Impact Of Space Research Articles

Impact of High-density Planting Spacing on Physiological Traits of Cocoa Grown under Coconut Trees

High-density planting (HDP) maximizes land productivity. Optimizing cocoa spacing under coconut trees enhances physiological traits and yield potential. Despite cocoa's integration into coconut agroforestry, spacing's impact on cocoa physiology is unclear. Studying this influence provides insights for better planting strategies, improved crop performance, and sustainable cocoa production in agroforestry settings. The experiment was conducted at the Coconut Farm of the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Employing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments replicated three times, the study aimed to explore how different spacing levels influence physiological traits in cocoa cultivation. The treatments involved in the experiment included a double row of cocoa planted between two rows of coconut trees, with spacing configurations as follows: T1 (3m x 1.2m), T2 (3m x 2m), T3 (3m x 2.5m), and T4 (3m x 3m). Additionally, a single row of cocoa between two coconut rows was examined, with spacings represented by T5 (1.5m), T6 (2m), T7 (2.5m), and T8 (3m). Results indicated distinct patterns among spacing treatments, with significant differences observed in various physiological characteristics. Notably, T1 (3m x 1.2m) demonstrated the highest leaf area (462.71cm2) and leaf area index (4.85), while T8 (3m) exhibited the highest light interception (74.12%). Additionally, T3 (3m x 2.5m) showcased the highest chlorophyll index (40.52) in cocoa leaves. These findings underscore the importance of spacing configurations in influencing key physiological parameters in cocoa cultivation, providing valuable insights for optimizing planting practices.

A study on the influence of learning space on students' intrinsic learning motivation

AbstractFollowing the continuous reform and innovation of classroom teaching methods and pedagogy in higher education, the support provided by traditional classrooms for new classes seems to be insufficient. Empirical exploration into the impact of learning spaces on student learning motivation, particularly in terms of how and to what extent, has been limited. This study focuses on student intrinsic learning motivation as the dependent variable and constructs an influence model incorporating factors such as learning space, pedagogy and classroom relationships. A comparative analysis is conducted to assess the differential influence between two learning space types: active learning spaces and traditional classrooms. Utilizing a convenience sampling method, students engaged in coursework at University A's ‘Future Learning Experience Center’ and traditional multimedia learning spaces over three academic terms were selected. Differential tests were performed on data collected from various learning environment types, and the impact of learning space, teaching methods and social relationships on students' intrinsic learning motivation was validated using structural equation modelling. Results indicate that scores in the dimensions of learning space, teacher–student relationships, student–student relationships and student intrinsic learning motivation were significantly higher in the active learning space compared to traditional classrooms. Surprisingly, learning space exhibited no significant direct effect on student intrinsic learning motivation but demonstrated a significant indirect effect. The influencing factors model presented in this study sheds light on the type of learning space's impact on student intrinsic learning motivation, offering theoretical guidance and practical data for future research endeavours.

Impact of spacer on membrane gas separation performance

Mixing in gas separation membranes has received much less attention than in membrane liquid separation because gas molecules have much smaller viscosity, allowing them to diffuse easily through membranes without requiring significant flow mixing. However, due to advancements in membrane fabrication technologies aimed at improving material properties, concentration polarization (CP) might become an issue in gas separation due to enhanced membrane efficiency and permeability. Consequently, a 2D CFD analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of spacer-induced mixing on membrane gas concentration polarization for typical CO2/CH4 gas separation. Results show that spacers generally enhance flux performance while reducing CP in the membrane channel when compared to the case without spacers. Furthermore, the effectiveness of spacer-flux-to-pressure-loss-ratio (SPFP) reaches a peak for a Reynolds number in the range of 5 <Reh< 200 because of the trade-off between flux and pressure drop. This mixing-induced flux enhancement is most effective under high CP conditions (less mixing) within the membrane channel. Similarly, flux enhancement due to spacers can be observed as membrane selectivity, pressure ratio and feed gas concentration increase due to enhanced CP.

Single event response of ferroelectric spacer engineered SOI FinFET at 14 nm technology node

The impact of spacer on the single event response of SOI FinFET at 14 nm technology node is investigated. Based on the device TCAD model, well-calibrated by the experimental data, it is found that the spacer presents the enhancement on single event transient (SET) compared with no spacer configuration. For single spacer configuration, due to enhanced gate control capability and fringing field, the increments in SET current peak and collected charge for HfO2 are the least with 2.21%, 0.97%, respectively. Four possible dual ferroelectric spacer configurations are proposed. The placement of ferroelectric spacer at S side and HfO2 spacer at D side brings to weaken SET with the variation in current peak and collected charge by 6.93%, 1.86%, respectively. The reason may be its enhanced gate controllability over the S/D extension region, which improves the driven current. With linear energy transfer increasing, SET current peak and collected charge present the trend of increase while the bipolar amplification coefficient reduces.

