Spaces In Tehran Research Articles

Multi-objective optimization of daylight illuminance indicators and energy usage intensity for office space in Tehran by genetic algorithm

One of the important categories in office spaces is the control of daylight and energy consumption. By controlling natural light, it is possible to provide uniform light in the entire space, sufficient daylight, and visual comfort for office workers. In many cases, this important issue can be resolved by choosing the right shading. In this study, the aim is to investigate the significance of some important parameters such as DoS (Depth of Shading), FO (Facade Offset), FSoS (Flip Start of Shading), LoS (Location of Shading), WWR (Window to Wall Ratio), CoS (Count of Shading), AoS (Angle of Shading), and HoW (Height of Window) in the optimal design of shading for an office environment in Tehran. For this purpose, eight variables have been designed and the aim is to improve the indicators of Energy Usage Intensity (EUI), Spatial Daylight Autonomy(sDA), Daylight Glare Probability (DGP), and Tc (Thermal comfort) in the office space. For optimization in the grasshopper environment, Wallacei’s algorithm was used. Then, the algorithm provides a set of optimal points. Then a point was selected as optimal by the WSM (Weighted Sum Method) method. According to the input variables that are DoS, FO, FSoS, LoS, WWR, CoS, AoS, and HoW its optimal point values are 0.4, 0, Up, Horizontal, 80, 5, 30, 0.5, respectively. The results show that the values of sDA, DGP, EUI, and Tc were improved by 43.6%, 52.77%, 13.9, and 3.696%, respectively, before and after shading optimization. Also, the annual glare and the hottest and coldest day of the year were checked where there were around 500(cd/m2) and 200(cd/m2) reduction of glare value in winter and summer seasons, respectively. Finally, the value of Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI)before and after the installation of the optimal shading was 25.8 and 68.4, respectively.

Sociological Study of Obstacles and Limitations of Women's Presence in Socio-Cultural Spaces in Tehran

Sociological Study of Obstacles and Limitations of Women's Presence in Socio-Cultural Spaces in Tehran

Geographic information system based combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) method for exploring the spatial justice of accessing urban green spaces, a comparative study of district 22 of Tehran

The present study investigated the spatial distribution and accessibility of parks and urban green spaces in Tehran using the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and the Geographical Information System (GIS) with an emphasis on the approach of spatial justice. For the purpose of analyzing the spatial distribution pattern of urban green spaces in Tehran, the nearest neighbor method and multi-distance spatial cluster analysis were applied. As a result, the spatial distribution pattern of this land use strongly resembled a clustered pattern, and the accessibility and distribution of green spaces in Tehran were unequal. Also, based on the Cocoso method as well, which was used to analyze access to green spaces and parks, districts 10 and 11 are by far Tehran's most deprived districts. Distribution of services in the city based on per capita in the form of comprehensive and detailed plans, financial and technical problems of municipalities, lack of approach to planning and sustainable development on a national, regional and local scale in Iran's planning system, lack of integrated urban management in the Tehran's city management system, the emphasis of most urban planning theories in Iran on planning processes and ignoring social and spatial structures are some of the main reasons for this inequality. To reduce inequality between the districts of Tehran, it is essential to devise effective regional planning and adopt balanced and impartial policies for providing equal accessibility of resources in all urban districts. The findings enhance our understanding of the level of urban inequity and the potential causes of inequality with respect to accessibility to green spaces in metropolitan areas. This study also sheds light on the critical role of policy-making in this process. These findings have implications for urban managers in terms of the accessibility, allocation, and distribution of urban services in different cities of Iran and the world.

