Settlement Space Research Articles

A multi-pathogen behavioral exposure model for young children playing in public spaces in developing communities.

Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death among children under five in developing communities, despite active interventions to improve access to water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Even interventions with high fidelity and compliance saw minimal improvements in health outcomes, necessitating a need for looking beyond traditionally targeted exposure pathways. This study focuses on the pathogen exposure a young child may receive while playing in the public spaces of informal settlements, where animal feces, human feces, and garbage are frequently observed. The study utilized 79 soil samples previously collected across ten cluster sites in Corail, Haiti and processed using DelAgua cultural assays and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction methods. Molecular assays screened for Aeromonas, Vibrio cholera, and several pathogenic Escherichia coli species. Behavioral observations of young children (<5 years old) were also conducted in overlapping areas with the environmental sampling to quantify frequency of risky and mitigating behaviors. Environmental and behavioral data were combined to obtain the posterior distribution of children's pathogen exposure from playing in a public space for one hour. The model estimated that children have a likelihood of approximately 70% of being exposed to a pathogen during one hour of play and a greater than 30% chance of being exposed to multiple pathogens in the same period. While children and toddlers practice fewer risky behaviors compared to infants, they were shown to have higher likelihood of exposure and slightly higher pathogen dose per exposure. As anticipated, a high correlation between genes from the same E. coli species was observed in the model output. These findings demonstrate the need to consider public spaces as an important exposure pathway for young children for both future research and interventions.

Formation and Sustainability in Historical Squares: An Analysis on The Example of Nicosia Historical Urban Texture

Squares, which are social meeting and community areas of societies, have shaped important public open spaces of settlements. Located in historical urban textures, such spaces are also a source reflecting the history of the city with the artefacts from their formation processes. The squares acquired their identity through surrounding formations from different periods in the history of Cyprus and have come to the present day with their active lives. Sarayönü, Selimiye and ?nönü squares in the walled city of Nicosia have developed from their first formation during the Lusignan period of the island up until Venetian, Ottoman, British, Republic of Cyprus. The historical squares, which completed their development relatively during the British period, have been damaged by multi-storey reinforced concrete buildings, which are controversial and incompatible with traditional architecture, added to their textures because of inadequacies in protection, especially after the mid-1970s, and their historical textures have lost their sustainability. This study aims to analyse the historical squares in Nicosia, which have been formed over a period of more than eight hundred years with cultural heritage works from different civilisations, and to reveal the damage caused to their identities by incompatible buildings added to their textures and the importance of sustainability in historical textures with protection. Keywords: Square, sustainability, texture, Nicosia, historical

Infrastructure and the evolution of settlement space: a study from a spatial anthropological perspective on the Pearl River Delta

The complex system of the settlement space in China’s Pearl River Delta region has always featured infrastructure as a key medium to explore the evolution of the settlement space. Therefore, anthropological research on infrastructure has become an important dimension for researchers to in analyzing social and spatial issues in the Pearl River Delta region. This study explores the correlation mechanism between infrastructure and settlement space by referring to literature reviews and empirical cases, revealing the underlying political factors, economic factors, cultural factors, and complex social change process of the physical space through empirical case studies. It provides a theoretical research genealogy for exploring spatial evolution in addition to a research sample for analyzing social and cultural changes in the Pearl River Delta region. Moreover, it emphasizes the cognitive significance of historical context and has important implications for future urban development.

Shifting landscapes: Women's experiences of socio-cultural changes from in-situ redevelopment in Ahmedabad

