Span Length Research Articles

Dynamic behavior of high-speed maglev guideway girders with quadratically-varied cross-section

This study focuses on the numerical investigation on the coupling vibration responses of high-speed maglev vehicle-guideway system incorporated with guideway girders with quadratically-varied cross-section and the new generation high-speed maglev trains. Finite element model for the coupling vibration responses analysis of maglev vehicle-guideway system was established and validated against the existing field test results. With the verified model and program, a total of 5292 numerical models were included to comprehensively investigate the influences of cross-sectional geometries and span length of the guideway girder as well as the vehicle speed on the coupling vibration responses of high-speed maglev vehicle-guideway system. The coupling vibration responses, including impact coefficient, maximum suspension gap and maximum displacement of bogie as well as maximum displacement of the car-body, were analyzed. Recommendation on the dynamic performance indicator was proposed for the guideway girders with quadratically-varied cross-section. Prediction models regarding the impact coefficient and mid-span maximum acceleration of guideway girders with quadratically-varied cross-section were developed based on the Artificial Neural Network analysis method.

Equation of motion of split conductor of anchor section at icing in wind flow

The relevance of the examined problem is connected with the necessity to develop measures to combat conductor galloping and the design of power transmission lines (ETL). The purpose of the research – to analyse statistical observation data on conductor galloping and apply a mathematical model to determine the parameters of galloping, to develop effective measures to combat conductor galloping and to improve the design of power lines. A sophisticated mathematical model was developed using Mathcad software to analyze conductor galloping in overhead power lines. This model, based on the equations of motion, predicts various galloping parameters under different conditions such as wind speed, span length, and initial mechanical stress. Time diagrams were constructed to represent linear and torsional motions, revealing correlations between amplitudes and frequencies. A comprehensive statistical analysis was performed on wire characteristics and split phase parameters to evaluate their impact on galloping patterns. Numerical methods, including the Runge-Kutta method, were employed to solve the equations and compute time-dependent behaviors. Results were visualized through graphs and diagrams to facilitate interpretation. The results revealed that conductor galloping occurs at wind speeds between 5 to 18 m/s, with significant occurrences at temperatures from 0°C to -10°C. The study identified that conductor galloping occurs within a wind velocity range of 5 to 13 m/s, predominantly with wind orientations between 30˚ and 90˚. The analysis showed that the frequency of galloping closely matches the natural oscillation frequency at low wind speeds but diverges with increasing wind speed and span length. These findings provide insights into the conditions under which conductor galloping is likely to occur and can inform design and operational strategies for overhead power lines.

Sociodemographic predictors and cross-cultural comparisons in tests performance from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) among children aged 6-8 years from Montevideo, Uruguay.

Cross-culturally comparative data on measures of executive function (EF) are essential, but the 6-8-year group remains insufficiently described. This study examined the sociodemographic predictors of EF test performance employing the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB). It also compared developmental trends in EF among children from Uruguay, the United States, and Mexico. EFs were assessed with the Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional shift, Spatial Span (SSP), and Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) tests from the CANTAB. The study sample consisted of 6-8-year-old children from the Salud Ambiental Montevideo (SAM) cohort in Uruguay. Differences between cohorts were examined, and we performed generalized linear regressions to assess the association between sociodemographic factors, and each EF domain. The final sample consisted of 525 participants (mean age in months 82.5 ± 6.0). Across all ages, SAM children had significantly lower performance in the SSP and SOC tasks compared to U.S. and Mexican children. On the Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional shift task, SAM children had similar scores to U.S. and Mexican children. Mother's intelligence quotient (IQ; β = 0.01; 95% CI [0.005, 0.02]), child's IQ (0.02 [0.02, 0.03]), the HOME total score (0.02 [0.01, 0.03]), as well as HOME subscales of accompaniment (0.13 [0.07, 0.20]), enrichment (0.11 [0.06,0.16]), and physical environment (0.07 [0.03, 0.10]) were positively associated with the span length (SSP task). Child's IQ (0.02 [0.01,0.03]) was positively associated with the number of problems solved on the SOC test. Uruguayan children perform lower in working memory and planning tests than U.S. children but similarly to Mexican children, while cognitive flexibility is consistent across all groups. Further, mother and child IQ, as well as the home environment, are important predictors of EF. These differences should be examined in the context of diverse cultural values and sociodemographic factors affecting CANTAB construct validity in this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Studying and analysis of deformation and stresses in horizontal-axis wind turbine using fluid-structure interaction method

