Space-related Activities Research Articles

Simulation-Driven and Optimization-Based Design of an Architectural Building: A Case Study of a Space Tourism Building in the UAE

In the constantly changing field of architectural design and meeting the evolving demands of the space tourism industry, this study presents a case study focused on the design of a space tourism building in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The main objective of this study is to showcase the integration of simulation-driven and optimization-based methodologies in architectural design to anticipate forthcoming challenges and resolve design-related issues or constraints. This study employs a range of computational tools to optimize various design parameters, including sun path, radiation, shadow, outdoor comfort, and wind simulation, to conduct a more thorough assessment in the process of choosing the best-optimized design. In addition, a finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out to gain insights into the structural behavior of the chosen design under diverse physical conditions. This integration marks a paradigm shift in how architectural projects are conceptualized, developed, and realized by addressing complex challenges and enhancing the functionality, sustainability, and performance of architectural buildings. The findings of this case study demonstrate and prove the potential of simulation-driven and optimization-based design approaches in determining the future of architectural designs. As the UAE strives to become a center for space-related activities, this research helps to drive the realization of cutting-edge, sustainable, and user-centric architectural solutions, paving the way for the next generation of space tourism facilities.

Private international law in the context of space law

This article explores the intersection of private international law and space law, shedding light on the legal frameworks and considerations that govern activities in outer space. The primary focus of the article appears to be on the evolving legal landscape as it pertains to private entities and their involvement in space-related activities.
 Key Points:
 Space Law Context: the article delves into the broader context of space law, outlining the various international agreements and treaties governing outer space activities. This context is crucial to understanding the legal framework within which private international law operates in the realm of space.
 Private Entities in Space: given the mention of "Private International Law,” the article discusses the participation of private entities, such as commercial space companies and satellite operators, in activities related to space exploration, satellite communications, and space resource utilization. This touches upon the legal rights and obligations of private actors in space.
 Jurisdiction and Dispute Resolution: the article explores how private international law concepts, such as jurisdiction and dispute resolution mechanisms, apply to space-related disputes. This includes discussions on which legal jurisdictions govern disputes involving space activities and how international treaties address jurisdictional issues.
 Liability and Responsibility: space activities inherently involve risks, and the article touches the legal frameworks for liability and responsibility in cases of accidents or damage caused by space objects, especially when private entities are involved.
 Evolving Legal Landscape: the dynamic nature of space law, with new technologies and actors continually emerging, can be a central theme. The article discusses recent developments, challenges, and adaptations in space law to accommodate private sector interests and innovations.
 Future Implications: the article speculates on the future direction of private international law in the context of space activities. This encompasses considerations of how space law may need to adapt further as commercial ventures expand into the cosmos.
 Global Collaboration: given the international nature of space activities, discussions on the importance of global collaboration and cooperation in addressing legal issues related to space.
 Overall, this article provides valuable insights into the evolving legal landscape at the intersection of private international law and space law, offering readers a deeper understanding of the legal complexities surrounding space activities conducted by private entities.

CubeSat attitude control via linear quadratic regulator (LQR)

The interest in space-related activities has grown recently on a global scale. The determination and control of attitude are necessary all space duties. As it affects the satellites mission accuracy, many researches are related to it. Attitude control systems (ACS) design and modelling are represented in this paper. The mathematical models for CubeSat and reaction wheels that act as actuator and the proposed optimal control system are introduced. The proposed controller is applied to control and stabilize the CubeSat through a set of reaction wheels. The simulation results show the superior results of the proposed controller compared with traditional control systems in the presence of external disturbances and white noise. The withdraws of each control system are presented through the simulation results. The main contribution in this paper is solving the attitude control problem for a CubeSat using LQR approach in the presences of disturbances and noise.