In-situ redevelopment policies, involving the construction of new apartment-style housing at original slum sites, have become a widespread approach to housing improvement in India. While much scholarly attention has focused on potential economic, administrative, and health impacts of such policies, the exploration of socio-cultural consequences has only recently gained prominence. Employing grounded theory methods and qualitative interview data from women residents in three housing settlements – one awaiting redevelopment, another redeveloped 2.5 years ago, and the third redeveloped 8.5 years ago – this study scrutinizes the socio-cultural impacts on women transitioning from slums to apartment-style housing. Socio-cultural impacts unfold in three overarching themes: spatial affordances of slum settlements for social life, experienced erasures in redeveloped settlements, and the social gains resulting from redevelopment. Findings from this study highlight the significance of interstitial semi-private spaces in slum settlements, acting as critical zones for social connection and cultural expression for women. Conversely, redeveloped settlements exhibit spatial erasures and a shift toward increased isolation. The elimination of interstitial spaces, coupled with an inability to modify the fixed housing structures in redeveloped houisng, contributes to social atomization and a fragmented sense of community post-redevelopment. This study underscores the intricate interplay between spatial configurations and the socio-cultural fabric of communities undergoing redevelopment.

Traditional culture of settlements associated with the natural environment: the case of Yi minority Southwest China

ABSTRACT Traditional culture of settlement is an important medium to record the process of balance between human and nature, and it was passed down from generation to generation in different forms (e.g. sacrificial culture, social structure, belief worship). With the intensification of global multicultural integration, the integration relationship between culture and nature has become an important approach for the protection and inheritance of traditional culture. Now, the relationship between artistic creation and ecological environment has been extensively studied. The scientific consensus regarding the influence of ecological environment on artistic creation has gained widespread recognition. Nevertheless, previous research neglects the relationship of traditional culture and natural environment, as well as different spatial characteristics, which are closely related to agricultural production and living. Based on the in-depth investigation of 23 traditional settlements of Yi minority in Southwest China, this paper conducted spatial analysis based on aerial photography, satellite maps and field investigation to analyze the relationship of culture-environment-space. Our results showed that there are significant differences in settlement space (e.g. landscape pattern, landscape space, architectural form) of Yi minority distributed in different areas. Under the same cultural background, the dispersed layout appears in Liangshan with high altitude and cold climate; the mountain foot layout appears in Central Yunnan and Northwest Guizhou with flat terrain and mild climate; the centralized layout appears in Honghe with narrow valleys and hot climate. These results shows that traditional culture comes from the natural environment, and the settlement space built under the guidance of the traditional culture must be in harmony with the natural environment. Therefore, protecting the traditional culture plays an important role in the sustainable development of urban and rural settlements. In addition, our findings may serve to inheritance and protection of traditional culture in other area all over the world.

Optimal design of informal green spaces in cold-region settlements: an embodied cognition perspective

ABSTRACT With the development of cities in cold regions, the demand for green spaces surpasses what formal areas like city parks can provide. This study employs an embodied cognition approach, based on the valence-arousal dimension model, to assess the emotional responses of residents in cold regions to informal green spaces (IGSs) from both subjective and objective perspectives. The findings reveal that IGSs positively influence the emotional valence and arousal of residents. The study also examines how different sample characteristics impact these emotional responses, confirming that IGSs in cold regions enhance residents’ emotional states both subjectively and objectively. The manner in which these characteristics influence residents’ emotional responses is investigated by comparing various IGSs with distinct characteristics. Key factors such as aspect ratio, size, vegetation layout, and maintenance significantly influence emotional valence, while vegetation type notably affects emotional arousal. This research underscores the importance of IGSs in cold regions for fostering “urban green space equity”. It provides theoretical guidance for designing these spaces, focusing on subjective perceptions and objective measurements for enhancing emotional well-being in cold urban environments. The methods and results of this study can provide a workable reference for future research and for urban planners tasked with designing green spaces.

An exploration of the self-similarity of traditional settlements: the case of Xiaoliangjiang Village in Jingxing, Hebei, China