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) studies have become an important tool in the development of wind turbine blades as well as for analyzing and optimizing Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). The most essential elements for estimating the turbine blade strength to withstand extreme wind loads and aerodynamic performance are the blade deformation and the associated stresses. This study aims to compare the strength and analyze the deformation behavior of two models of HAWT blades. A three-dimensional model was created and loaded into a Finite Element (FE) model for analysis. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) investigation was coupled with the structural model using one-way FSI. In this article, the effect of the aerodynamics on the blade surface of a small HAWT has been studied numerically and experimentally. The airfoil used for the blade profile is S826 airfoil. To provide an appropriate displacement for static measurements, the blade in the experimental investigation is made of thermoplastic polyurethane material (TPU). It is noted that the current experimental findings verify the simulation results, and a comparison between the simulations and the experimental findings reveals a reasonable agreement. The numerical simulations are also implemented on a HAWT epoxy E-glass unidirectional (EEGUD) material. It can be concluded from this study that the blade deformation and stress on the blades are related to the wind speed. The deformation along the span length exhibits nonlinear variation that gradually increases from the blade root and reaches its maximum at the blade tip position. The tip deflection and equivalent stress were found to increase with an increase in wind speed. The dynamic analysis at different tip speed ratios shows the highest deformation at λ = 4, for wind speed of 20 m/s.

Flexural response of metallurgically bonded steel-aluminium foam-steel panels and composite beams

This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical campaign aimed at investigating the flexural behaviour of both metallurgically bonded steel-aluminium foam-steel sandwich (MBSAFS) panels and steel-MBSAFS composite beams. Three-point bending tests were carried out and the obtained results were used to validate the accuracy of analytical models to predict the stiffness and resistance of both MBSAFS panels and the composite beams. The predictive capacity of the analytical equations was further verified against the results of parametric finite element simulations, which were also carried out to investigate the influence of the thickness of the steel sheet, the foam thickness, the strength of the materials, the span length, and the type of beam profile. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the predictive formulae accurately provide both stiffness and resistance. The stiffness was predicted with a mean ratio (analytical/FEM) equal to 1, accompanied by a coefficient of variation (CoV) equal to 0.02. The plastic resistance of the composite beam was predicted with a mean accuracy of 0.96 and a coefficient of variation of 0.01.

Experimental investigation on wind loads and wind-induced responses of large-span flexible photovoltaic support structure

Flexible photovoltaic (PV) support structure offers benefits such as low construction costs, large span length, high clearance, and high adaptability to complex terrains. However, due to the high flexibility and low damping of the cable system, wind load becomes the primary control factor for structural safety and the key consideration in the design. In this study, a 45 m span flexible PV support structure with 3 spans and 12 rows was designed. The wind loads on PV panels were obtained by wind tunnel tests on a rigid model and the wind-induced responses were investigated by wind tunnel tests on an aeroelastic model. The shielding effects and tilt angle of PV modules on the wind load and wind-induced vibration of the flexible PV support were studied. The experimental results show that in the rigid model wind tunnel test, the wind pressure on the surface of PV modules exhibits a gradient distribution along the direction of wind flow, with symmetric distribution along the mid span. With the increase in the tilt angle of the PV module, the shielding effect becomes significant and the most pronounced shielding effect on the mean wind pressure coefficient occurs in the second row of the windward zone. In aeroelastic model wind tunnel tests, the mean vertical displacement of the flexible PV support structure increases with the increase of wind speed and tilt angle of PV modules. Due to the wind-resistant anchor cables set in both the windward and leeward zones, the vibration amplitude near the edge rows is significantly smaller than that of the middle rows when the structure is subjected to wind suction. When the flexible PV support structure is subjected to wind pressure, the maximum mean vertical displacement occurs in the first rows at high wind speeds. The shielding effect has a noticeable impact on the wind-induced response of the leeward zone at α = 20° under wind pressure, resulting in the decrease of amplitude vibration by approximately 53 %. The wind vibration coefficients in different zones under the wind pressure or wind suction are mostly between 2.0 and 2.15. Compared with the experimental results, the current Chinese national standards are relatively conservative in the equivalent static wind loads of flexible PV support structure.

