Spanish Leader Research Articles

Prevalence and quality of medical Spanish education in US osteopathic medical schools: a national survey.

Spanish is the language in the United States with the greatest language-concordant physician deficit. Allopathic medical Spanish programs have proliferated, but the national prevalence of medical Spanish education at osteopathic medical schools has never been evaluated. The objectives of this study are to describe the medical Spanish educational landscape at US osteopathic schools and evaluate program adherence to previously established basic standards. Between March and October 2022, surveys were sent to all 44 member schools of the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM). For nonrespondents, data were obtained from publicly available websites. Primary surveys were sent to deans or diversity, equity, and inclusion officers at each osteopathic school to determine whether medical Spanish was offered and to identify a medical Spanish leader. Medical Spanish leaders received the secondary survey. The main measures of this study were the prevalence of medical Spanish programs at osteopathic schools and the extent to which existing programs met each of the four basic standards: having a faculty educator, providing a curricular structure, assessing learner skills, and awarding institutional course credit. We gathered medical Spanish information from 90.9 % (40/44) of osteopathic schools. Overall, 88.6 % (39/44) offered medical Spanish, of which 66.7 % (26/39) had formal curricula, 43.6 % (17/39) had faculty educators, 17.9 % (7/39) assessed learner skills, and 28.2 % (11/39) provided course credit. Only 12.8 % (5/39) of osteopathic schools with medical Spanish programs metall basic standards. Urban/suburban schools were likelier to offer medical Spanish than rural schools (p=0.020). Osteopathic schools in states with the highest Spanish-speaking populations were more likely to offer student-run initiatives (p=0.027). Most osteopathic schools provide medical Spanish education, but work is needed to improve consistency, quality, and sustainability. Future research should focus on osteopathic student language proficiency assessment, improve medical Spanish accessibility for students at rural programs, and explore the unique content areas of osteopathic medical Spanish education.

Moquis and Kastiilam: Hopis, Spaniards, and the Trauma of History Volume II, 1680–1781 ed. by Thomas E. Sheridan et al.

Reviewed by: Moquis and Kastiilam: Hopis, Spaniards, and the Trauma of History Volume II, 1680–1781 ed. by Thomas E. Sheridan et al. Rose Miron (bio) Moquis and Kastiilam: Hopis, Spaniards, and the Trauma of History Volume II, 1680–1781 edited by Thomas E. Sheridan, Stewart B. Koyiyumptewa, Anton Daughters, Dale S. Brenneman, T. J. Ferguson, Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, and Lee Wayne Lomayestewa University of Arizona Press, 2020 AS MANY WITHIN THE DISCIPLINE of history debate the extent to which tribal consultation is necessary and ethical, others are simply doing the work—showing us that collaboration is not only ethical but that it produces better results. Moquis and Kastiilam: Hopis, Spaniards, and the Trauma of History Volume II, 1680–1781 is an example of one such project. The volume is the second book within the Hopi History Project—a collaborative initiative between the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office and the University of Arizona that aims to reinterpret early Hopi history by prioritizing Hopi knowledge and sources. Using newly recorded Hopi oral histories as its starting point, the project revisits the documentary record produced by Spanish colonists to compare those accounts with Hopi traditional knowledge. Adding Hopi voices to the analysis of this period recaptures stories that have long been erased and sheds new light on a history that has virtually always been told from a European perspective. To accomplish this, the volume quite literally places Spanish documentary sources alongside Hopi knowledge and oral histories and directly interrogates the validity of various Spanish claims. Almost every historical text reprinted within this volume is prefaced by an introduction that provides context and calls attention to certain details that are either missing, incorrect, or could benefit from reinterpretation. For example, before inviting readers to examine excerpts from seventeenth-century Spanish leader don Diego de Vargas's journal and a letter he wrote to the king of Spain, the authors point to the stark embellishment present in Vargas's public account of his journey to Hopi pueblos, as well as his potential misunderstanding of one Hopi person's level of leadership based on his ignorance of matrilineal clan structures. Printed interviews with staff from the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office also shed light on issues that stretch across multiple sources, [End Page 183] illuminating the larger problems with the way Hopi history has been historically represented. This allows the collaborators to both "re-write, and re-right" history, directly addressing inaccuracies in the documentary record while also commenting directly on the process by which Hopi history has historically been constructed by primarily non-Hopi people and without Hopi voices (see Linda Tuhiwai Smith's 2012 book, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples, 2nd ed. [London: Zed], 29). In this vein, several sections of the book feature direct commentary on research methods that provide context for this project and advice for future collaborations. The authors comment generally on problems with the Spanish documentary record that Hopi perspectives can shed light on and emphasize the importance of Hopi people being able to confront historical trauma on their own terms, rather than whenever a non-Hopi writer decides they want to research it. Perhaps most effectively, the authors aptly highlight positionality not just as an academic term but as a Hopi value. Whether a story is being told from a Hopi or non-Hopi perspective, what narratives an individual is likely to know and what details they are likely to understand are directly impacted by their clan, lineage, and their relationships within a community. Ultimately, the editors make a strong case for all future research on Hopi history, and Native history more broadly, to include consultation with Hopi/Native people. Rather than being organized as a cohesive narrative or typical monograph, the volume is set up as a sourcebook that includes reprints of many Spanish historical texts, new oral histories and recorded conversations, and a new analysis of Hopi history from Hopi perspectives. It will be less appealing to those who are unfamiliar with Hopi history and are looking for a more generalized narrative account. Yet, for those studying and researching Hopi history specifically, or history in the Southwest more broadly, it is an essential guide. Anyone who consults the...

