Development Of Space Tourism Research Articles

The Advent of Space Administrative Law in Europe

Regulation of any activities in space used to be object of international public law for several decades. This had reflected the fact that states as subjects of international public law used to be the key role in the development of space activities. In the last decade, however, there is a rising tendency to govern space activities also by the means of administrative law. Commercialisation and privatisation of space, developments in space tourism and increasing number of space flights have triggered the need to establish rules on permitting, registration and surveillance. Thus, while space activities were matter of regulation by the means of international public law almost exclusively, there has been a considerable tendency towards governing by the means of administrative law. In many jurisdictions, national space acts were enacted in the last decade. This process underlines the argument on gradual emergence of a space administrative law in Europe.

Business Case Study for the Cycler: A Circumlunar Vehicle for Development of Space Tourism and Lunar Infrastructure by 2030

Cislunar space tourism is still a futuristic concept. However, the thrill and innovation that it offers has the potential to attract the attention of High-Net-Worth Individuals. As a result, developing regular tourist-focused cislunar transportation could be an opportunity for space entrepreneurs. Moreover, once established, cyclic lunar transportation might be a factor that could improve lunar business and infrastructure such as those considered for Moon Village. Today, the commercial development of cislunar vehicles is limited by costs and long duration research and development programs, while, the commercial benefits of a reliable transportation system of crew, tools, materials, and supplies are not fully understood. Consequently, the authors present the commercial viability of a cislunar space tourism vehicle utilizing the cycler concept. This article presents a business case for such a cislunar transportation vehicle and a related portfolio of services that might be realized by 2030. The business case expands previous studies on the Cycler concept proposed by Bombardier, Farr, and Peraldi in 2016. The commercial viability of this cislunar vehicle offers the opportunity for international collaboration as well as the potential for providing access to spaceflights for the space emerging nations. The cislunar space tourism Cycler is envisaged as a modular vehicle that will orbit the Earth and the Moon on a free return trajectory in a 7-day crewed journey (based on a study by Genova and Aldrin). The modular structure provides comfortable to premium travel conditions for 8 paying customers and 3 crew members as well as transporting goods using a cargo unit and a dedicated module to conduct scientific experiments. The article proposes a vehicle architecture using available components with the current Technical Readiness Levels of 6 or higher. This approach identifies technology gaps that need to be addressed to develop cislunar tourism and transportation and demonstrates the limited number of nations that are currently involved in developing these components. Furthermore, the article introduces a risk assessment of the envisaged civil cislunar transportation system, a dedicated financial modeling tool together with potential approach for financing the system through International public–private partnerships.

SPACE TOURISM. A FUTURE SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS OR NOT?

Space tourism, which has recently come to the attention of society, has sparked controversy over the environmental consequences of recreational space travel, which has become a lucrative business done by and for the super-rich. This scientific paper investigates, through qualitative and quantitative research, the potential for the success and sustainability of this industry. The interviewed tourism and aviation experts believe that space tourism deserves to be developed in order to colonise other planets and make society responsible for the environmental issues, despite the huge costs, which will be reduced, similar to the aviation trend, by technological advances. Also, the results of the survey in which students participated, as future specialists in business and tourism, indicate an increased share of those aware of the effects of carbon pollution and a percentage of over 30% of those who believe in the development of space tourism, supported by economic benefits of offsetting environmental costs. The overall conclusion of the study highlights technological progress as a mobilising factor in reducing carbon dioxide emissions from spacecraft and in achieving the dream of sustainability of space travel, revealing space tourism as a resource that would benefit society as a whole, scientifically and economically.