Economical design strategies for reinforced concrete one-way slabs: a parametric approach considering material strength and rebar size

Despite the rapid advancements in optimization algorithms for economical reinforced concrete (RC) structures, their application to RC slabs has been significantly limited. The primary constraint is slab depth, governed only by deflection control criteria, which impedes further depth reduction—a key factor in cost optimization. The deflection check relies solely on one design parameter—span length, which is often fixed. This constraint limits the effectiveness of even advanced algorithms, which have consistently failed to deliver substantial cost savings in slab design. To address this issue, this study presents a detailed parametric investigation of three key cost-reducing factors in RC one-way slabs: steel strength, concrete strength, and reinforcing bar sizes, in accordance with the ACI 318–19 code. By bypassing algorithmic constraints, the study formulates optimal design strategies through extensive manual design iterations, providing novel trend-based solutions for cost-effective slab design. The findings indicate that for lower live loads, grade 280 steel offers a 20–30% cost reduction compared to higher-grade steel, despite the latter's strength advantage. However, for higher loads, grade 420 or 500 is recommended. Additionally, optimal bar sizes and concrete strengths are recommended for varying load conditions, offering practical design strategies. This approach provides designers with actionable insights to achieve cost-efficient designs without relying on traditional optimization algorithms.

Main cable structure analysis and construction control of short span suspension bridge within three-tower

The Feng Chu suspension bridge in Xiangyang holds the distinction of having one of the shortest span lengths among global suspension bridges, measuring less than half the length of conventional designs. This paper focuses on the engineering background of the bridge and delves into the analysis of the main cable structure and construction control methods for short-span suspension bridges with three towers. The study examines the impact of elastic modulus deviation in the main cable and the dead-load error of the stiffening beam on key parameters such as the unstressed length of the main cable, pre-deflection of the cable saddle, and mid-span elevation of the empty cable. Additionally, the effects of temperature, span, and cable length on the sag of the empty cable during the erection process are analyzed. Findings reveal that the elastic modulus and dead-load error significantly influence the unstressed length of the main cable, pre-deflection of the saddle, and the shape of the empty cable. This study establishes a relationship between changes in cable length and mid-span sag, providing valuable theoretical guidance for aligning and adjusting the main cable strands. Furthermore, synchronized alignment adjustments for the two mid-span sections are proposed to prevent main cable strand sliding, which may occur due to significant differences in sag between the sections.

The examination of relationships between upper extremity joint lengths, reaction time and shoulder strength parameters in youth canoe athletes

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between upper extremity joint length, reaction time and shoulder strength in young canoe athletes. The study was carried out with the voluntary participation of 23 young canoe athletes. Within the scope of the research plan, height measurements, body weight measurements, length measurements of the upper extremities (arm and forearm length), arm span length measurements, reaction time measurements and isokinetic strength measurements of the athletes were carried out. The effect of joint length values on reaction time and shoulder strength parameters was examined by multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that joint length values have a significant effect on reaction time and shoulder strength values in canoe athletes (p

A novel solution for dynamic behaviors of multi-span bridge plates

The present paper draws a comprehensive analysis of the free vibration characteristics and discusses modal localization phenomena of multi-span bridge plate structures through an analytical method, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements. A novel analytical solution using the generalized superposition segment method (GSSM) is first proposed to investigate the transverse vibration of a multi-span bridge, which offers complete flexibility in describing arbitrarily classical boundary conditions. Furthermore, a new experimental setup achieves precisely simply supported boundary conditions, and scaled physical models of two- and three-span bridge plates are employed to validate the analytical solution. The effect of span length mismatch is studied by analyzing the resonant frequencies and mode shapes of a multi-span bridge plate with varying span lengths. The good consistency of results by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental measurements indicate that the proposed analytical solution can solve the vibration problem of the multi-span bridge plate efficiently and reflect the real-world boundary condition. Finally, the two modal localization behaviors are observed in theoretical analysis and experimental measurement. Through analytical solutions, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements, this study enhances the understanding of the dynamic behavior of multi-span bridges. It provides a new theoretical benchmark for predicting vibrations of multi-span bridge systems and useful insights into the transient behavior of multi-span bridge plates, suggesting several fruitful avenues for future research, including exploring passive and active control systems and vibration suppression techniques.