Redes de apoyo al emprendimiento femenino en territorios rurales

Las condiciones del mercado de trabajo en las áreas rurales han convertido el autoempleo en una de las opciones recurrentes entre las mujeres que tratan de iniciar una actividad o consolidar su económica. Mediante técnicas cualitativas y a partir de un caso de estudio en un área LEADER española (Sierra del Segura, Albacete), este trabajo investiga las redes locales de apoyo al autoempleo femenino en zonas rurales, así como el impacto de la crisis económica sobre dicho sistema de apoyos. Los resultados más destacados señalan la importancia del asociacionismo empresarial femenino (redes formales) y los liderazgos locales (redes informales) como apoyos-fuerza al emprendimiento femenino rural. Asimismo, se pone de manifiesto la destrucción de gran parte de las redes de apoyos y el papel emergente de las entidades de la Economía Social y Solidaria como consecuencia de la crisis económica.

The Influence of Heuristic judgments in Social Media on Corporate Reputation: A Study in Spanish Leader Companies

From a corporate-side perspective, the communication of reputational actions and news of companies becomes critical for success. However, in communication, business, and management studies, heuristics can be understood as simple cognitive processes that allow assessments, predictions, and decisions to be made quickly and efficiently by consumers and economic agents. This aspect can sometimes lead to cognitive biases, especially when little information is available or in situations of high uncertainty. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of heuristic judgments in social media on corporate reputation ratings obtained in Spanish leader companies. Using data collected in Spain, this paper analyzes the influence of heuristics concerning news items on corporate reputation, measured by the Monitor Empresarial de Reputación Corporativa (MERCO) Index. The main finding of this paper is that the total number of news items has a positive effect on corporate reputation, particularly in the categories of culture-values, results/image, expansion, and sponsorship/donations. Additionally, this work serves as a repository of knowledge applicable to similar situations considering the specificities of each particular case. The importance to intervene on certain variables at different levels of managerial performance is described and implications for companies are discussed in these pages.

First international new technologies and expert meeting

• Some trends are moving so fast that sometimes “wait and see” seems the appropriate action, sometimes we have to confirm data that look brilliant and advise caution. • New technologies can be divided into three groups: the current surgical techniques and their improvements; the endoscopic field; the adjacent fields (biology, smartsensing, etc.). Each of them is equally important, since we do not know from where the light will come in the near future. The surgical field is pretty much covered by more traditional meetings, even if a focus on them is necessary every now and then; the endoscopic field is also covered since the initiative of the Spanish leader Gontrand LopezNava; innovations from “outside” require finesse and expertise to be sorted out. • Finally we broke a deal with our friend Karl Miller who organizes for a long time the very successful Austrian expert meeting. We agreed to host each other every other year, so that both our meetings represent innovation and state of the art expertise in the same time. This way we shall ensure more industry support, and a long-term capacity to deliver news in a friendly atmosphere and contribute to highlight this more than ever thrilling field... Long live to the International “New Technologies and Expert Meeting”!

Estimating the quality of service of sales in multiplex cinemas using a simulation model

One key decision for managers of multiplex cinemas is how many box offices to open to avoid overstaffing or poor service. We present a simulation model developed to support the capacity management of the Spanish leader of the multiplex cinema sector; the model uses ad hoc collected data. The user introduces the film schedule, the expected audience and the number of opened box offices and the model gives the expected level of service. The company has tested the model and considers that estimates the waiting time correctly and allows adjusting the open box offices to limit the waiting time without overstaffing.

ANÁLISIS DE EFICIENCIA EN EL SISTEMA HOTELERO ESPAÑOL: UNA APLICACIÓN AL CASO DE SOL MELIÁ

The aim of this paper is to analyze if the choice of different mechanisms of governance affects the efficiency of hotel chain from the Transaction Cost Economics perspective. The analysis has been carried out using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) on the Spanish leader hotel company, Sol Melia. Results suggest that all the establishment of this hotel chain obtain high levels of efficiency but we cannot conclude that a particular type of mechanism of governance is more efficient than others. We conclude then that the choice of the mechanism of governance does not affect the level of efficiency in this particular case. It seems that other technical variables are

Francisco Franco: Soldier, Commander, Dictator (review)