КОСМІЧНИЙ ТУРИЗМ: ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ РОЗВИТКУ ТА ЕКОНОМІКО-ПРАВОВІ ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The article establishes that the concept of space tourism has undergone a long evolution and is connected with mankind's perception of space aircraft as a literary category of fantastic works, the result of scientific developments with their own names, a comprehensive service of passenger space transport and a hotel and restaurant industry located on near-Earth space orbits. It has been proven that the main features of the space tourism market at the present time are: commercial nature, package offer of tourist services, their high cost, high requirements for space tourists as participants in space flight from the point of view of their health, physical training, life safety instruction ; segmentation according to the level of solvency of consumers (premium class, wealthy clients), according to motivating motives (extreme, entertainment, implementation of business ideas, conducting scientific research, etc.). Factors that will stimulate the development of space tourism are highlighted: provision of mass passenger space transport projects, development of ground infrastructure in the form of spaceports and space infrastructure in the form of hotels and restaurants; creation and distribution of space tourism agencies, regulatory and legal regulation. It is shown that space tourism is an international legal category. In order to bring national legislation into line with world practice, space tourism should be included in the main concepts of the Law of Ukraine "On Space Activities". It is also appropriate to determine the requirements and rules for the participation of citizens of Ukraine and other states in this type of tourism, to regulate the issue of issuing permits for this type of tourism in Ukraine. It has been proven that the development of space tourism will be stimulated by insurance protection mechanisms for space tourists, similar to those received by airline passengers. Space flights and space tourism are a promising segment of the insurance protection market, the development of which is restrained by high technical-technological, commercial, financial risks and the complexity of their distribution among interested parties.

SPACE TOURISM - BETWEEN COMPETITION AND COOPERATION OF STATES AND NON-STATE ENTITIES

The aim of the research is an attempt to answer the question about the inevitability of cooperation between states and commercial entities as part of private-public partnership in the development of astrotourism and the challenges related to it. In the undertaken research and development of materials, the classical method of analysis of existing data information (desk research) was used. In order to indicate similarities and differences, and to achieve the objectives of the research and to verify the hypothesis, a SWOT analysis was performed. A number of safety issues in astrotourism are still unregulated. Among modern countries preferring to maintain a monopoly in space, authoritarian countries dominate, such as Russia, where every sector of space exploration, including space tourism, depends on the state. In democratic countries, private entities are largely the partners or service providers of the states. In the near future, private entities will set the direction of space tourism development. States will abandon their monopoly on regulatory and organizational powers in space exploration. However, for reasons of their own security and safety interests, they will leave themselves in control of this sector. The latter will lead to the development of public-private partnerships.

Stars in the rearview mirror: The Grand Tour as a guide to the development of space tourism

PurposeIn this paper, the authors argue that the blueprint that was organically developed over the course of approximately three centuries, from The Grand Tour to this day, is likely to see something close to a repeat in the development of that final frontier.Design/methodology/approachThe study used the methodology of reviewing the literature and model comparison.FindingsOpportunities will expand and change along the same trends that lead The Grand Tour to evolve into mass tourism, because as in the past people's perceptions about what is possible and reasonable will change the more common such once fictional ideas become reality.Originality/valueNothing is in the current tourism literature, on this topic. This is new and unique.

Legal conundrums of space tourism

Private commercial space tourism carrying passengers to outer space is no longer a distant or far-fetched fantasy, rather it is at verge of becoming an affordable reality with exponential development in space technology including development of Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV), increasing involvement of private companies like Virgin Galactic, SpaceX, Blue Origin etc. into research and funding of space tourism explorations and applications. It is also receiving huge attention from the public. These developments reflect the infinite possibilities and inevitability of space tourism in near future. However, space tourism may also pose many critical legal issues which must be addressed to ensure the consistent and sustainable development of space tourism, and to secure the rights of all stakeholders involved including operators, passengers, launching State etc. The research paper would highlight the crucial legal issues associated with the space tourism. The paper would critically analyze the efficiency of the present international space treaties in dealing with these issues. At the end, the paper would also attempt to provide few suggestions and solutions to these legal conundrums relating to space tourism.

Russia in the global market of Space technologies, industry and services

The modern components of the Space economy are considered and it is pointed out that it is not only a specific part of the world economy, but also a large, promising business that is dynamically developing in parallel with globalization. The authors point out to the fact, that some sectors of the Space economy, in-cluding Space tourism, earn substantial income, so there is a great potential for profitability of this business. The article analyzes in detail commercial activities in manned space exploration and the current trends in its development. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the development of space tourism in Russia and its commercial potential. Some aspects of Russian private space tourism are considered which might ensure competitiveness in the world market of space ser-vices in the future. The ways of reducing the cost of space flights are analyzed. The factors, features and the development of the space tourism market are shown. It is concluded that the development of Space tourism in Russia is gain-ing popularity, and the era of space technologies, industry and services will de-velop intensively, providing humanity with the opportunity to explore outer space.