In order to retain the characteristics and style of traditional settlements and respect their layout and structure, it is necessary to carry out original planning and expansion of traditional settlements. This model of planning and expansion aims to protect the unique character of the settlement, maintain its original historical and cultural value, and integrate with the surrounding environment. Early research on the space complexity of settlements was dominated by qualitative analysis, and the depth of quantitative research on the spatial form of traditional settlements was insufficient. This article takes Xiaoliangjiang Village in Jingxing County, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, which entered the fifth batch of the list of Chinese traditional villages list, as the research object. The spatial relationship of the settlement was obtained through field surveys and drone oblique photography, and the spatial morphological elements of Xiaoliangjiang Village were analyzed and extracted. Based on three quantitative theories of spatial form, namely topology theory, fractal theory, and space syntax, the self-similarity of settlements is analyzed from the perspectives of buildings, streets, and spaces. The research uses Matlab and DepthMap software to quantitatively analyze the spatial form of Xiaoliangjiang Village and obtains data. Through the analysis of data, it was found that Xiaoliangjiang Village has self-similarity at three levels: buildings, roads and settlement spaces. The buildings iteratively generate various forms of architectural courtyards through the basic “L”-shaped pattern. The spatial structures at all levels of roads and settlement space in Xiaoliangjiang Village are relatively similar, in line with the bottom-up traditional settlement evolutionary law. By studying settlement self-similarity, people can better understand the formation mechanism of traditional settlement space structure and its evolution law. At the same time, it enriches the research perspective of traditional settlements and provides technical support for analyzing the self-similarity of traditional settlements and settlement protection planning.

Social network dynamics in rural public spaces of multi-ethnic settlements: A case study from Tongren, China

In multi-ethnic rural settlements, a diversity of social relationships gives rise to various public spaces. The integration of cultures, propelled by urbanization, poses challenges to the unique characteristics of these rural public spaces. This process leads to issues such as the loss of cultural diversity, increased homogeneity of spaces, uneven distribution of public services, and low efficiency in space utilization, which seriously interfere with the healthy and sustainable development of rural social systems in multi-ethnic rural areas. This study, focusing on the rural public spaces in Tongren's multi-ethnic settlements, employs a social network analysis approach to investigate the implications of these spaces for the stability of rural community life and the preservation of cultural identities. A model for analyzing social networks in rural public spaces was developed, emphasizing overlapping patterns of user groups, activities, and spatial entities. Analysis of the social networks was conducted in three domains: emotional support, material exchange, and information dissemination. A semantic model was also constructed to understand the usage and structural networks within these public spaces. Comparative analyses between the usage and structural networks of rural public spaces were conducted to develop a comprehensive structural analysis system for these areas. Application of this system in analyzing the rural public spaces of Tongren revealed distinct findings. The connectivity of the structural network in Dongganmu Village's public spaces was found to be lower than that of the usage network, indicating that social factors heavily influence villagers' interactions. Furthermore, the number of small groups within the usage network was fewer than in the structural network, reflecting a lack of hierarchy in public space organization. Villagers’ preferences for public spaces were primarily influenced by cultural beliefs rather than spatial accessibility. The insights garnered from this study not only contribute to the understanding of social network structures in rural public spaces within multi-ethnic settlements but also provide a foundation for informed decision-making regarding the sustainable development of these areas.

THE ROLE OF THE ARTS IN THE FORMATION OF LANDSCAPE PLANNING ORGANIZATION OF ARCHITECTURAL SPACE RURAL SETTLEMENTS OF UKRAINE

A historical and cultural descriptive overview of the artistic experience and landscape planning organization of organizing the architectural space of rural settlements of Ukraine with an emphasis on the current stage of development is presented. It is emphasized that the academic discourse is dominated by studies devoted to the study of this issue for urban space. While rural settlements in the corpus of auk studies are presented much more modestly, which once again actualizes the chosen topic. After all, the rural settlements of Ukraine, despite the urbanization processes, remain an important component of the architectural space of Ukraine, and also manifest long-standing artistic folk traditions that give rural landscapes a unique and unique architectural face and create a harmonious combination of the natural environment and anthropogenic influence. The importance of preserving the traditions of the landscape and planning organization of the architectural space of the village, taking into account the long-standing traditions of construction and the artistic expression of aesthetic preferences and worldview beliefs formed in Ukrainian culture, is emphasized. Historical and cultural heritage, its preservation and popularization, is one of the strategic tasks of the state and an example of Ukraine's European integration aspirations. Careful nurturing of one's own traditions, including artistic, landscape planning, and architectural ones, is a demonstration of the maturity of society and awareness of the importance of cultural identity. The village itself, despite the Soviet policy of standardization and unification, was able to preserve unique artistic traditions that complement the socio-humanitarian space and emphasize the regional and local features of one or another settlement. Research attention is focused on such examples as wells, which are an important part of rural communication and village landmarks. The importance of plastic arts in the architectural space of the village is also emphasized. With the help of sculpture, historical memory, commemoration is formed, and society gathers around significant and symbolic events, symbols and meanings for the community. In the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, the problem of destroyed villages became particularly acute, because it is necessary not only to restore the housing stock, socially significant objects, establish communications and restore the infrastructure, but also to preserve the history of the village, its socio-cultural accents. That is, the role of art in these processes is extremely important. Artistic means can embody both the historical and cultural aspects of the development of the village, as well as immortalize the modern tragedy of the war.

