Space Technology Research Articles

Space technologies for development? Practicing sovereignty, beyond inclusion

The increasing use and integration of space technologies in International Development projects raises fundamental questions about the ways in which these technologies are produced and applied, for what purposes and what ideas of innovation underpin their knowledge frameworks. With reference to two UK Space Agency (UKSA)-funded projects aiming to create an environmental information system using remotely sensed data, this article considers the possibilities and threats of user-centred technology design for the management of Indigenous territories. The team of Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers grapples with the contradictions and sites of tension emerging at the intersection of the space sector, development, Earth system science and Indigenous sovereignty. Can space science and development be re-interpreted in the light of local needs, knowledges and right to self-determination? While common reliance on Western epistemologies feeds into deterministic understandings of technological benefits, this article presents Indigenous worldviews and practices as integral to codesign and co-implementation of innovations that are both technical and social. It argues that data are grounded and must be kept in connection with the contexts, culture and knowledges that make up a place. Praxis – as a theoretically inspired practice of doing development projects – thus emerges as a worldmaking activity inspired by a vision of design that foregrounds Indigenous sovereignty.

Analytical Evaluation of the WebSocket and WebTransport Protocols for the Class of SCADA Systems Operating Within the Intranet

The purpose of research. In recent years, web technologies have been actively used in many process control systems, including SCADA. Such systems allow continuous monitoring of the test object in real time. In this regard, there is a need for frequent data transmission for their further display. To solve this problem, network protocols are used, which continue to develop rapidly to this day.Materials and methods. SCADA systems are used in many industries: aviation, ground transportation, rocket and space technology, systems for receiving and processing telemetry information. Among them, a class of SCADA systems operating within the intranet stands out. This can be an internal network of the enterprise, a hangar or a small test stand for tracking the indexes of measuring equipment. Therefore, today, more than ever, open and publicly available materials are important for understanding modern network solutions that reduce the time spent on data transmission and their further visualization. Such information will be of particular value to students studying network and web technologies.Results. As a result of the research, taking into account the limitations of the SCADA system and network being developed, the time characteristics for the WebSocket and WebTransport protocols have been determined, and the most optimal solution for a typical load is proposed. In the presented paper, the issues of data transfer between the client and server parts for a class of SCADA systems operating within an intranet are considered. In this regard, it is proposed to consider the two most suitable solutions for this task. These are application layer network protocols of the OSI model: WebSocket and WebTransport. In addition, transport layer protocols (TCP and QUIC) are taken into account, since they can also affect time characteristics. Data transmission issues are considered in the context of the SCADA data display and monitoring system. The server part is developed using C#, and the client is developed using JavaScript. A number of experiments are carried out for boundary cases and typical loads, on the basis of which the dependence of data transmission time on their volume is determined.Conclusion. The approach given in the paper on collecting network traffic and analyzing time characteristics will also be useful as part of the educational process for teaching students in the courses “Computer Networks” and “Internet Technologies”.

Measuring the radiation hardness of terahertz devices for space applications

The application of terahertz technology in space is frontier for the development of 6G technologies. Terahertz transceiver devices based on gallium arsenide Schottky barrier diodes (GaAs SBDs) have the characteristics of small size, light weight and low power consumption, making them suitable for application on spacecraft. However, there is currently a lack of experimental assessments on their space adaptability. Here, we study the radiation hardness of terahertz devices to determine their adaptability in complex space environments. We exposed GaAs SBDs and terahertz multipliers as typical terahertz devices to gamma rays and protons. The experimental results showed that the terahertz devices exhibited good tolerance to protons, but prolonged exposure to gamma rays could significantly increase the leakage current of the GaAs SBDs and alter its C-V characteristics, leading to the failure of the terahertz multiplier. Nevertheless, the terahertz devices maintained a good level of radiation hardness, making them highly suitable for use in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. The comparison between the results of proton and gamma ray tests indicated that the terahertz devices exhibited high inherent radiation hardness against displacement damage but were more sensitive to ionization damage, requiring higher shielding requirements.