Legal aspects of the space industry development in Ukraine and space tourism in particular

The author has provided the chronology of international space law and analyzed the main aspects of the main document of international space law – "Treaty on the principles of activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes." She has analyzed the Ukrainian legislation on the development of the space industry. Due to the chronic underfunding of aerospace enterprises by the Ukrainian government, the industry is in a state of disrepair. At the same time, Ukraine possesses the scientific, engineering and production facilities for the development of the space industry, and therefore has all the prerequisites for bringing this industry out of the crisis. The author has identified problems of the aerospace industry in Ukraine. She has proposed effective measures to take the space industry out of the crisis, Among them: transformation of space enterprises into joint-stock companies, coordination of management functions between central executive authorities. A special attention has been paid to space tourism. The historical aspect of the development of space tourism is provided. The main advantages and disadvantages of space tourism are revealed. The author has proposed to create an orbital service company within the framework of a public-private partnership.

Delineating acceptable risk in the space tourism industry

ABSTRACT Advances in suborbital, orbital, and beyond orbit space tourism continue to occur at a rapid pace. However, it is uncertain what form this burgeoning industry will take. Some envisage spaceflight as an extension of commercial aviation, a new transport paradigm that would allow flying from London to New York City in less than an hour. Others argue space tourism will remain a niche, high-adrenaline activity suited to adventurers. Finally, space tourism is sometimes instead positioned as more akin to the efforts of explorers, such as early expeditions to Earth’s polar regions. The level of acceptable risk associated with space tourism hinges on which of these categories defines its development during the coming decades. This paper argues that uncertainty regarding the future course of space tourism development complicates delineating the level of acceptable risk in this domain and that this dynamic is likely to lead to problematic industrial and customer relations.

Research on the development of space tourism:problems and prospects

An increasing demand for space travel, the creation of commercial enterprises and travel agencies in the field of space industry, the development of vehicles intended solely for the transportation of tourists to space – all this suggests that space can soon turn from a matter of scientific research into a tourist destination. Therefore, today the study of the state and prospects of space tourism development is a hot topic. The subject of research in the article is the development of space tourism in the world. The goal is to identify the main factors constraining the development of space tourism in the world. The objectives are to explore the economic benefits of space tourism development and the possibility of increasing commercial enterprises in the field of space industry; to evaluate key concepts involved in developing ways to reduce or eliminate social, economic problems arising in the field of space tourism. General scientific methods used: system analysis and factor analysis. The results of this study: the main economic advantages, disadvantages and problems of space tourism have been revealed; the state have been analyzed, and prospects for the development of space tourism have been identified; the need to study the fundamentals of space tourism development in the future have been determined, its impact on society and those who participate in it, the importance of upcoming efforts and possible policy recommendations have been evaluated. Special attention is paid to the review of space law treaties, agreements and conventions on space tourism. The authors conclude that space tourism is showing rapid development, and the space industry remains one of the promising investment sectors which may become the main direction of development of space activities in the future. Because space tourism is a certain market niche that can contribute to the use of infrastructure in space, especially due to the upcoming discoveries.

Economic aspects of space tourism development in regions: Reviewing the present-day ideas

Economic aspects of space tourism development in regions: Reviewing the present-day ideas

A Study and Discussion on the Cost Issue of Suborbital and Orbital Space Tourism

The major purposes of this paper are to study the current costs, or say the ticket prices, for suborbital and orbital space tourisms and to discuss the rationality. On 27 February 2017, SpaceX has announced it plans to launch two paying passengers on a tourist trip around the moon next year (2018). Two private citizens who were not named have paid significant deposit to be sent around the moon to mark the furthest humans have ever travelled to deep space. It could be believed that the cost is tens of million USDs per person. Between 2001 and 2009, 7 millionaires paid and travelled 8 times to the International Space Station by taking the Russian Soyuz spacecraft and launch vehicle systems. Recently, Blue Origin successfully tested the full-envelope escape system of its New Shepard’s crew capsule with the first crewed test flights planned for early 2018. Also, the Virgin Galactic’s second SpaceShipTwo took to the skies for the first test flight of the revamped atmospheric re-entry system, and expected commercial passenger service to be underway before the end of 2018. Through the background review, this paper concluded that the current prices announced are too high, and the ticket price for suborbital space tourism should be no more than one tenth for that of orbital, Strategies for reducing price were discussed. For the sustainable and prosperous development of space tourism, the cost must be affordable by many tourists, not simply by a few very rich persons.