Public attitude towards the space policy in Japan and its implication to science communication

Active engagement of the public in decision making in science policies has been recognized as an essential factor for development of science in democratic society. The field of space development and space science is not an exception. In Japan, however, public opinion on space-related activities remains largely unknown. Moreover, limitation of public polls for assessing the public opinion of space policy has been pointed out by some studies, as the size of so-called “issue public” of space policy is small. The aim of this study is to investigate the public opinion on space-related activities in Japan, and explore the challenges and better ways of science communications for sound and democratic decision making on space policy. For this purpose, we conducted two studies, A and B. Study A is based on a previous questionnaire survey of public opinion about space-related activities in Japan. We performed the almost identical questionnaire to the previous study with additional follow-up interviews to gain in-depth knowledge about the background of the answers. We found that many of the respondents did not initially have firm opinions on the issues and that asking them about their opinions helped them think about the issues deeper and may prompt them to form their own opinions eventually. In Study B, we conducted interviews to science communicators to investigate the current issues in science communication for promoting public engagement in space-related policies. Based on the results, we suggest that science communication in the field should put emphasis on practical aspects of space-related activities.

Monitoring Climate Change and Air Quality Project Initiative: A Case Study of the Collaboration between ECSTAR and TeroSpace in Thailand

In Thailand, the alteration of weather patterns has resulted in an increase in instances of irregular rainfall, contributing to the occurrence of droughts. The decline of water levels in dams, due to the combined effects of climate change and prolonged droughts, has had a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Drought has a profound effect on the terrestrial biosphere and the atmospheric water cycle and can also contribute to air pollution. Researchers have found a strong correlation between air pollution and drought severity. In response to this pressing issue, the Excellence Center of Space Technology and Research (ECSTAR) at King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang has joined forces with TeroSpace company to launch an initiative aimed at promoting sustainable growth in Chiang Rai, a province in Thailand known for its rich biodiversity. ECSTAR and TeroSpace’s partnership on the sustainable growth initiative in Thailand’s Chiang Rai province focuses on expanding their collaboration to include international organizations such as the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), which will provide access to satellite imagery and climate and weather information to improve decision-making in various areas of development. CNES is a French organization in charge of space-related activities in France. The collaboration between France and Thailand for this project, in the context of the France-Thailand Year of Innovation 2023, will be crucial for the successful initiation and execution of this research project. The project aims to explore the relationship between air pollution and climate change through the deployment of air quality monitoring devices in designated locations, connected to a global data-sharing network. The results of this research will be valuable to policymakers as they consider the interplay between air pollution and climate change and make efforts to address these challenges.

China's emerging commercial space industry: Current developments, legislative challenges, and regulatory solutions

With commercial participants now undertaking an ever-expanding role within the development and supply-chains of China's space industry post Document No. 60, the resulting legal challenges relating to this emerging industry status-quo has garnered much academic discussion. Specifically, while China's space industry has grown at a rapid pace within the past few decades, China's legislative framework has remained largely silent over matters relating to space. Instead, China continues to remain as the only major space-faring nation without a national space law and regime. This substantive legislative gap over China's space related activities has negatively impacted the industry's current deregulation process. While it has been the academic community's primary solution to address the industry's current substantive legislative gap through coordinated rulemaking activities, this paper aims to advance the current academic discussion by taking an alternative approach and arguing that the fundamental legislative challenge and solution to China's emerging commercial space industry, is not substantive, but rather procedural by nature. Importantly, by reconceptualizing the industry's substantive gap from one that is determined by the number of missing legal instruments, to one determined by the rate of legislative activity i.e., the pace of law-making activities vis-à-vis commercial expansion, this paper argues that only through the implementation of legal procedural rulemaking mechanisms will China's space law regime be able to sufficiently address the current substantive legislative gap at a pace matching commercial expansion.

Space Law and Arbitration. A Not-So-Outlandish Space Odyssey

The exploration and exploitation of space has attracted the attention of many States, as well as of private stakeholders. In the past couple of years, they have poured drastically increasing amounts of resources, financial and otherwise, into space-related activities. Despite the rapid economic and technological developments, however, the legal framework around space-related activities, including dispute settlement, has largely remained the same as the one first established in the 1960’s. The question thus arises whether such a framework can harbor the increasing demand of spacerelated disputes, and if not, what changes could be made, particularly in international arbitration, to address the specificities and complexities of this fast-growing field.