Effect of Inter-Implant Distance on Fracture Resistance of Implant-Supported Provisional Fixed Dental Prosthesis.

This study aimed to identify the ideal interimplant distance for optimum outcome on immediately loaded implant supported prosthesis. Hence this study was taken up to analyze the effect of varying interimplant distance on fracture resistance of implant supported provisional fixed dental prosthesis (FDP). A total of 24 bis-acrylate composite resin samples were prepared. Interimplant distance was present in the metal die for placement of dummy implants at distances of 14 mm, 21 mm, and 30 mm respectively. Wax-up for 3-unit, 4-unit, and 5-unit implant-supported provisional restoration was made. Silicone molds were used for making multiple interim prostheses using bis-acrylate composite material. All samples were subjected to fracture test in the universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. All samples were loaded with gradual force starting from 100 N until it fractured. The load was applied at the center of prosthesis. Data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Mean fracture resistance of 3-unit provisional FDP at 14 mm of interimplant distance showed 1342.61 ± 179.15 N. Mean fracture resistance of 4-unit provisional FDP at 21 mm of interimplant distance showed 1420.44 ± 170.37 N. Mean fracture resistance of 5-unit provisional FDP at 30 mm of interimplant distance showed 791.61 ± 203.59 N. Both 14 mm and 21 mm of interimplant distance are suitable span lengths to be considered for the optimum outcome during immediately loading with implant-supported provisional restorations. Limitations of the study were that force application was static in nature and not dynamic and the arch form was not "U" shaped but longitudinal using Bis-Acryl material only with no cantilever. Future studies can be done to evaluate the fracture resistance of bis-acrylate material considering biomechanics and arch form of natural dentition. Distal cantilever should be considered along with different material for fabricating provisional restoration.

Flexural and fracture behavior of high-performance concrete using notch specimen

This study investigated the mechanical properties of high-performance concrete using notched specimens. Allflexural specimens had an identical geometry of 40×40×160 mm3 with a span length of 120 mm. Four notchto-depth ratios were as follows: 0 (N0 series), 0.125 (N1 series), 0.250 (N2 series), and 0.375 (N3 series), whichwere designed at the specimen bottom of midspan section. The investigation focused on the four parametersof high-performance concrete, including load carrying, deflection capacity, flexural strength, and the criticalstress intensity factor. The results showed that the load-carrying and deflection capacities decrease with anincrease in the notch-to-depth ratios. Furthermore, the flexural strength was ranked as follows: N0 series > N3series > N2 series > N1 series, whereas ranking of the regarding critical stress intensity factor was opposite:N1 series > N2 series > N3 series.

Design of an Overhead Crane in Steel, Aluminium and Composite Material Using the Prestress Method

The present research describes a design of an overhead crane using different materials with a prestress method, which corresponds to an external compression force with the aim of reducing the displacement of the beam due to the external load. This study concerns a bridge crane with a span length of 10 m, with a payload equal to 20,000 N and an estimated fatigue life of 50,000 cycles. Three different materials are studied: steel S355JR, aluminium alloy 6061-T6 and carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP). These materials are analysed with and without the contribution of the prestress method. In reference to the prestressed steel solution (which has a weight equal to 79% of the non-prestressed configuration), this study designed an aluminium solution that is 50.7% of the weight of the steel one and a composite solution that is always 20.3% of the steel configuration. In combining the methods, i.e., the materials and prestress, compared to the non-prestressed steel solution with a weight evaluated to be 758 kg, the weight of the aluminium configuration is equal to 40% of the traditional one, and the composite value is reduced to 16%, with a weight of 121 kg.