SPACE TOURISM AS REALITY OF THE 21<sup>ST</sup> CENTURY

[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT The author reviews and assesses the prospects for development of space tourism in the near future, analyzes the activities of both public and private companies and their cooperation. The advantages and disadvantages of the travels of «amateur cosmonauts», their place in the system of classification of the types of tourism are revealed. Based on the review, the conclusion was made about the reality of the emergence of a new tourism industry, the feasibility of investing additional financial resources in the development of space tourism in Russia and the outlooks of Russian private space companies are justified. Keywords: space tourism, new-generation missiles, extraterrestrial routes, private space companies, moon colonization, colonization of Mars.

Биотехносфера и околоземное космическое пространство

Intensive development of Near-Earth Space is accompanied by its microbiological contamination. Viable bacteria have been already detected on external structures of the International Space Station. A thin gaseous envelope and a layer of organic deposits are formed around a manned spacecraft. They can serve as a substrate for the evolution of some forms of microorganisms. As a result, the simplest natural-technical system is emerged in the near-Earth space. Biological objects can penetrate this system from the Earth’s atmosphere, or as gas leakage from the manned spacecrafts. In the nearest future the number of orbital space stations will increase many times. Some of them will be created by private firms for the purpose of space tourism development. Between the orbital stations and the Earth will be a constant transport of large numbers of people and cargos. Together with them microscopic biological objects will move in both directions. As a result of this, the natural-technical systems of space vehicles will integrate in the global natural-technical system — biotechnosphere. New strains of microorganisms which are hazardous to human may occur in the near-Earth space. The exploitation of a large number of manned stations in the Space hypothetically creates conditions for the penetration of alien life forms to the Earth. For timely identification of such threats it has been proposed to create an interdisciplinary scientific research complex. Its purpose is monitoring the appearance of new organisms at all stages of their movement from the near-Earth space to the Earth. Special attention should be paid to the study of biological objects detected on the Earth in areas hardly suitable for terrestrial microorganisms, for example, in different technological environments or clusters of toxic waste.

Future Technology and Service Industry: A Case study of Travel and Tourism Industry

Travel and tourism the most vibrant segment of service industry is backbone of almost 35 countries and each country desires to augment its world share for the reason that it is the best source of earning foreign exchange. Today’s world civilization is technology savoir-faire and altering accordingly at a fast pace. In future, Space Tourism and Ocean Depth Tourism will become new-fangled precincts of movement. <em>Virgin Galactic</em>, <em>Space Adventure Company, World View, Google Lunar, Astrobotic, Blue Origin, SpaceX Project, Sierra Nevada, Orbital ATK, Finnair</em> etc. are in the pursuit of Space Tourism Development. Space Hotels will be fashioned and populace will go on Moon for enjoying their holidays. In future, with the help of smart, sensible and talking computers search for extra-terrestrial intelligence will be improved. In upcoming year’s new pink tourist, personage regular travellers, back packers, older generation tourist and couples travelling farthest areas/sites will raise new forms of tourism and tourist sites. Upcoming tourist will become <em>negligent, informed, urbane, self-governing, impatient </em>and<em> thrilled</em>. Smart phone and Social Media will turn out to be guide, escort and agent. Make use of Space Technology in transportation network will revolutionized mobility of tourist. Tour planning will be grandee, open and exceedingly personalised. The periphery among leisure and exertion will be dissolved by digital technology. Tourist will appraise every aspects of tourism on interactive experiences base (personal and others) and social media opinion will matter a lot. Future tourist will be highly conversant, elegant, knowledgeable, refined, ordering online, anticipate speedy response and well linked to social network. In view of that services and training of service support staff will renovate. In future <em>CSR, Crisis Management, Environmental concern, Ethics, Legal Rights </em>and<em> Contact less payments</em> will be very high-flying. The current paper is the study of upcoming travel and tourism blueprint and type of technology going to decide world tourism trend.