Study on the Spatial and Architectural Morphological Characteristics of Buyei Traditional Settlements and Their Sustainable Development Strategies

The development of traditional settlements and architecture in China has changed along with the acceleration of the urbanization process, especially the changes are more obvious in the areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. We take the traditional Buyei settlement space and architectural form as the object of research, summarize its characteristics, and study the development and change of the traditional Buyei settlement after the reform and opening up, summarize the characteristics of the traditional Buyei settlement, and put forward the suggestions for the protection and construction of the settlement, which is of great significance to the protection of national culture and the construction of "beautiful countryside". The promotion of ecological civilization is an important part of the current social and economic development, and the traditional architecture of the Buyi people contains the concepts of the unity of man and nature, harmony between man and nature, and respect for nature, which should become an important part of the construction of China's ecological civilization. Especially in the context of rural revitalization, analyzing the sustainable development strategy of the vast minority areas is necessary for balancing economic development and ecological civilization, and can play a positive role in promoting urban-rural integration, accelerating rural construction and realizing green development.

Spatial characteristics and ecological wisdom of Amdo Tibetan traditional dwellings in western Sichuan

ABSTRACT Amdo Tibetans are an important part of the three major Tibetan areas in western Sichuan. Their production and life style rooted in the Ruoergai grassland pastoral area is significantly different from that of Kangba Tibetans and Jiarong Tibetans, which are widely distributed in the valley areas. However, due to the relatively small population size and distribution range, there is still a lack of research on the space of multi-Tibetan settlements in western Sichuan, which makes the unique spatial characteristics of grassland dwellings and their generation logic unclear. Based on a large number of literature studies and field investigations, this paper systematically analyzes its location pattern, spatial layout and material application from the perspective of ecological wisdom through spatial analysis, comparative analysis and other methods. The results show that there are obvious differences in spatial form between the Tibetan dwellings in Anduo grassland in western Sichuan and the Tibetan settlements in Kangba and Jiarong. The scattered siting model is used to cope with the impact of bad climate and the characteristics of widely dispersed production factors. The diversified, specialized and open yard space layout is adapted to the production mode of pastoral areas. Local materials such as manure are used to build settlement space according to local conditions. This study reveals the spatial characteristics and environmental adaptation wisdom of multi-Tibetan grassland dwellings in western Sichuan, complements and improves the Tibetan research system and content in western Sichuan, and provides theoretical guidance for the healthy and sustainable development of multi-Tibetan settlements in western Sichuan.

Models of residential space for ethnic minorities in Thanh Hoa Province associated with sustainable livelihoods