Spatiotemporal variation in grain production performance and efficiency of the cultivated landscapes in Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia: the impact of residual moisture-based farming on water and food security

Analysis of grain production performance can provide reference information to explore multiple cropping options and further improve the resource use efficiency of farming methods. This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of grain production performance and efficiency of major crop production systems (CPS) in the Ethiopia’s Blue Nile Basin. The results show that only 39% of the basin is currently cultivated, although a significant cropland expansion (10%) was recorded between 1985 and 2020. The study identified 11 major CPS, mostly practiced in the basin. Of these, single cropping based on the main rainy season (Meher-Only) covers the largest area (26%), followed by Meher-Residual-Intermittent (12%) and Meher-Belg-Dependable (11%). Extended-Meher, Meher-Residual-Dependable, Meher-Residual-Intermittent, and Meher-Belg-Dependable are the four more powerful CPS with higher efficiency. Comparatively, CPS practiced in Wet-Woyna-Dega and Wet-Dega have better overall performance. Findings confirm that agricultural space management (land) and green-water (rainfall) utilization are the most influential factors, followed by land use planning and land use systems (CPS) invention. As landscape suitability for grain production governs future performance, in the low elevation and flood plains parts of the basin, the possibility of creating additional space into the food system is very high. In mountainous and high-altitude regions, the efficiency of grain production will decrease because incorporating additional arable land into the food system is trivial. In the last three decades, in BNB, only 10% of arable land (equivalent to 30 million quintals of food) has been added to the good system, which can support approximately 6 million people. Compared to the population growth of the basin (12 million 1985–2020), its contribution to the food system was less than 50%. This confirms that multiple cropping systems, such as Residual moisture-based CPS, have played a significant role in boosting the food system in the basin. Therefore, improving grain production performance/efficiency requires targeted investments, including the invention of more adaptable crop varieties, efficient cropping practices, and the introduction of advanced agricultural space and water management technologies. The results of the study will help identify important policy gaps and suggest possible options to enhance residual farming and other multiple cropping systems.

Why India must invest in radical space technology

Why India must invest in radical space technology

Key enabling technologies (KETs) in the technological space: embeddedness and regional knowledge creation

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of European Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) on regional innovation. KETs are a group of six technologies that share features with General-Purpose Technologies and are anticipated to contribute to innovation, Europe’s industrial competitiveness, and tackling grand societal challenges. As previous studies show innovation-driving effects of KETs, we are interested in the role of KETs in the regional technological space and its effect on innovation within a region. We analyse data from 141 German Labor Market Regions (LMRs) over a 15-year period and find varying and even negative impacts of individual KETs on regional knowledge creation. These findings emphasize KETs’ heterogeneity and the need for tailored regional policies.

Pedagogical conditions justification of professional multilingual personality building of non-language future specialists

Introduction. New guidelines in the development of economy, informatisation of society, the process of integration of cultures in the world have changed the requirements for the education of future specialists. One of the most important characteristics of modern society is the international interaction of organisations and specialists. This need necessitates the training of professional staff capable of working effectively in an open polylingual space. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the pedagogical conditions for the professional multilingual personality building of non-language future specialists and to develop a set of innovative teaching technologies in the multilingual educational space of higher education institution. Materials and methods. The study involved 43 teachers of Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy and National Research Mordovia State University, 255 student-respondents studying in the above-mentioned universities. The participants of the pedagogical experiment were provided with materials aimed at the professional multylingual personality building (teaching aids, reference materials, open mass online courses, digital resources). Technical means, digital tools were used to record the obtained results. Methods: analysis of theoretical sources, analysis and generalization of the experience of Russian universities in training non-language future specialists, results of students' and teachers' educational activities, pedagogical experiment, statistical processing of the results using the Pearson's chi-square test. Results. The pedagogical conditions of professional multilingual personality building of non-language future specialists were revealed and substantiated. The students training on the basis of the developed complex of technologies of professional multilingual personality building of future specialists was carried out. The results are summarised, which testify to the effectiveness of the identified pedagogical conditions and the potential of the applied complex of innovative teaching technologies in the polylingual educational space of the higher education institution. The results are summarised and the statistical significance of the differences in the qualitative changes in the results between the professional polylingual personality levels оf future specialists obtained before and after the experiment was determined (χ2 emp. = 19,987; p < 0,01). Conclusions. The identified pedagogical conditions and the proposed set of technologies for the professional polylingual personality building of future specialists of non-linguistic training profiles allow to increase their competitiveness in the labour market. The pedagogical potential of innovative teaching technologies in the multilingual educational space of higher education institution is aimed at the development of creative individual abilities of students, meeting their needs in moral, physical and intellectual improvement, their self-organisation. The developed set of technologies can be applied in the training of undergraduate, graduate, postgraduate students of non-language universities, students of further professional retraining.