Beyond the biosphere: tourism, outer space, and sustainability

ABSTRACTDominant sustainability discourses commonly situate Earth as the singular realm of human influence and position modern mobility as one of the primary means through which we are destroying the biosphere. The commercialisation of activities in outer space and the development of space tourism have resulted in drastically reduced launch costs, enabling an increased human presence beyond the biosphere. This paper argues that current debates concerning the relationship between tourism mobilities and sustainability are marked by increasingly untenable assumptions concerning the spatial and temporal parameters of human influence. We critique those assumptions by introducing the concept of a sustainable trajectory to examine the relationship between modern mobility and sustainability, a relationship that is being redefined by the rapidly advancing fields of commercial spaceflight and space tourism. Greater attention to space tourism and commercial spaceflights is required in order to develop a coherent, long-term conceptualisation of the implications of modern mobility for sustainability.

The paradoxes of space tourism

ABSTRACTSpace tourism is widely considered to be the next step in the expansion of tourism. In this article, I focus on several paradoxes inherent in the long-range development of space travel and space tourism within the scope of the wider project of human expansion in the cosmos. I discuss the future of space tourism development from a critical sociological perspective, highlighting specifically four principal paradoxes inherent in that process: (1) the limitations on human cosmic expansion; (2) the subversion of ‘adventure’ in space tourism; (3) the banalisation of the sublimity of the experience of space tourism and (4) the deflowering of the pristinity of other celestial bodies by space exploitation and tourism development. I draw some speculative conclusions regarding the prospects and limitations of the emergent direction of the future expansion of the tourism industry.

Ups and downs of space tourism development in 60 years from moon register to spaceshiptwo CRASH

In human imagination, dreams and expectations, the sequence of “space tourism” has most likely been Moon tourism, Earth orbital tourism and then suborbital tourism. But the sequence in actual development is the reverse: first Earth suborbital tourism, then orbital tourism, and finally Moon tourism. In 1954, three years before the successful launch of the first human artificial satellite, the world's oldest travel company, Thomas Cook in Britain, initiated the “Moon Register.” Enthusiasts could sign an option for a commercial trip to the Moon and the company guaranteed to provide tickets at the earliest possible date. Sixty years later on 31st October 2014, the first SpaceShip Two (SS2) of Virgin Galactic developed for commercial suborbital space tourism (SST) and scientific research crashed at the Mojave Desert in California during test flight. Although the first privately paid space tourist had traveled to the International Space Station in 2001, this was only for millionaires and not the general public. In 2004, although SpaceShipOne won the Ansari X prize and shed the first light on SST, the commercial SST operations originally planned to be realized in 2008 are now long overdue. The SS2 has been just one of the reusable suborbital launch vehicles developed for SST and other purposes, with others including the Lynx, Spaceplane and Dream Chaser. However a tragedy in which the SS2 crashed and caused the sacrifice of one senior test pilot alerted tourists that the long overdue of SST might still be a few years away. The purposes of this paper are to review and discuss the ups and downs of space tourism development in the 60 years from 1954 to 2014, and to look forward to get more clear future from the unveiling of second SS2 on 19th February 2016 and the continuous development of Lynx Mark I. However in any case, there are still many constraints including economy.

Aviation or space policy: New challenges for the insurance sector to private human access to space

The phenomenon of private human access to space has introduced a new set of problems in the insurance sector. Orbital and suborbital space transportation will surely be unique commercial services for this new market. Discussions are under way regarding space insurance, in order to establish whether this new market ought to be regulated by aviation or space law. Alongside new definitions, infrastructures, legal frameworks and liability insurances, the insurance sector has also been introducing a new approach. In this paper, I aim to analyse some of the possibilities of new premiums, capacities, and policies (under aviation or space insurance rules), as well as the new insurance products related to vehicles, passengers and third party liability. This paper claims that a change toward new insurance regimes is crucial, due to the current stage in development of space tourism and the urgency to adapt insurance rules to support future development in this area.