Thanh Hoa Province has 11 mountainous districts with seven ethnic minority groups, and the three largest ethnic groups are the Muong, Thai, and H'Mong. This region has great potential for developing a forest-based economy, ecotourism, community-based tourism, and cultural heritage tourism that is associated with cultural festivals, customs, lifestyles, and traditional housing architecture. However, developing a family-based economy, such as engaging in community-based tourism or agricultural production, has negatively affected and disrupted the structure of village spaces, spatial planning, and traditional house design. The arbitrary construction of additional service spaces and spaces for resident guests within the village space and the precinct of a house has reduced the area of the garden and agricultural land. The self-initiated modification, expansion, and use of non-traditional materials in traditional housing structures by residents to serve tourists have resulted in the loss of the architectural value of traditional homes. The exploitation of agricultural land has affected the natural forest area, the forest protection area at the headwaters, and the vegetation cover and natural ecosystems. Moreover, agricultural economic activities have not been linked to service activities, handicraft production, or tourism, and there are no adaptive residential space models, thus failing to create sustainable livelihood activities. Therefore, the article proposes settlement space models and orientations for residential space development including village spaces, house precincts, and traditional housing spaces of ethnic minorities in Thanh Hoa Province, associated with sustainable livelihoods based on the exploitation of traditional housing architectural heritage values to ensure local economic development. These models are closely linked with the conservation and promotion of ethnic cultural values, landscape preservation, environmental protection, and contribution to poverty reduction for residents.

Estimation of Carbon Stock Due to Land Cover Change in Small Islands: A Case of Gili Matra Islands, Indonesia’s Marine Tourism Park

As a small island cluster, Gili Matra (Meno, Trawangan, and Air) is the main tourist attraction in West Nusa Tenggara. The trend of population growth in Gili Matra, as well as the trend of tourist visits, continues to increase. It needs to be more balanced between the demand for living space and developing tourism-supporting facilities. As a result, land cover changes are unavoidable, significantly reducing the non-built-up areas. Land cover changes have an impact on ecosystem and climate control functions. The signs of climate change in small islands, such as extreme weather, sea level rise, and coastal abrasion, are starting to be felt. The purpose of this study is to calculate the conversion of carbon stocks based on land cover changes in Gili Matra from 2013 to 2022. The analytical method used to land cover change and analyse carbon stocks. The research showed that the built-up areas increased from 126.84 hectares to 223.55 hectares from 2013 to 2022. Meanwhile, non-built-up areas such as sand beaches, plantations, bare areas, shrubs, and mangrove areas decreased from 576.56 to 479.84 hectares. In addition, mangroves, plantations, and shrubs, three examples of land cover with the highest carbon conversion, have decreased by 28.67%, 11.25%, and 6.36%, respectively. The total carbon stock on Gili Matra in the 2013–2022 period has decreased by 1,802.08 tons C. It indicates increased carbon emissions due to land cover changes in Gili Matra caused by increased demands on space for settlements and tourism support facilities.

Моделирование функций пространства в топонимической системе дагестанских языков

The article attempts to present the possibilities of using the modeling method to study the toponymic space in Dagestan languages. A field model of the toponymic space of Avar, Dargin and Kaitag settlements is proposed, taking into account the methods of nomination and education considered through the prism of the case system of these languages. The reference to the category of space in our work is primarily due to the fact that Dagestan languages have a developed system of spatial cases, the forms of which are reflected in their rich toponymic nomenclature. The toponym, as you know, is the “name of the place”, the designation of a point on the surface of the earth. The article discusses approaches to the definition of space functions in the toponymic system of Dagestan languages. The purpose of the work is to identify and compare various functional explanations of the essence of space in the toponymic system of related languages. The article describes the toponymic systems of the Avar, Dargin languages and the Haidak dialect of the Dargin language as the most interesting linguistic units in terms of expressing locative meanings in Dagestan toponymy. The characteristics of toponyms considered from the standpoint of their cognitive and cultural understanding are shown. Dagestan toponymy is defined by names formed by means of spatial case formants, the model of which is the most characteristic, ancient and archaic.

Roadside Vegetation Functions, Woody Plant Values, and Ecosystem Services in Rural Streetscapes: A Qualitative Study on Rural Settlements in Western Slovakia

Woody plants in roadside green spaces of rural settlements provide a wide range of ecosystem functions and services. The study presented in this paper was conducted in three rural settlements in Western Slovakia, representing three different rural landscape types—lowland, basin, and mountainous landscapes. The assessed woody vegetation is situated in diverse settlement structures, with various spatial patterns. A comprehensive woody plant assessment was conducted in selected central streetscapes of three model settlements, examining spatial, compositional, visual, aesthetic, and other values, as well as the characteristics of woody plants. These attributes were clustered according to five main functions and fourteen value parameters and the results were assigned to three quality categories, to objectivise a qualitative woody plant assessment in roadside vegetation structures in the countryside. The findings show the level of suitability of woody plants based on how they fulfil aesthetic, compositional, climate, safety, cultural, and historical functions.