Modeling and analysis of tethered satellite systems based on spinning deployment

Abstract In recent years, with space science and technology development, tethered satellites have been widely recognized and valued. This paper analyzes a tether satellite system based on spinning deployment by dynamic modeling and numerical simulation to analyze the factors affecting its deployment stability. Firstly, the dynamic model of the tethered satellite system under the action of spinning centrifugal force is established using the dumbbell model. Then, numerical simulation is conducted to study the factors affecting the deployment stability of the tethered satellite system. Finally, a feasible and stable deployment control method is proposed based on actual working conditions.

Characterizing the Impact of Emergent Technologies on Earth Communications Reliance for Crewed Deep Space Missions

Future human expeditions into deep space will encounter unique design challenges posed by the increasing distance from Earth, one of which is the inability to maintain near-continuous communication with ground support teams. As a result, the habitat and crew will require a higher level of operational self-sufficiency informed by onboard self-awareness and decision-making capabilities to accomplish functions that have historically involved extensive support from mission control personnel. These include, for example, task planning and anomaly detection, diagnosis and correction, as well as monitoring of consumable usage rates and system performance. Novel emergent technologies in the domain of ‘smart’ systems and digital twins can be employed to enable the onboard capabilities needed to function with minimal Earth communication. However, these technologies are generally low-TRL and difficult to incorporate through traditional systems engineering methods.This work proposes an extension of utility theory to assess the potential reduction in Earth communication reliance between baseline and emergent technologies, scored through a summation of weighted attributes and evaluated against future deep space mission needs and constraints. Case studies are defined from technology under development in the NASA Habitats Optimized for Missions of Exploration (HOME) Space Technology Research Institute (STRI), a project charged with developing and evaluating technologies to enable highly autonomous deep space habitats, and compared to the current baseline technologies used onboard the International Space Station. Notional deep space mission needs and constraints are informed from current NASA plans for the Moon and Mars. These in turn are broken out into higher resolution attributes that are used to assess the operational capabilities of each emergent technology and whether it offers a potentially viable solution for deep space. These technology attributes are scored through a series of semi-structured subject-matter interviews and compared to notional deep space mission constraints. Additional considerations for technology maturation and integration are also discussed. The design analysis paradigm described and demonstrated here can be adapted to assess the degree to which other emergent technologies rely on Earth-based communication, and is intended to provide trade space considerations for future research and development towards deep space habitat self-sufficiency.

NASA’s Top Human System Research and Technology Needs for Mars

NASA is working with industry and international partners to return humans to the Moon and to eventually enable humans to explore Mars. Within NASA, several organizations work together to identify, prioritize, fund, execute, and operationalize the research and technology development (R&TD) that will be necessary to enable crew health and performance (CHP) during these future missions. These organizations include flight programs, the Health and Medical Technical Authority (HMTA), the Human Research Program, the Space Technology Mission Directorate, System Capability Leadership Teams, and other organizations, many of which existed for several years prior to the creation of the Moon-to-Mars (M2M) Program Office in 2023. A variety of constructs, vocabularies, and processes exist for managing risks and supporting strategic planning across these organizations. For example, M2M objectives, program risks, human system risks, human research gaps, capability gaps, and envisioned futures are all constructs currently used within NASA to identify and prioritize R&TD needs. These strategic planning constructs are evolving to allow M2M objectives and R&TD investments to be aligned and traced at a detailed level. A recognized need exists among stakeholder organizations to identify and communicate the highest CHP R&TD priorities in a unified and digestible way that addresses the perspectives of NASA’s CHP community. To achieve this, the HMTA arranged a series of discussions with representatives of NASA’s CHP community, during which the 8 highest priority CHP capabilities that will enable human missions to Mars, referred to as the “top human system capability needs for Mars”, were identified. The list includes Earth-independent human operations; Mars-duration food system; Mars-duration effects on human physiology; risk mitigations for vehicle atmospheres; computational injury and anthropometric models; exploration exercise countermeasures; individual variability in responses to spaceflight; and sensorimotor countermeasures. Existing tools and processes for strategic planning and risk management were evaluated, as well as the technical practicalities, cost, and schedule feasibility associated with potential R&TD investments in different capability need areas. This capability needs report is not owned by any one NASA organization and does not replace existing strategic or program planning processes; rather it aims to complement and inform them with a unified set of community generated priorities. These top capability needs will be re-evaluated periodically based on R&TD progress and the evolving M2M architecture.

