Indoor and underground space positioning and navigation systems are important infrastructure for urban lifeline construction. With the development of 5G communication technology, artificial intelligence, intelligent construction, and other technologies, autonomous mobile terminals have become the main application subjects, and the requirements for accuracy and ubiquity of indoor positioning technology are also increasing. Two main indoor positioning technologies, sensor based and RF signal based are introduced, basic concepts of new visible light communication positioning technology are discussed, and in-depth results on non-imaging and imaging positioning methods are presented in this article. We propose a pose-assisted imaging positioning method applied in the 11 m × 8 m × 3.5 m room, which is based on visible light communication. This test shows that this method can achieve the positioning results with a plane positioning error less than 5 cm and the height error less than 6 cm by using low-cost sensors. Visible light positioning technology provides a cost-effective and convenient new solution for indoor positioning, simultaneously solving the integration problem of communication and positioning. It can provide positioning technology supporting the construction of urban lifelines in enclosed spaces.