On the acoustics of coupled volumes in the safavid architecture—Comparison of computer-modeled objective parameters of two historic buildings

One of the typical architectural prototypes in the Safavid era is the utilization of nested rooms for creating assembly spaces with spatial connectivity. Varied in geometry and size, each volume contributes differently to the acoustical environment. Shah Mosque prayer hall and Ali Qapu Palace music room are the two rooms that employ this organization system in their planning. Various simulations have been performed on 3D models of these architectural entities to study the mechanism of sound energy exchange and the impact of each volume on the perceived acoustic characteristics. The objective parameters were collected for both rooms and compared in various configurations to understand each cluster of space's impact on the overall acoustic experience. Furthermore, materials' properties, proportions, and architectural features are discussed as contributing factors to the sonic landscape. The result shows that the sound energy decay behaves differently mainly due to the two rooms' differences in scale and sound absorptive properties. The comparative analysis verifies some of the previous research on coupled volumes in which these two precedents exhibit a similar non-exponentialsound energy decay.

Impact of spacer on inter sub-channel mixing of coolant in nuclear fuel bundle: a survey and future patterns of research and advances

Abstract Broad efforts have been ended in the last decade for the development of spacer and its effect on droplets that present in the vapour core. The spacers operate as droplet collectors and accumulate considerable amount of the droplet flux in an emblematic spacer section. This development paved the way for engineers and researchers to come up with spacer that exhibit better inter subchannel mixing in the reactor. The review is based on the correlation developed by different researchers for the spacer modelling, grey areas and challenges for further improvement in the prediction and some of the good models have been recommended. The effect of spacer on liquid films and droplet depositions before spacer and near spacer have been studied and finally based on this investigation a proposed LDV measurement techniques have been applied on 1/12th segment of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor for further analysis of spacer effect on annular flow. Efforts are made to uncover the investigated gaps from the precedent literatures, as an effect of which it is concluded that there is extremely inadequate work published in the field of thermal-hydraulics incorporating spacer effect such as turbulent mixing, droplet deposition and liquid film thickness in the case of AHWR.

Impact of AlN Spacer on Analog Performance of Lattice-Matched AlInN/AlN/GaN MOSHEMT

In this work, a detailed investigation of the impact of spacer layer thickness on analog performance of an AlInN/AlN/GaN metal oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOSHEMT) is carried out. A thorough analysis of the key figure-of-merits such as threshold voltage (Vth), two-dimensional electron gas sheet charge density (ns), drain current (Id), transconductance (gm), and gate leakage current are performed for various spacer thicknesses ranging from 0.5 nm to 1.8 nm. From the two-dimensional ATLAS device simulation results, it is observed that the performance of AlInN/AlN/GaN MOSHEMT is affected by the variation of spacer thickness. Also, we have developed mathematical expressions for the evaluation of Vth, ns, Id, gm and gate leakage current for the proposed device. The model results and technology computer-aided design simulation results are verified and also found to be satisfactory. Improved sheet charge density and superior analog performance is observed due to the insertion of the AlN spacer. Suppression in the forward gate current is observed due to the insertion of the AlN spacer which made it possible to apply a high gate voltage in the transistor operation. From the fabrication point of view, it is also feasible to utilize the existing complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process flows to fabricate the proposed device.

Impact of Spacer and Strand Length on Oligonucleotide Conjugation to the Surface of Ligand-Free Laser-Generated Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles conjugated to nucleic acids are widely used for biomedical targeting and sensing applications; however, little is known about the conjugation chemistry covering the impact of steric dimension and strand orientation of single-stranded oligonucleotides (ssO) on the conjugation process and binding efficiencies. In this context, we present an extensive investigation concerning the attachment of thiolated ssO to the surface of laser-generated gold nanoparticles, altering both strand length and binding orientation by the insertion of different spacer types at either the 3' or 5' ssO terminus. A significant reduction of conjugation efficiency of about 30-50% is determined for spacer-prolonged bionanoconjugates due to coiling effects of the flexible ssO strand on the particle surface which increases deflection angle of oligonucleotides and limits the number of biomolecules attached to the nanoparticles.

シークエンス景観における景観行動と空間の開放度・インパクト度との関係

シークエンス景観における景観行動と空間の開放度・インパクト度との関係