Anticipatory Science Diplomacy as a Governance And Cooperation Mechanism for the Search for Extraterrestrial Life

The scientific search for extraterrestrial life mainly consists of looking for evidence of current and past microbial life and intelligent, technology-capable life. The space industry appears to have entered an era of “NewSpace” activities that are no longer conducted exclusively by the traditional state space powers. Instead, emerging space actors, both public and private, have commenced searches for extraterrestrial life. The likelihood of successfully discovering extraterrestrial life only increases when considering an unintentional discovery resulting from the various other space-related activities pursued by NewSpace actors. Unfortunately, the relevant policy landscape is plagued with significant gaps. Anticipatory diplomacy, that is, a model for diplomacy that seeks to act today to address the challenges of the future, might be appropriate for governing those science-related global activities and for encouraging cooperation among varying actors. This policy memo offers the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) suggestions on how to practically implement anticipatory diplomacy in the scientific endeavor of the search for extraterrestrial life by means of four proactive policies: harmonization of pre-discovery measures in national space laws, encouragement of international R&D partnerships among public and private actors, a public registry of activities with the potential to detect extraterrestrial life, and an appropriate interdisciplinary UNCOPUOS Working Group. The overall recommendation is to start with establishing the proposed UNCOPUOS Working Group and then to task it with evaluating if and how to implement the other three proactive policies.

Space as an enabler for sustainable digital transformation: The new space race and benefits for newcommers

Disruptive events are the ones that have historically transformed our world. COVID-19 has forced governments and companies to seek transformation in particular in the field of digital. Space has been an enabler for a number of sectorial policies e.g. agriculture, defence, maritime. Digital transformation requires connectivity providing “anything”, “anytime”, “anywhere”. Space as an enabler for digital transformation has become a centerpiece for socioeconomic sustainability and growth. Mega constellations provide telecom services globally and will directly compete with the terrestrial telecom operators, in the next years while the telecom operators should concentrate on the investment of 5G infrastructure. The most promising mega constellation is the one planned by Starlink, which will consist of more than 40,000 satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), with service coverage of the whole surface of Earth. It is to be highlighted that there is no European project of this scale. The strong point of the Starlink mega constellation is the complete vertical integration: satellite design, manufacturing, launching, control, operation and telecom service provision by a single group of companies. The economies of scale which would be achieved could lower the retail prices of the telecom service to levels which will not be viable for the terrestrial telecom operators. Thus a strong dependency of European telecommunications with the non-European mega constellation like Starlink is expected. The European Union is to develop the next flagship programme in the field of connectivity, following the announcement of Commissioner Breton on 15 July. The Commissioner stated that “… we already need to look beyond 5G. I am talking about starting to prepare for 6G of course, but not only. The next paradigm shift is about linking connectivity with space to provide high-speed connectivity everywhere in Europe”. This has been confirmed by the 22 March Action Plan placing it as the next European flagship after Galileo and Copernicus. It will build on Govsatcom, European Quantum Communications Infrastructures. Small countries like Greece have been taking a step by step approach in ensuring the digital transformation of the country. These steps have been at the level of policy, governance, programmatic and financial instruments. The much higher data rates available would change the transmission of data to and from locations. An opportunity arises for new architectures where satellites can provide internet connectivity blend with terrestrial wireless or wired networks. The service to the user will be seamless and unaware of switching between the different infrastructures. This paper will provide an overview how Europe and small member states have been preparing its space related activities in combination with non-space activities for the digital transformation of the country.

Residential green space, gardening, and subjective well-being: A cross-sectional study of garden owners in northern Belgium

Urban green spaces and the biodiversity therein have been associated with human health and well-being benefits, but the contribution of domestic gardens to those benefits is insufficiently known.Using data from a cross-sectional sample (n = 587) of domestic garden owners in Flanders and Brussels (northern Belgium), associations between residential green space quality in and around domestic gardens, green space related activities and socioeconomic background variables of the gardeners, and self-reported health (stress and depression) were investigated with structural equation models.Socioeconomic security was associated with lower stress and depression. Nature relatedness and green space in the neighbourhood of the house were associated with higher exposure to green space, which was in turn negatively associated with stress and depression. Garden quality, indicated by biodiversity values and size, and nature relatedness were associated with being active in the garden, which was in turn associated with lower values of depression, but not stress.Nature relatedness seems to play a key role in the pathway linking gardens to improved health. Improving biodiversity and ecosystems services in gardens may increase exposure to green space and help to restore and enhance nature relatedness. This, in turn, could potentially improve human health and well-being, and contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in urban environments.