Gender, space and counter-conduct: Iranian women’s heterotopic imaginations in Ramita Navai’s City of Lies: Love, Sex, Death, and the Search for Truth in Tehran

Thus far, studies on the politics of gendered identities and spatial (in)justice in the Islamic Republic of Iran have mainly focused on the negative role of spatialization in the formation and perpetuation of a heteropatriarchal normativity. Little attention has been paid to the dialectical relationship between space and power as well as to the possibilities of women’s agency in challenging, contesting and reconstructing gendered spaces. This article aims to illustrate the multifaceted-ness of women’s spatial experiences by foregrounding two points: the permeability of the hegemonic spaces and the fluidity of the women’s identity as being both objects and subjects of conduct. Ramita Navai’s topographical life writing City of Lies: Love, Sex, Death, and the Search for Truth in Tehran offers unique insights into women’s everyday navigations of space in the capital city of Iran. It is argued that the central and historic street of Vali Asr is depicted as heterotopia or the locus of incompatible—i.e. multiple, heterogeneous and inherently paradoxical—spaces. While the oppressive power wants the street and the city as a closed system, female citizens use various strategies of refusal such as creation of secret gatherings, annihilation of the self and production of counter-memories and counter-histories to open up the spaces and reimagine an other form of subjectivity. It is concluded that the existing socio-spatial dialectic allows the possibility of interpreting gendered spaces in Tehran as social processes of symbolic encoding, decoding and recoding.

Analysis situation of urban green space framework in Tehran

Introduction. In recent years, the development of cities and the increase in urban population has upset the balance of urban ecology in Iran. The destruction of agricultural fields and natural areas, as well as changes in the function of urban green spaces have caused environmental problems. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of green space in Tehran with an environmental sustainability approach.
 
 Materials and methods. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Basic information has been obtained through library studies and Tehran Municipality and using GIS, mathematical and statistical methods such as entropy coefficient, Concentration level method, Lorenz curve, Location quotient (L.Q) method, Distribution quotient (D.Q) method distribution of Tehran green space function were analyzed.
 
 Results. The results show the unbalanced and inappropriate spatial distribution of green space and the critical environmental situation in the 22 districts of Tehran. According to the entropy coefficient model, district 18 is the most unbalanced distribution and in contrast, district 2 has the most balanced distribution. The results of the concentration level method based on the value of C obtained for each of the districts showed that districts 4 and 1 with the level of 2.141 and 2.103 have the highest concentration level and other districts have much less concentration level than these districts. The Lorenz curve also indicates that the distribution of urban green spaces in 22 districts of Tehran is different from the uniform distribution, and in some districts, it is higher than the uniform distribution and, in some districts, it is lower, which indicates an unbalanced distribution between the districts. Location quotient (L.Q) method and distribution quotient (D.Q) method also showed that the concentration and density of green space use in different districts of Tehran was inappropriate and unbalanced.
 
 Conclusions. This research show that according to the 8 million population in Tehran, its per capita green space is 16.27 square meters and its distribution is unbalanced in 22 districts. Also districts 1 and 22 with a per capita of 33.85 and 58.67 square meters and having 204 and 77 green spaces in the suitable situation and districts 10 and 11 districts with a per capita of 2.58 and 4.96 and having 51 and 30 green spaces are in the unsuitable situation. And according to the statistical methods used, the green space of the districts has an unbalanced spatial distribution. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was a greater tendency for construction in the northern districts and about 45 % of the city’s gardens were destroyed during these years, and most of the destruction occurred in the northern districts.

Energy and Daylight Optimization of Shading Devices, Window Size, and Orientation for Educational Spaces in Tehran, Iran

Abstract Optimization of window characteristics is crucial for achieving maximum daylighting while reducing energy loads in educational spaces. This research investigated the impacts of a building'...

How the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the lack of accessible public spaces in Tehran

ABSTRACT This commentary briefly explores the ongoing development trends of Tehran, Iran, that have caused high population density, centralised public spaces, car-oriented streets, and smaller houses, and explains the amplifying effect of these trends on the living situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that in the absence of adequate, accessible, and usable public spaces for all – including streets and semi-private or semi-public spaces of residential areas – the city becomes less resilient against outbreaks. Post-epidemic, the city should reclaim the flexibility, diversity, and accessibility of public spaces and revise the legislative and financial tools of municipalities for creating a compact city.

