

Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763-1803.

Journal Article Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803. By Robert S. Weddle. (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995. xviii, 352 pp. $49.50, ISBN 0-89096-661-3.) Get access C. Harvey Gardiner C. Harvey Gardiner Emeritus Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 83, Issue 2, September 1996, Pages 595–596, https://doi.org/10.2307/2944967 Published: 01 September 1996

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762.

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762.

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762.

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762.

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762.

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762.

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762.

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762.

Review: The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762, by Robert S. Weddle

Review: <i>The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762</i>, by Robert S. Weddle

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762. By Robert S. Weddle. (College Station: Texas A&amp;M Press, 1991. Pp. xi, 435. Illustrations. Glossary. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $49.50.)

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762. By Robert S. Weddle. (College Station: Texas A&amp;M Press, 1991. Pp. xi, 435. Illustrations. Glossary. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $49.50.) - Volume 49 Issue 3