Heavenly Mandate: Public Opinion and China's Space Activities

China has one of the world's most advanced space programs, making it important to understand the motives shaping its pursuit of space power. Although analysts have examined the role of Chinese military doctrine in shaping its space ambitions, little is known about the role of China's public in its space-related activities. As scholars increasingly recognize, China's government is often highly concerned with domestic public opinion, particularly that of China's online population. Similarly, China's most ambitious projects, such as its human spaceflight program, are often used as propaganda aimed at domestic audiences. Public support for China's space activities could, therefore, play an important role in influencing China's space policy. To examine how China's public views China's space activities, this article draws on findings from a survey (N = 1482) fielded with Chinese respondents in June–July 2020. The article finds that China's public is largely supportive of investing in human spaceflight and deep space exploration. The survey also indicates that although respondents view the United States as a competitor and a threat, they favor cooperating with the United States in space exploration. Furthermore, the survey finds that China's public is supportive of international law governing outer space, as well as laws banning the use of space weapons. Overall, this descriptive analysis provides an important first step for understanding the role of public opinion in China's pursuit of space power.

The New EU Space Regulation: One Small Step or One Giant Leap for the EU?

The paper analyses the new push for stronger initiative from the EU in space-related activities, motivated by the new Regulation (EU) 2021/696, or the EU Space Regulation. The EU took its first steps in this area around the turn of the century, but tangible progress has in reality largely been made in the last decade. Although the EU’s Space Programme is at a comparable level with other countries leading in the global space industry, the public is still largely unfamiliar with it. The paper therefore tries to analyse the Programme through its legal and technical aspects in order to explain the EU’s activities in the main areas of today’s space-related activities – communication, the monitoring of the Earth and its surroundings, as well as different location-based services. In order to highlight the opportunities which are open to every Member State thanks to the new Regulation, a short overview of Croatia’s activities thus far in the space industry is given. Although the Regulation is a substantial document, some questions are still left open, such as Member States’ liability regarding the Space Programme, and these are discussed in the third part of the paper. The paper concludes by answering the question posed in the title – whether this new Space Policy can actually bring the EU to the forefront of one of today’s fastest growing sectors. Keywords: space industry, EU Space Programme, Galileo, EGNOS, Copernicus, Space Situational Awareness, GOVSATCOM, FERSAT, Adriatic Aerospace Association.   This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution − Non-Commercial − No Derivatives 4.0 International License.   Suggested citation: L Orešković and S Grgić, ‘The New EU Space Regulation: One Small Step or One Giant Leap for the EU?’ (2021) 17 CYELP 77.

India’s Quest for a National Space Law and the Missing Piece of Possessory Rights

As the commercial use of outer space becomes feasible, the nature of possessory rights will potentially emerge as the central focus of future space-related activities. The existing international law relating to outer space does not address in detail the nature of possessory rights in outer space and is subject to multiple interpretations. Alarmingly, the recently adopted space policies and legislations by some States have taken a definitive position regarding the commercial use of natural resources in outer space. In light of India’s increasing involvement in outer space, it circulated the Draft Space Activities Bill, 2017, to formulate a national space law. However, the nature of possessory rights in outer space is not addressed in detail in the Draft Space Activities Bill. This study states that on account of recent developments happening elsewhere, it is extremely important for emerging powers like India to take a position on broader issues like the nature of possessory rights in outer space (which includes celestial bodies as well as resources contained therein). Not addressing the issue of possessory rights in outer space could have profound implications at both domestic as well as international levels.

Ion Source—Mathematical Simulation Results versus Experimental Data

To develop elements of a system for contact-free transportation of objects in space has now become an urgent task for the contemporary space-related activities. The purpose of work that is presented hereinafter was to conduct ground tests of the ion source, which is a key element of the above-mentioned system, and to compare the obtained experimental data with the mathematical simulation results in order to build a refined physical and mathematical model of the ion source. Such model was built on the basis of the classical problem regarding the motion of charged particles in an electrostatic field. Parameters of the ion source have been determined experimentally for several operating modes using various structural designs of the ion source electrodes. Two types of ion optics were tested—with slit and round apertures. Good correlation between simulation results and experimental data has been demonstrated. The optimum ion source operation modes have been identified to ensure minimum divergence angles for the plasma beam exiting from the ion source, which in its turn maximizes the pulse transmitted to the transported object.