Unsteady Free Convection of Nanofluid Past an Infinite Vertical Sheet Under the Effects of Inclined Magnetic Field and Cogley Radiation

Background: An infinite vertical sheet is the medium of inquiry for studying the copper- water nanofluid behavior with an inclined magnetic field and Cogley radiation. The research contains significant aspects. The use of this nanofluid is of great practical importance, especially in the areas of energy efficiency, thermal management, radiative cooling for space technology, environmental impact reduction, and improving heat transfer efficiency in electronic device cooling operations. Moreover, the research enhances the understanding and manipulation of sophisticated materials. The uttermost significance of this resides in its capacity to uncover issues inherent in the stages of planning, developing, analyzing, and improving manufacturing processes, possibly securing new solutions via patent protection. Objective: This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the unsteady natural convection of a nanofluid along an infinite vertical sheet. The study focuses on understanding how an inclined magnetic field, Cogley radiation, heat source, and varying nanoparticle volume concentrations impact the velocity, thermal, and concentration profiles of the nanofluid. Additionally, the investigation seeks to evaluate the Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and skin friction coefficient across different concentration profiles to derive meaningful insights. Methods: The Laplace transform (L.T.) method, in combination with the MATLAB symbolic computing program, is used to develop numerical solutions for the main boundary value issues. The Laplace transform technique is used to clarify dimensionless partial differential equations (PDEs) and their limiting situations. An in-depth study is conducted on the profiles of momentum, energy, and concentration for various kinds of nanofluids with changing volume concentrations of nanoparticles. This research provides a comprehensive examination and also identifies prospective prospects in this field that might be protected by patents. Result: The work provides an in-depth understanding of how inclined magnetic fields, Cogley radiation, heat generation, and nanoparticle volume concentration affect the velocity, energy, and mass profiles of the nanofluid. Graphical representations depict these effects, offering a visual comprehension of the system's behavior. The Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient are determined by analytical and numerical methods. These findings demonstrate that the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient have an inverse relationship with changes in concentration profiles. Conclusion: The work improves our comprehension of the fluctuating natural convection of nanofluids across an unbounded vertical surface, taking into account variables such as an inclined magnetic field, heat source, Cogley radiation, and nanoparticle volume concentration. The practical implications of the discoveries, together with the analytical and numerical results, enhance our comprehension of the dynamics of nanofluid systems. Ensuring the protection and widespread distribution of patented technology is essential for promoting sustainable advancements.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Space Technology

This research paper explores the impact of Artificial Intelligence on space technology. The paper examines the current applications of AI in the space industry, the potential benefits and challenges, and the future implications of this transformative technology. As we know there are many hurdles in this field of space exploration AI can help overcome some of these challenges and propel the space industry forward. AI has the potential to revolutionise various aspects of space exploration, from mission planning and spacecraft operations to data analysis and scientific discoveries. This paper talks about the potential it has and what the future might hold.

TRANSFORMATION OF DIGITAL INNOVATION IN EDUCATION IN THE POST-COVID ERA: AN EXPLORATION CENTERED ON DRONES AND VIRTUAL REALITY

The relevance of this study is underscored by the significant shifts in traditional methods of teaching software disciplines in the post-COVID era. The widespread adoption of remote learning and integrating innovative technologies have necessitated re-evaluating educational practices. This study aims to explore the impact of modern innovative technologies on the effectiveness of education and the quality of learning in the post-COVID period. The primary method employed in this study was a survey, through which questions related to the use of drones and virtual reality (VR) technologies in the educational process were posed to students and educators. The results obtained during this study indicate a high level of acceptance by modern students and their educators of the role of drones and VR technologies in the educational environment of contemporary educational institutions. Participants in the surveys positively assessed the transformation trends of innovative technologies in the educational environment, which applies to almost all groups of students and educators without exception, regardless of their specialties. Respondents highlighted multiple positive effects of integrating drones and VR technologies into the educational space of educational institutions, including a high level of comfort when using these technical devices, improvement in the perception of educational material, and enhancement of the quality of mastering software disciplines. Both educators and students positively view the emerging prospects of practical use of drones and VR technologies in educational institutions' educational space, particularly in the post-COVID period and beyond.

Fungal microbiota of biodamages of various polymeric materials.