Images of Russian Self-Consciousness: History and Culture

The article examines in detail the cultural and historical prerequisites for the formation of national self-consciousness in the context of its specificity. Its specificity is predetermined by the historical destiny of the people, the geographical location of the state and the worldview of Russian people. Attention is focused on three bases of the formation of this phenomenon: “their” faith, power and rigid ethno-social distance with the poles “we” and “they”. The dynamics of the mythologeme of “anti- Westernism”, the transformation of religious consciousness, as well as the specific manifestation of tolerance, conditioned not by origin, but by the common space of settlement, are analyzed separately. It is emphasized that these structural elements of national self-consciousness in various forms existed in all periods of Russian statehood: from ancient Russia to the present. The author’s reflections are illustrated by the data of interdisciplinary sociological research conducted in the period from 1995 to 2021 under the guidance of the author by the team of the Laboratory of Ethnic Sociology and Psychology of the Faculty of Sociology of St. Petersburg State University. The peculiarity of their presentation is the analysis of the dynamics of people’s worldview and behavior under the systemic impact of social and political transformations of the external environment.

Influence of Land Ownership Security on Land Use Changes in Mwatate Sub-County, Taita Taveta County, Kenya

Background and Aims: The rising global population has increased land demand due to the increased need for agricultural and settlement spaces. Land ownership security tremendously impacts environmental sustainability because it influences ecological decisions. Kenya's land ownership and land use changes nexus has not received sufficient attention. Consequently, we explored this research gap in Mwatate Sub County, Taita County, Kenya. Methods: A sample size of 301 households was selected using stratified proportionate and simple random sampling techniques. A cross-sectional survey research design was used, while data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. The Neo-Malthusian theory was adopted as a theoretical framework. Results: Results revealed that most (85.6%) households had insecure land ownership rights. Most (64.1%) households inherited land and had no Title deeds. Accordingly, findings reveal unsustainable land use practices, including deforestation, tree logging, high fuelwood use, bush clearance for human settlement and cultivation, poor farming methods, and overreliance on agriculture for livelihood. Using a 95% confidence level, Chi-square tests revealed a significant relationship between agricultural land use changes and land ownership security. Our findings concluded that insecure land ownership influenced agricultural expansion, deforestation, clearing of land for human settlement, and the type of farming techniques adopted by farmers. Implications for Conservation: Taita Taveta is a vital biodiversity hotspot that continues to be degraded by human activities. The correlation between land ownership and land use changes established by our study confirms the impending land degradation and threat to biodiversity loss. This is coupled with the concern that approximately 62% and 11% of the county are under a National Park and sisal estates, respectively, implying a growing threat to biodiversity loss and the need for enhanced conservation efforts in the area. This calls for the need to address the constant land issues in the area to incentivize sustainable land use practices.

ENGAGING COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA: EVALUATING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE EXPROPRIATION OF LAND WITHOUT COMPENSATION BILL