Empowering the UAE Space Sector Through an Attractive Regulatory Framework

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) leadership has realized the increasing importance of space. Hence, it has been investing in space science and technology since the 90s, and has been able to develop a diverse space sector, and compete globally. Recognizing this importance, the UAE developed its legal framework to regulate the UAE space sector. This article will highlight the establishment and mandate of the UAE Space Agency (UAESA), the local and global growth of the space economy, the UAE’s regulatory approach, and the objectives of Federal LawNo. 12 of 2019 on the Regulation of the Space Sector (the UAE Law). It will address the UAE’s regulations regarding space activities and other activities related to the space sector, the initiatives to attract more space activities and investment, transparency and sustainability of space activities, the scope of the UAE law, and the scope of regulated activities and space-related activities. In addition, some fundamental topics covered by theUAE Law will be discussed, such as authorization, registration, third-party liability and insurance. Lastly, some new subjects covered by the law will be highlighted, like space debris mitigation, extraction and utilization of space resources, human spaceflight and tourism, and nuclear power sources. the UAE Space Law, attractive regulations, space economy, UAESA, sustainable space activities

أثر فرض المسؤولیة الصارمة على الالتزامات الدولیة فی ظل القانون الدولی البیئی والفقه الإسلامی

أثر فرض المسؤولية الصارمة على الالتزامات الدولية في ظل القانون الدولي البيئي والفقه الإسلامي قاسم بن مساعد بن قاسم الفالح . قسم السياسة الشرعية، المعهد العالي للقضاء،جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية، الرياض، المملکة العربية السعودية . البريد الإلکتروني:msaladawi@imamu.edu.sa الملخص : تأتي هذه الدراسة لمعرفة واقع القانون الدولي الببيئي المتعلق بأثر فرض المسؤولية الصارمة على الالتزامات الدولية ومقارنة ذلک بالفقه الإسلامي. وتتکون هذه الدراسة من مبحث تمهيدي وخمسة مباحث، الأول عن المسؤولية الصارمة على مشغلي المنشآت النووية. والثاني عن المسؤولية الصارمة عن التلوث البحري ، والثالث عن المسؤولية الصارمة عن الأنشطة شديدة الخطورة. والرابع عن المسؤولية الصارمة عن الأنشطة المرتبطة بالفضاء. والخامس عن المسؤولية الصارمة وفقا للفقه الإسلامي. ومن أهم نتائج هذه الدراسة وجود أثر لفرض المسؤولية الصارمة على الالتزامات الدولية في ظل القانون الدولي البيئي والفقه الإسلامي. فمن خلال القانون الدولي البيئي توجد العديد من الاتفاقات الدولية التي تنص على فرض المسؤولية الصارمة على الدول في بعض الانتهاکات البيئية الدولية. وبالنسبة للفقه الإسلامي فيمکن فرض هذا النوع من المسؤولية من خلال بعض القواعد الشرعية مثل الاستحسان، والمصلحة المرسلة، والعرف، وغير ذلک من أصول وقواعد الفقه الإسلامي والسياسة الشرعية. الکلمات المفتاحية:الفقه الإسلامي ، الالتزامات الدولية ، القانون الدولي البيئي ، مسؤولية دولية ، مسؤولية صارمة . The impact of imposing strict liability on international obligations under international environmental law and Islamic jurisprudence Gassem Musaed Alfaleh Department of Legal Policy, Higher Judicial Institute, Al- Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Email: gmfaleh@imamu.edu.sa Abstract : This study shows the reality of international environmental law related to the impact of imposing strict liability on international obligations and comparing that with Islamic jurisprudence. This study consists of an introductory and five sections, the first is the strict liability of operators of nuclear facilities. The second is strict liability for marine pollution, and the third is strict liability for high-risk activities. And the fourth is strict responsibility for space-related activities. And the fifth is strict liability according to Islamic jurisprudence. Among the most important results of this study is the impact of imposing strict liability on international obligations under international environmental law and Islamic jurisprudence. In fact, there are many international agreements provide the imposition of strict responsibility on states for some international environmental violations. In Islamic jurisprudence, this type of responsibility can be imposed through some of the Shariah rules such as approbation, interest, custom, and other principles and rules of Islamic jurisprudence and legal policy. KeyWords: Islamic jurisprudence , International Obligations, International Environmental Law, International liability, Strict liability.