Data on microbial fouling of various synthetic polymer materials, including those used in space technology, are summarized. It has been established that the dominant groups of microbiota of polymer fouling are the genera of mitosporous fungi Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Trichoderma. The enzymatic properties of fungal strains from the collection of microbial cultures of the Microbial Depository Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia were studied. It has been shown that Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. steckii, Juxtiphoma eupyrena and a number of other fungi have biofouling activity towards polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate and some other synthetic polymers. New fungal kits have been developed and proposed to evaluate the fungal resistance of polymeric materials. They include fungi isolated from bio-damaged polymers used in space technology and contain 2 to 5 fungal strains instead of 7 to 9 strains in previously used kits. Taking into account the obtained data, a comparative assessment of the fungal resistance of samples of synthetic polymeric materials of various classes that passed accelerated climatic tests has been carried out. It has been established that the kits of biodegradant fungi, composed of cultures of bio-damaged space technology, generally exceeded the activity of the previously used kits, based on which one can judge the obvious advantages of strains isolated from bio-damaged space technology. In the future, these kits could find application not only for biodegradation of polymers, but also for testing the biostability of various polymers, to use for the construction of aviation and space techniques. Moreover, new optimized kits may be developed based on the strains involved in this study.

Modeling of Solar Radiation Pressure for BDS-3 MEO Satellites with Inter-Satellite Link Measurements

As the largest non-gravitational force, solar radiation pressure (SRP) causes significant errors in precise orbit determination (POD) of the BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite. This is mainly due to the imperfect modeling of the satellite’s cuboid body. Since the BDS-3’s inter-satellite link (ISL) can enhance the orbit estimation of BDS-3 satellites, the aim of this study is to establish an a priori SRP model for the satellite body using 281-day ISL observations to reduce the systematic errors in the final orbits. The adjustable box wind (ABW) model is employed to refine the optical parameters for the satellite buses. The self-shadow effect caused by the search and rescue (SAR) antenna is considered. Satellite laser ranging (SLR), day-boundary discontinuity (DBD), and overlapping Allan deviation (OADEV) are utilized as indicators to assess the performance of the a priori model. With the a priori model developed by both ISL and ground observation, the slopes of SLR residual for the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites (SECM) satellites decrease from −0.097 cm/deg and 0.067 cm/deg to −0.004 cm/deg and −0.009 cm/deg, respectively. The standard deviation decreased by 21.8% and 26.6%, respectively. There are slight enhancements in the average values of DBD and OADEV, and a reduced β-dependent variation is observed in the OADEV of the corresponding clock offset. We also found that considering the SAR antenna only slightly improves the orbit accuracy. These results demonstrate that an a priori model established for the BDS-3 MEO satellite body can reduce the systematic errors in orbits, and the parameters estimated using both ISL and ground observation are superior to those estimated using only ground observation.

Impact of different range bias corrections on orbit and earth rotation parameters determination using BDS-3 satellite laser ranging observations

Abstract Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) is one of the important techniques that determine geodetic parameters, whose observation processing often calibrates range bias corrections to offset systematic errors. However, the impact of different range bias calibration methods on estimating BDS-3 satellite orbit and Earth Rotation Parameters (ERP) has not been fully studied. This study aims to explore the impact of employing different SLR range bias corrections on the accuracy of SLR-based BDS-3 satellite orbit and ERP. Through experimental analysis of eight months, it is found that the station-satellite-pair-dependent range bias correction leads to the optimal orbit accuracy. Regarding orbit differences relative to precise ephemeris and overlap differences, the 3D Root-Mean-Squares (RMSs) of satellites manufactured by the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) are 1.00 and 0.94 m, respectively. And the corresponding values of satellites manufactured by the Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites (SECM) are 0.98 and 0.90 m, respectively. The station-satellite-pair-dependent range bias correction performs best in pole coordinates accuracy. The RMSs of XP and YP differences relative to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) 20 C04 product are 1.32 mas and 1.41 mas, respectively. The solution using satellite-dependent range bias corrections has the optimal the Length of Day (LOD) accuracy, with a 44.92 μs RMS of the LOD difference. However, due to the apparent satellite-related error characteristic reflected in the SLR residual, the station-dependent range bias correction is unsuitable for simultaneously processing SLR observation of all BDS-3 satellites.