Analysis and optimization of self-propelled performance of wave-driven vehicle hydrofoil under high sea-level condition

The wave-driven vehicle is a surface vehicle powered by capturing wave energy, which is required to face harsh sea conditions when performing tasks in parts of the ocean. However, wave-driven vehicles are usually small in size, and their seakeeping and speed are generally poor in high sea conditions. Wave driven vehicles are usually equipped with rigid connected hydrofoils to capture wave energy, which can provide power for wave driven vehicles and enhance seakeeping. Aiming at the long-term survival and operation requirements of wave-driven vehicle under high sea conditions, this paper studies the effect of high sea conditions launching wing on the self- propelled performance of wave-driven vehicle. After installing rigid connected hydrofoils on wave-driven vehicles, the structural parameters of the hydrofoils are changed, and the kinematic and dynamic responses of wave-driven vehicles at 0–90 ° wave encounter Angle are numerically simulated based on CFD method. The effects of underwater wing depth, hydrofoil spacing and hydrofoil span length on the self- propelled performance of wave-driven vehicles are analyzed. Based on this, the structural parameters of rigidly connected hydrofoils are optimized, which improves the seakeeping and rapidity of wave-driven vehicles in high sea conditions.

Seismic design parameters of double-layer diamatic domes

The effect of past earthquakes (e.g., the 1995 Kobe and 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes) on the space structures revealed the fact that the assumption of the invulnerability of these structures is incorrect despite their light self-weight and high degree of redundancy, and space structures may suffer severe damage during strong ground motions. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the design of this type of structure in high seismic-risk regions. Nevertheless, the existing seismic design codes have not provided the seismic design parameters (i.e., the seismic response modification factors), including the behavior factor, R, and the displacement amplification factor, Cd for space structures. This research aims to extract the seismic design parameters of double-layer diamatic domes (DLDDs) to answer the challenges that structural engineers face in the design of this type of structure. For this purpose, 16 DLDD models with different rise-to-span ratios (RSRs) and span lengths were considered. After designing the models and performing the nonlinear time history analysis using the simultaneous effect of the three transitional components of ground motions, the target displacement at the control node was determined. Then, the pushover analysis was carried out to derive the capacity curve of the structures and calculate the seismic response modification factors in both horizontal and vertical directions. The results indicate that the domes with RSRs of 1/7 and 1/5 should be designed such that they remain in the elastic state in the horizontal direction. Then, with the growth of RSR, the value of R increases and reaches 1.792. Finally, equations were presented in this study for the period, behavior factor, and displacement amplification factor of DLDD structures in both horizontal and vertical directions using the nonlinear regression analysis.

Accuracy of intraoral scanners based on jaw curve and inter-implant distance

Background: In digital dentistry, the intraoral scanner (IOS) is the primary data-collecting device. The data must be accurate to prevent undesirable stresses and technological difficulties resulting from prosthetic misfits. The span length of restorations influences the accuracy of IOS impressions. Purpose: This research aimed to compare the accuracy of virtual models scanned by different IOSs to determine whether jaw curvature and inter-implant distance affect accuracy. Methods: Four mandibular edentulous models were prepared by replacing the site of the missing tooth with an implant. The prepared holes were drilled at 7mm, 14mm, 21mm, and 28mm. Five scans for each model were taken with a desktop laboratory scanner as a reference model and with Trios3Shape and 3Disc Heron IOSs to evaluate trueness and precision (T&P). The scans were saved as standard triangulation language files and statistically analyzed at a level of significance (P ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a significant difference between the IOSs in inter-implant distances (P < 0.05). The greatest distortion was reported in the 21mm and 28mm groups for both scanners (P ≤ 0.05), while the lowest distortion was observed in the 7mm and 14mm groups for the Trios3Shape scanner. Conclusion: Jaw curvature and inter-implant distance impacted the accuracy of the IOS. Distortion and reduced reproducibility of T&P increased with jaw curve and inter-implant distance. The Trios3Shape IOS showed maximum accuracy at 7mm and 14mm inter-implant distances, while the 3Disc Heron IOS produced significant distortion of trueness at 21mm and 28mm inter-implant distances.