تاثیر الگوهای فضایی ساختار سبز شهری برتغییر دمای جزایر حرارتی مورد مطالعه: شهر تهران

تاثیر الگوهای فضایی ساختار سبز شهری برتغییر دمای جزایر حرارتی مورد مطالعه: شهر تهران

Determination of the most effective control methods of SO2 Pollution in Tehran based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

Air pollution in metropolises is one of the serious problems of human life. Tehran is one of the cities facing air pollution problem. Urban managers concern about choosing different management methods to control air pollution. In this study, a combination of fuzzy systems and neural networks has been used to select the most suitable scenario for controlling SO2 pollution. According to the method presented in this paper, 8 input data categories such as wind speed, precipitation, temperature, pressure, humidity, gas oil consumption, gasoline consumption and urban green space levels have been used as independent parameters and SO2 pollutant concentration has been considered as the dependent parameter. The contribution of each meteorological station to the meteorological data was determined by Thiessen Polygon Method. Then, using adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems, modeling was done in Sugeno Method and the least root mean square error (3.19) was determined for the model. Then, by changing each of the independent parameters, the effect of each of these independent parameters on SO2 pollutant was measured. The results showed that the parameters of pressure, urban green space, gasoline consumption, gas oil consumption, temperature, wind speed and humidity, respectively, had the greatest effect on reducing the SO2 concentration. Since the parameters of gasoline and gas oil consumption as well as the area of green space are changeable by different policies and by human decisions, the concentration of SO2 pollutant can be controlled by reducing the consumption of gasoline and gas oil and increasing the green space in Tehran.

Source identification and pollution degree of deposited dust on green space in Tehran.

The information about concentration, sources, and pollution degree of heavy metals belong to deposited dust (DS) can be used for decision-making in air quality control, removal role of green space, and urban forest management. The objectives of the study were to identify and evaluate DS pollution degree with the introduction of a new index. DS samples were collected from five tree species. The concentration of heavy metals and pollution degree of DS were evaluated by enrichment factors (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), modified degrees of contamination (mCd), and a new comprehensive index as weighted degree of contamination factor (wCd). The values of EF showed that all samples were significant to extremely high enrichment and DS samples were emitted from anthropogenic activities. Igeo values indicated that DS samples were polluted by Cd (80-97%) and Pb (100%). In addition, mCd results showed more than 67% of samples were unpolluted. There was a clear fact that Igeo results showed high pollution levels for Pb, Cd, and low for Ni, and the mCd results were incompatible with them. When all heavy metals were used without their importance to mCd, calculation can cause bias from reality. For this reason, the new index was suggested as wCd for all heavy metals that its results showed high to very high degree of pollution and that it was compatible with other indices results.

The role of user preferences in urban acupuncture: Reimagining leftover spaces in Tehran, Iran

The role of user preferences in urban acupuncture: Reimagining leftover spaces in Tehran, Iran

Book Review

Book Review

Comparative evaluation of relationship between psychological adaptations in order to reach thermal comfort and sense of place in urban spaces

Most studies on thermal comfort in urban public spaces have been focused on physical factors, while thermal adaptation is one of the most important factors in the perception of comfort. Therefore, expanding the concept of perception and its difference with feeling is one of the key goals of the present research. The hypothesis of the present study is that: “There is a direct relationship between thermal adaptation in order to reach thermal comfort and different levels of a sense of place in urban spaces.” The experimental model of this study has been extracted after conceptualization of basics and experiences, and explained by Delphi method and then, a questionnaire corresponding to each component of the model was developed by surveying in two urban spaces in Tehran (Imam Hussain (AS) Square and Imam Khomeini Square) and filled out by 200 citizens presenting in the two mentioned places in cold season and then analyzed. The research hypothesis was confirmed using statistical tests, including T test, correlation and Beta tests and finally, some strategies have been provided to improve the thermal adaptation and sense of place and to increase the mentioned correlation.