Reviewed by: Francisco Franco: Soldier, Commander, Dictator George Esenwein Francisco Franco: Soldier, Commander, Dictator. By Geoffrey Jensen. Dulles, Va.: Potomac Books, 2005. ISBN 1-57488-644-3. Maps. Photographs. Notes. Bibliographic note. Index. Pp. xvii, 135. $19.95. Professor Jensen has written an incisive and carefully researched biography of one of Spain's most controversial and enigmatic rulers, Francisco Franco. Given his expertise in military affairs, it is hardly surprising that the author has chosen to concentrate on the ways in which Franco's training and storied career in the army left their indelible imprints on his role as dictator of Spain between 1937 and 1975. Indeed, it is his emphasis on Franco's military background which distinguishes Jensen's work from the majority of biographies that have written about the caudillo. Though sympathetic to his subject, the author is no apologist for a man whose reputation as a national leader was deeply tarnished by the ruthlessness he often exhibited towards his fellow countrymen and women. As such, Jensen's biographical sketch of Franco is also a refreshing departure from the hagiographical treatments of him that have been written by the defenders of the Francoist tradition on the one side, and the exceedingly negative portraits of him that have been produced by his critics on the other. Nonetheless, the picture of the Spanish leader that emerges from this study is hardly flattering. Possessing a personality that was unimaginative, inflexible, and morally inert, Franco was the kind of individual who could have easily slipped into obscurity. But, as Jensen reminds us, Franco owed much of his success in life, not to his exceptional skills as a thinker, soldier, and politician, but to sheer luck. His rise to military prominence as a young officer in Morocco is a case in point. There he distinguished himself on the battlefield simply by defying the slim odds of survival in the relentlessly grueling guerrilla warfare that had come to characterize Spanish colonial rule in [End Page 1237] that part of Africa. During one such skirmish, he was wounded so badly that no one expected him to survive. Yet Franco's seemingly miraculous recovery—which Moroccan troops attributed to his baraka or divine protection—launched his meteoric rise through the ranks. At age thirty-four he was promoted to brigadier general, and thereafter his role as a major military figure was secured. The most innovative and historically significant feature of Jensen's study is his revisionist interpretation of Franco's career as a soldier and battlefield general. In contrast to most recent biographers, who have either ignored or have tended to dismiss Franco's skills in military affairs, Jensen insists that Franco was an able commander who made several notable contributions to the field of modern warfare. For Jensen, this is illustrated by the fact that, during the Spanish Civil War, Franco pursued a slow, gradual approach to defeating his enemies. When he combined this "war of attrition" strategy with the military planning lessons he had learned from his Moroccan campaigns—which involved cooperation both within and between the various fighting forces—Franco was able to achieve a level of operational efficiency for the Nationalists that gave them a clear-cut advantage over their opponents. The parallels that the author draws between the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War add interest to the narrative. At the same time they help to underscore the revisionist points he wants to make in this section of the book. But despite the light this comparative exercise casts on Franco's performance as the head of the Nationalist forces, Jensen warns the reader that such analogies have their limitations. And, finally, while the author credits Franco for developing an effective wartime strategy, he does not exaggerate his role in leading the Nationalists to victory. No doubt this is because he recognizes that it would be necessary to adduce more direct and compelling evidence of Franco's military thinking before his reputed and well-documented shortcomings as a commander could be thoroughly reassessed. The last third of the book surveys Franco's role as dictator and elder statesman. Refusing to relinquish the power he had accrued between 1937 and 1939...

The Dilemma of Credibility: The Spanish Communist Party, the Franco Regime and After

IT IS REPORTED THAT WHEN ALVARO CUNHAL CAME OUT OF PRISON IN the late 1950s, he initiated a purge of the leadership of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). Their crime was apparently españolismo – or a sympathy with the broad reformist policy of ‘national reconciliation’ adopted by the Spanish Communists in 1956. The Spanish leaders were aware of this implied slur on their revolutionary seriousness, but as both parties battled for survival against repressive dictatorships, it was not an issue over which to break openly the fundamental solidarity between them. Yet a decade and a half later, with Cunhal seemingly leading his Party down the highroad to socialism and his Spanish comrades probably within sight of their immediate goal of the collapse of Francoism, the theoretical discrepancies have re-emerged. Santiago Carrillo, Secretary-General of the PCE, has been sufficiently critical of Cunhal's attempt to create an Eastern European-style socialism in Portugal to earn Soviet accusations of lack of solidarity. Carrillo has described Cunhal's policy during the last year as ‘a good example of how not to make a revolution’. In doing so, the Spanish leader has not only incurred the displeasure of Moscow, something which he has learned to live with since his stand against the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, but also risked serious internal division inside his own party.

Panfilo de Narvaez, a Character Study of the First Spanish Leader to Land an Expedition to Texas

Panfilo de Narvaez, a Character Study of the First Spanish Leader to Land an Expedition to Texas

Pánfilo de Narváez, A Character Study of The First Spanish Leader to Land an Expedition to Texas

Pánfilo de Narváez, A Character Study of The First Spanish Leader to Land an Expedition to Texas