The post-1994 era in the South African public imagination was envisaged to herald widespread and transformative efforts to reverse the gross injustices and human rights violations inflicted over many decades of apartheid and colonialism. One of the key measures initiated by the democratic government to drive this nation building project was the land reform programme. The ‘land question’, which is a popular tagline in South Africa when reference is made to land reform, has come to define the general discourse of socioeconomic disadvantage and change in the post-apartheid and post-colonial period – similarly to other former settler colonies in the African continent and the broader Global South. For South Africa though, this specific issue has been characterised by numerous challenges and failures largely at the level of the state, wherein a significant lack of public engagement, public participation and democratic redistribution was not being done according to ‘the will of the people’. On several occasions, the South African state has gone on a ‘solo crusade’ to implement the land reform programme under complex conditions that are largely unfavoured by ordinary people ‘on the ground’ – especially those who were the primary victims of land dispossession under colonialism and apartheid. As a result, over the past few years, indigenous black communities across the country especially in (semi)urban and township areas have voluntarily ‘occupied’ land at their own will and sometimes ‘illegally’, to take up settlement space and determine their lives on the land of their birth. Beyond the public discourse of ‘land invasions’ and ‘failed land reform projects’, this study was conducted to closely understand the extent to which public engagement and participation has been integral in the systematic mechanism(s) to transform the patterns of land ownership and control in the democratic South Africa. To do this, the site of KwaZakhele, Silvertown, in Port Elizabeth was selected to conduct the study. Methodologically, qualitative semi-structured interviews were utilised to conduct the study and the Marxist Concept of Citizenship was selected as a theoretical framework for the study by the researcher. The study has found that, amongst the general legislative and political shortfalls of public participation breakdown, there are other deep seated structural socioeconomic issues that are at the root of the problem – such as economic inequalities and very low prospects of social mobility – which collectively reproduce the persistent inadequacies of political instability and social unrest in the area. The study recommends an astute combination of ‘bottom-up’ active citizenship and major socioeconomic transformation in the area as a systematic and structural mechanism to empower the community of Silvertown to be the champion of its own liberation struggle for the freedom of its people to own land and democratically participate in their own governance, self-determination, and prosperity.

EMERGENCES OF GULON INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IN SURAKARTA CITY: PERSPECTIVES ON THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE AND RHYTHMANALYSIS

&lt;p&gt;Increasing population growth and limited residential land occur in most urban areas in Indonesia. The government has well-observed regional spatial planning (RTRW) and regulations, but there are often deviations, such as the emergence of informal settlements. This study seeks to clarify the background of the establishment of informal settlement through the production of space theory and identify how society shapes the rhythm of life in producing space. Data collection is carried out by observation, interview, participatory mapping, and temporal imagery. This research uses progressive regressive methods with the production of space theory perspective and rhythmanalysis. Rhythmanalysis is used to complement the exposition of the production of space theory. It is known that the settlement space began to be formed in 2004. Residents interpret the Gulon informal settlement location as a strategic and effective cheap livelihood location. This choice of place to live is further strengthened by the similarity of the community's economic conditions which are increasingly deteriorating, made worse by the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. This situation encourages interaction in the rhythm of people's lives so that the concept of residential space is formed. Polyrhythmics strengthen the phenomenon of space utilization.&lt;/p&gt;

Unsettling in Norrland

This research uses film, photography and projection to analyse the changing space of Northern Sweden (Norrland). This peripheral region is one of the most rapidly reconfiguring spaces in Europe, with on-going programmes of corporate and state investment to exploit space and natural resources for settlement and extraction.&#x0D; The images are part of an archive of the moving of buildings, a common practice in the region. Buildings are moved in relation to changing environmental conditions and now urban land values and global property speculation. It is understood to be a distinct process of what David Harvey has described as “remaking capitalism’s geography”1&#x0D; Images analyse the material conditions, ideology and power in this frontier economy. The project considers an architecture of de-growth2, challenging ideas of the expanding urbanisation of Norrland. As land values and modes of occupation change, buildings are displaced from the urban centre to increase occupation density through speculative investment. This process displaces social space and previous land formations. The city of Kiruna has been entirely displaced by expanding mine workings. The practice of relocation also has the capacity to shift large-scale historic architectures, as a distinct form of caretaking.&#x0D; In this moment of new waves of investment in mining and forestry, of urbanisation of parts of the region, predicated on an underlying and largely uncontested agenda of ‘development’, the archive offers other conceptions of space and architectural production.&#x0D; The images consider the wrenching of a house from its location and moving it to another location, documenting this process of detachment. It records the re-arrangements of space between land and building. Displacement is illuminated through projections to unsettle, by superimposing architectures onto previous conditions. Keywords: Unsettling, de-growth, relocation, house-moving, displacement.&#x0D; Cover image: Robin Serjeant, “Midwinter projection inside the house.”, Degernäs, December 2021, Film stills