The Effect of Rapid Population Growth on Urban Expansion and Destruction of Green Space in Tehran from 1972 to 2017

Time series analysis of satellite data is a very powerful tool for change detection applications especially for monitoring urban expansion. Urban expansion results in an accelerating proportion of the population living in cities and caused considerable effects on green space structures and areas. Many methods and models have been tested to determine urban expansion. In this paper, after computing the Tehran area and its green space coverage, the relationship between the population with urban expansion and green space coverage is estimated by regression analysis. As a consequence of Tehran texture and dataset for processing, raster to vector conversion was the most effective method for computing urban area, and also green space coverage was determined with normalized difference vegetation index. Machine learning algorithms such as support vector regression (SVR) and random forest (nonparametric method) were utilized to estimate green space coverage and urban area, respectively. Although RF model improves the accuracy of estimated population (R2 = 0.97, RMSE = 38.18, and MAE = 83.44), the use of SVR model considerably improves the estimation of green space coverage (R2 = 0.93, RMSE = 47.12, and MAE = 100.18) as well.

The politics of naming public spaces in Tehran

A study of the politics of naming public spaces in Tehran reveals a masculinist discourse lying behind the process. The majority of streets, plazas, universities and even parks have non-feminine names, and a considerable number of streets with feminine names were renamed after the Islamic Revolution. The analytical lens of this study focuses on the ideological stratification the government displays via the intentional naming of public spaces with official responses seemingly trying to determine the appropriate place for women. The streets are believed to be dominated by men. The way in which Iran names public spaces intensifies such an ideology. This paper aims to broaden the literature on toponymy by pursuing a relatively new path that considers the structure of power embedded in place-naming in Tehran.

Ranking the regenerative architecture indicators for assessment of research-educational building projects in Tehran, Iran

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a hierarchically structured system of regenerative architecture indicators for assessing research-educational building projects.Design/methodology/approachFirst, based on a literature review of the historical roots of regenerative design and related approaches and the interviews held with experts of the related field, the paper proposes a structured framework of architectural indicators suitable for the context of Tehran. Later, the importance of criteria is estimated by the analytic hierarchy process method based on a survey of experts. Finally, the results clarify the order of indicators’ importance for enhancing research-educational buildings with the aim of developing regenerative design in the context.FindingsThe rankings revealed that, in the environmental dimension, “Design of site & building” and “Site & context considerations” are the top priorities of learning spaces in Tehran followed by “Water management,” “Energy management” and “Materials & waste management” ranked as less significant, but still important indicators. In the social dimension, “Design for people & human health” was considered much more important than “Social interaction” and “Interaction with nature,” and in the cultural dimension, “vernacular & historical features of design” was more important than “Aesthetic feature.” In the economic dimension, “Energy storage & production” indicator was ranked highest followed by “Adaptability & multiplicity of design solutions” and “Using waste to produce new resources.” Generally, for achieving regenerative architecture in learning spaces, the environmental criterion was given the highest weight among all dimensions. After that, the higher rank was given to social dimension; while cultural and economic dimensions took the third and fourth place.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper has limitations because of the limited number of experts in the field of regenerative approach.Originality/valueThis research seeks to answer the following question: what is the ranking of regenerative architecture indicators in the design of research-educational building projects in the context of Tehran? To answer this question, the indicators of regenerative design in the architectural field are explored through a detailed study of literature and interview with experts of the related field; later, they are ranked based on a survey approach that investigates the opinions of experts. The final results are then explained based on logical analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding. The prioritization of indicators actually provides a simple framework for designers and architects to have a clear path in developing an architectural regenerative project when different contexts vary in influential features. The selection and prioritization of indicators in this research depended mainly on their relevance to the conditions of Tehran and can be used for regions with similar conditions as well.