Autonomous Space Objects and International Space Law: Navigating the Liability Gap

The introduction of advanced new technologies is transforming the space industry. Artificial intelligence is offering unprecedented possibilities for space-related activities because it enables space objects to gain autonomy. The increasing autonomy level of space objects does not come without legal implications. The lack of human control challenges existing liability frameworks. This paper reviews the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention as the main legal documents introducing the legal grounds for attributing liability in case of damages caused by autonomous space objects. Looking at the limitations of these legal frameworks in what concerns the attribution of liability, this paper identifies the conditions that could cause a liability gap. The amendment of the Liability Convention, the concept of “international responsibility” introduced by Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty and several international law principles are analysed as potential solutions for preventing the liability gap and mitigating the risks posed by autonomous space objects.

Taxation of Outer Space Income Resulting from Air Transport or Employment Activities: Is the OECD Model Convention an Appropriate Tool?

Space related activities (resulting for example from space tourism or exploration and exploitation of outer space resources) will likely generate in near future increasing revenue. Currently, the issues of the ‘taxability’ or taxation of such revenue in an international context have not been questioned or examined. It is rather assumed that the current version of the OECD Model Convention constitutes a proper legal tool to apprehend and resolve space related tax issues. The OECD Model Convention, however, relies on some fundamental principles, such as the concepts of residence (requiring a physical presence) or state’ sovereignty, which seem prima facie not very well adapted to resolve space related tax issues. The purpose of the present contribution is therefore to check and verify this simple assumption, at the light of two specific issues: international transport issues and international employment issues. International taxation, OECD Model Convention, taxation of outer space income, (income from) air transport activities, Art.8 OECD Model Convention, (income from) employment activities.

THERMAL DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND TEST VALIDATION OF TURKSAT-3USAT SATELLITE

When CubeSat projects are a useful means by which universities can engage their students in space-related activities. TURKSAT-3USAT is a three-unit amateur radio CubeSat jointly developed by the Space Systems Design and Test Laboratory and the Radio Frequency Electronics Laboratory of Istanbul Technical University (ITU), in collaboration with TURKSAT, A.S. company as well as the Turkish Amateur Technology Organization. It was launched on April 26, 2013 as a secondary payload on a CZ-2D rocket from China’s Jiuquan Space Center to an altitude of approximately 680 km. The mission of the satellite has two primary goals: (1) to voice communication at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and (2) to educate students by providing hands-on experience. TURKSAT-3USAT was designed to sustain a circular, near sun-synchronous LEO, and has dimensions of 10 x 10 x 34 cm3. Within the course of this paper, TURKSAT-3USAT’s thermal control will be addressed. TURKSAT-3USAT’s thermal control model was developed using ThermXL and ESATAN-TMS software. Using this model, temperature distributions of the CubeSat when subjected to various experimental conditions of interest were computed. Using a thermal vacuum chamber (TVAC), thermal cycling and bake-out testing were carried out on the flight model to verify the thermal design performance and check the mathematical model. Based on thermal analysis results, the temperature of equipment was within the allowable temperature range except for the batteries that were between 42.56 oC and -20.31 oC. Heaters were used for the batteries in order to maintain the batteries’ temperature within the allowable temperature range.

Lunar Resource Harvesting and Manufacturing: Rich Content for the Chemistry Classroom

Space-related activities remain a fertile environment for classroom applications of chemistry through both traditional lecture styles and through collaborative learning projects. With the resurgence of lunar exploration and the expansion of the commercial space sector, serious scholarship, planning, and resources have been focused on extracting and using lunar materials to sustain activity in space. In this work, several interdisciplinary general chemistry topics and assessment activities are explored through the lens of lunar resource formation, identification, extraction, purification, and employment. Four applications of chemistry are presented: the formation of lunar water via reduction of ores by solar wind, identifying likely locations of lunar water via spectroscopy, extracting water from the lunar regolith for use as fuel, and the extraction, purification, and use of materials from the lunar regolith. A variety of traditional general chemistry topics are explored through these applications, to include light, energy, unit conversions, equilibrium, phase diagrams, oxidation–reduction, and semiconductors.