Research on Precise Attitude Measurement Technology for Satellite Extension Booms Based on the Star Tracker

This paper reports the successful application of a self-developed, miniaturized, low-power nano-star tracker for precise attitude measurement of a 5-m-long satellite extension boom. Such extension booms are widely used in space science missions to extend and support payloads like magnetometers. The nano-star tracker, based on a CMOS image sensor, weighs 150 g (including the baffle), has a total power consumption of approximately 0.85 W, and achieves a pointing accuracy of about 5 arcseconds. It is paired with a low-cost, commercial lens and utilizes automated calibration techniques for measurement correction of the collected data. This system has been successfully applied to the precise attitude measurement of the 5-m magnetometer boom on the Chinese Advanced Space Technology Demonstration Satellite (SATech-01). Analysis of the in-orbit measurement data shows that within shadowed regions, the extension boom remains stable relative to the satellite, with a standard deviation of 30′′ (1σ). The average Euler angles for the “X-Y-Z” rotation sequence from the extension boom to the satellite are [−89.49°, 0.08°, 90.11°]. In the transition zone from shadow to sunlight, influenced by vibrations and thermal factors during satellite attitude adjustments, the maximum angular fluctuation of the extension boom relative to the satellite is approximately ±2°. These data and the accuracy of the measurements can effectively correct magnetic field vector measurements.

Cyber Resilience Limitations in Space Systems Design Process: Insights from Space Designers

Space technology is integral to modern critical systems, including navigation, communication, weather, financial services, and defence. Despite its significance, space infrastructure faces unique cyber resilience challenges exacerbated by the size, isolation, cost, persistence of legacy systems, and lack of comprehensive cyber resilience engineering standards. This paper examines the engineering challenges associated with incorporating cyber resilience into space design, drawing on insights and experiences from industry experts. Through qualitative interviews with engineers, cybersecurity specialists, project managers, and testers, we identified key themes in engineering methodologies, cybersecurity awareness, and the challenges of integrating cyber resilience into space projects. Participants emphasised the importance of incorporating cybersecurity considerations from the earliest stages of design, advocating for principles such as zero-trust architecture and security by design. Our findings reveal that experts favour Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and Agile methodologies, highlighting their synergy in developing flexible and resilient systems. The study also underscores the tension between principles-based standards, which offer flexibility but can lead to inconsistent implementation, and compliance-based approaches, which provide clear measures but may struggle to adapt to evolving threats. Additionally, the research recognises significant barriers to achieving cyber resilience, including insider threats, the complexity of testing and validation, and budget constraints. Effective stakeholder engagement and innovative funding models are crucial for fostering a culture of cybersecurity awareness and investment in necessary technologies. This study highlights the need for a comprehensive cyber resilience framework that integrates diverse engineering methodologies and proactive security measures, ensuring the resilience of space infrastructure against emerging cyber threats.

Numerical simulation of an unsteady ternary hybrid nanofluid along a convectively heated curved stretching sheet: A Tiwari-Das model

Nanofluids are smart fluids, which are very useful for heat and mass transfer enhancement. They are very much used in industrial, transportation, biomedical, and electronics fields. In the present research, we examine the nanofluid flow across a curved stretching sheet (CSS). Also, this work’s noteworthy originality is its discussion of the impacts of the physical parameters on the ternary hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer. Furthermore, the simulation considers nanofluids with water as the base fluid. The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) model examines the viscosity and effective thermal conductivity of fluid flow with suspended nanoparticles. The governing equations of the momentum and the temperature are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by similarity transformations. These equations are then solved using a Secant iteration method combined with a Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF) integration scheme with a shooting technique. Through graphs and tables, the influences of the relevant non-dimensional parameters are presented and analyzed. The findings show that an increase in the curvature parameter and the Biot number is to increase the temperature gradient. The Streamline profiles for various values of the magnetic parameter are also analyzed through figures. We believe that this research has significant implications in biomedical devices and pharmaceutical fluid preparation in biomedical sciences. Some of them are high temperature and cooling processes, paints, space technology, medicines, cosmetics, conductive coatings, bio-sensors, and to name a few.

Russia vs America cyber war: space technology mastery competition

Mastery of computers and information systems in international relations is one of the elements of a country's new power. In the context of cyber warfare, Russia and the United States are trying to modernize their technology to secure their countries in the event of an attack from the opposing party. This research aims to analyze the space technology competition carried out by two major countries, namely Russia and the United States, to achieve Great Power status in the international world. This research focuses on the technological achievements of Russia and the United States in the field of space and their implementation in the form of cyber warfare. A qualitative case study is the research method chosen by the researcher. The research stages used by researchers are divided into data collection stages and data reduction, and the next stage is that researchers conduct analysis using data reduction techniques, namely summarizing, selecting, and focusing on the things needed in this study. The results of this study show that national security priorities are number one, and especially defense priorities for the United States are no longer terrorism but great power competition. NATO is an alliance or political tool that the US relies on to achieve great power.