Mechanism analysis for scaling effect on the impact behaviors of RC beam: From material properties to component response

Scaling effects on the resistance response of RC components have been found under impact, penetration, and blast. To investigate the mechanism and origins of the scaling effect on the impact response of RC beams, numerical models of geometrically similar beams were established on the ABAQUS platform by considering the strain rate effect. The influence of material properties such as elasticity, plasticity, and strain rate effect on the similarity of beam impact response was accessed and analyzed. Then, the scaling effects of impact characteristics such as time history, damage, effective mass, and span length of RC beams were discussed and compared from the local and global stages. The numerical findings revealed that material properties influence the scaling effect on the impact response and strain rate distribution. The inhomogeneity of strain rate distribution and the difference in dynamic strength caused by the non-uniform scaling for the strain rate effects (DIFs) contribute to the scaling effect. In addition, the two-stage analysis results indicated that the scaling effects exhibited in the local and global responses of RC beams are not entirely consistent. As the scale factor increases, for the large-sized beams, the normalized deformation profile shrinks, the equivalent mass factor decreases, the effective span length changes slower, and the moving velocity of the plastic hinge slows down. Several impact performance characteristics, such as strain rate distribution within the beam and the damage and deformation curve of the beam, will reflect localization as the scale factor increases. It is expected that the preliminary mechanism analysis of this study could provide a reference for analyzing the impact response of prototype beams.

Shear repairing of reinforced concrete beams exposed to high temperature using basalt fiber reinforcing bars and CFRP ropes and strips

In this research, the shear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to high temperatures and then repaired using Basalt Fiber Reinforcing (BFRP) bars and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) ropes and strips was investigated experimentally. Eleven reinforced concrete beams with shear deficiency were cast with dimensions 200mmx300mmx1800mm in width, depth, and span length, respectively. Then, after 28 days, ten beams were heated in an electric furnace for three hours at a temperature of 650 °C. Later, nine of the heated beams were repaired using near surface mounted technique (NSM) with different configurations of BFRP bars and CFRP ropes and strips, and one beam was left unrepaired to serve as a control heated sample. The behavior of the beams was evaluated under two-point loading. The experimental results showed that using NSM CFRP or BFRP efficiently enhances the shear capacity of heat damaged beams. Using NSM rope increased the ultimate loads by 40 % to 95 % compared to control heat beams. The highest improvement in maximum load capacity was achieved by using an inclined rope positioned at 150 mm. While, using BFRP bar increased the maximum load by 37 % to 63 % compared to control heat beams depending on the configuration and spacing between bars. Also, it has been found that the overall effectiveness of CFRP rope in increasing the shear capacity is 32 % higher than that of the BFRP bars.

Experiences from launching the bridge over Gottleuba‐valley (Gottleubatalbrücke)

AbstractThis article briefly describes the project background, timelines, structural data, actually achieved milestones and current stage of project of the bridge over Gottleubavalley in Pirna, Saxony, Germany. The bridge is being built using incremental launching method, the main challenges of the launching process are briefly described together with some learning points.The winning design from the architectural competition in 2006 proposed very slender (1 to 35 !) hybrid steel‐concrete semi‐integral frame crossing the 70m deep and 1000m wide valley with nine spans (92 – 116 – 120 – 120 – 124 – 108 – 92 – 76 m) with maximum span length of 124m. The paper describes the challenges the team faced during the preparation and launching of a very slender bridge deck with deflections up to 6m when touching down at the bridge pier. By the time of the venue, the incremental launching will be already finished, and the lowering works will be in progress.

Dynamic Characteristics of LIT Girder Railway Bridges

This study analyzed the dynamic characteristics of railway bridges with low-weight, innovative truss (LIT) girders and evaluated their dynamic behavior under general and high-speed railway operating conditions. A dynamic analysis was performed considering various variables, including the span length (30, 35, 40, or 45 m), track (single or double), main girder type (three or five girders), track type (concrete or ballast), and train type (KTX, HEMU, freight train, Mugunghwa, or express EMU). The train load was modeled as a moving concentrated load, and the damping ratio was applied according to railway design standards. The results of the dynamic analysis showed that in most cases, railway bridges with LIT girders met the allowable criteria for vertical deflection, vertical acceleration, and warping. However, in the case of a 30 m span bridge, the vertical acceleration exceeded the allowable limit at a specific speed of the HEMU-430X high-speed train. The results of this study can be used to evaluate the applicability of LIT girders in railway bridges and provide useful information for future design and construction.