Perceived Environmental Response Mechanism in Tehran Public Spaces

Perception of environmental quality, figured out as a feeling of a space that extend beyond a visual perceptual quality that is usually assumed; it is a complex multi-sensory combination of factors that are immediately considered as an overall at space. It seems that the Environmental Response Inventory (ERI) by examining the long-term environmental tendencies and mood and the Perceived Personal Living Space Cue Inventory (PPlSCI) by investigating of environmental appealing interpretation can be very useful if used within the context of cognitive style which are learned and modifiable. This study, accordingly, aims to present a conceptual model of environmental perceptions responses to the appealing interpretation of public spaces in Tehran. Public spaces were selected, according to ERI scales, including: Nahj al-Balagha Garden, Tiraje Commercial Complex, Mellat Cinema Complex, Sadeghiyeh Metro Station, National Library of Iran, Niavaran palace, Imam Khomeini International Airport, Enghelab Sport Complex. A survey, then, was conducted, based on ERI, and PPlSCI to determine the relationship between responses and spaces. A significant multidimensional relationship has been discovered among the environmental responses and appealing. Eventually, it seems that the cultural psychology, derived from traditions and social practices, has a noteworthy impact on this relationship; it means that the personality traits adopt with cultural and social context and create an interpretation of public space, which leads to approve a multi-dimensional environmental perception approach of the culturally responsive.

Seasonal differences of subjective thermal sensation and neutral temperature in an outdoor shaded space in Tehran, Iran

Outdoor thermal comfort influences the outdoor activities, social interactions, tourism, health and wellbeing, or even mortality. Despite the great interest in outdoor thermal comfort, few studies were conducted in arid climates. This study investigated the seasonal differences of outdoor thermal sensation in Tehran (BWk climate), based on 1008 interviews. Also the relationship between three commonly used thermal comfort indices (including UTCI, PET, and PMV) and interviewees’ thermal sensation were studied and neutral temperature and neutral range were identified in different seasons. The surveys were conducted on 79 days, periodically, in the four seasons, using microclimatic monitoring as well as subjective interviews. Two analysis approaches (mean/median, and TSVlinear = 0 methods) were applied to show the seasonal differences in neutral temperature. It was found that neutral temperatures, neutral range, and thermal sensations were significantly different, especially between summer, winter, and the two shoulder seasons. Although the two different analysis approaches resulted in noticeably different neutral temperatures, especially in the winter, revealing the importance of the developing standard analysis techniques. The results also indicated that PMV overestimated the thermal sensation by the factors of 1.6–1.8, while PET and UTCI had stronger correlation with actual sensation votes. At the end, an empirical model was proposed for predicting thermal sensation in Tehran. The outcomes of this study showed that to design a sustainable and appropriate urban space in this climate, priorities should be given to the winter and summer seasons.

The current status of urban parks and green spaces in Tehran, Iran

The current status of urban parks and green spaces in Tehran, Iran

In search of queer spaces in Tehran: Heterotopias, power geometries and bodily orientations in queer Iranian men’s lives

This article is based on an ethnographic study that provides insights into queer Iranian men’s lives in Iran, and specifically in Tehran. It was conceived in response to concerns about accounts provided by gay internationalist framings of the queer Iranian subject as reducible to a meta-narrative of homophobic persecution at the hands of an Islamic repressive state. By employing Foucauldian analytic frameworks that attend to questions of heterotopic spatiality in conjunction with Massey’s notion of power geometries and Ahmed’s queer phenomenological perspective, we illuminate the complexity of queer Iranian men’s spatio-temporal modes of sociality and practices of doing sex. We draw primarily on interviews with eight gay- identifying men as vital sources of data that speak to the terms of the livability of a queer life under repressive conditions of Islamic jurisprudential governance in Iran.