Soymilk Supplementation Research Articles

Optimizing serum electrolyte levels in stroke patients: a multimodal approach with soymilk supplementation.

Electrolyte imbalances are common in stroke patients and can significantly impact their overall health, potentially leading to severe complications and even fatal outcomes. In this study, we investigated the impact of combining multiple exercise training modalities (METM) with soymilk supplementation on serum electrolyte levels in stroke patients. In a single-blind, four-arm randomized clinical trial, 120 stroke patients were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: (1) the METM group, (2) the soymilk group, (3) the METM plus soymilk group, and (4) the control group. Changes in serum electrolyte levels were compared both within and across groups over four consecutive weeks. Upon admission, 38.3% of the participants presented with hyponatremia, 26.7% hypokalemia, and 73.3% hypocalcemia. Over time, there was an overall improvement in serum electrolyte imbalances across all study groups compared to the baseline. Between-group comparisons revealed that the METM plus soymilk group exhibited statistically significant improvements compared to the other groups with absolute reductions in the proportion of participants with hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia by 43.3%, 33.3%, and 73.4%, respectively. The study findings substantiate the common occurrence of hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia during the acute phase of stroke. Implementation of the METM alongside soymilk intake demonstrated potential in rectifying electrolyte imbalances among stroke patients, hinting at a promising intervention strategy.

Beneficial Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D1 Soy Milk Supplementation on Serum Biochemical Indexes and Intestinal Health of Bearded Chickens.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D1 (B. amyloliquefaciens D1) on growth performance, serum anti-inflammatory cytokines, and intestinal microbiota composition and diversity in bearded chickens. To investigate the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciensa and fermented soy milk, 7-day-old broilers were orally fed different doses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D1 fermented soy milk for 35 days, with the unfermented soy milk group as the Placebo group. This study found that B. amyloliquefaciens D1 fermented soy milk improved the intestinal microbiota of broilers, significantly increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria in the gut. B. amyloliquefaciens D1 fermented soy milk also significantly reduced the serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content. The body weight and daily weight gain of broilers were increased. In conclusion, the results of this study are promising and indicate that supplementing the diets of bearded chickens with B. amyloliquefaciens D1 fermented soy milk has many beneficial effects in terms of maintaining intestinal microbiota balance and reducing inflammation in chickens.

Studies on Physico-chemical and Organoleptic Properties of Soymilk Blended Dahi (Curd) with Toned Milk (Cattle Milk)

Background: Dahi (curd) is one of the most popular fermented milk product which is known for its unique flavor, solid characteristics and high nutritive and therapeutic values. Despite, India being one of the largest producer of milk, milk and milk-based products are out of reach of several Indian population subsets due to the high cost. Currently, in order to cut the product cost, different kinds of milk replacers are applied to make milk and milk derived products. Being a rich source of protein, soy has become an attractive replacer for milk and milk derived products. Methods: The study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of soymilk supplementation with toned milk for the production of nutritious dahi and as a substitute for cattle milk. Soy milk was extracted from dry, pre-blanched seeds, soaked for 3 hour followed by grinding with hot water (1:8 ratios). The curd was prepared from 5 different proportion of soy and toned milk: T1 (100% soy milk), T2 (70% toned milk: 30% soy milk), T3 milk (50% toned milk: 50% soymilk), T4 (40% toned milk: 60% soymilk) and T5 (100% toned milk) using mother dairy curd as an inoculum. Results: These curd samples were evaluated for organoleptic properties (color, flavor, body and texture) as well as physico-chemical (protein, fat, ash content, total solids and total soluble solid, moisture content, colorimetric and rheological behavior). Overall organoleptic acceptability of these soy blended dahi formulations T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 was found to be 5.87, 6.71, 6.64, 6.59 and 7.0, respectively. Conclusion: The results of present study indicate that 30% replacement of cattle milk with soy milk could be the most feasible option to ensure the high availability of milk to poor population without affecting the palatability and nutritional quality of curd. It was also observed that soy milk substituted with curd was cheaper and can be afforded by population with lower income. Keywords: Dahi, physicochemical properties, sensory score, soy milk, therapeutic values, toned milk.

Bioavailability of isoflavones from soy products in equol producers and non-producers in Japanese women

BackgroundThe estimated intake of soy isoflavones from a meal has been based on the content in a food, but the health effects of soy isoflavones are possibly affected by their bioavailability. In this study we have evaluated the isoflavone bioavailability after the intake of three kinds of soy foods and a commercial soy isoflavone supplement, and examined whether the isoflavone bioavailability is different between equol producers and non-producers. MethodsHealthy female subjects (n = 20; 9 equol producers, 11 equol non-producers) aged between 20 and 26 y participated in this study. To assess the bioavailability of isoflavones, equol producers and non-producers consumed three kinds of soy foods (tofu, fermented soybeans: natto in Japanese, soy milk) and a soy isoflavone supplement containing 75 mg isoflavones together with breakfast. Urine was collected for 24 h, and the amounts of urinary excretions of daidzein, genistein, and the metabolite equol were measured. The intra- and inter-individual variations in the bioavailability of isoflavones were also examined. ResultsThe bioavailability of daidzein following the consumption of tofu, natto, soy milk, and soy isoflavone supplement were 66.9%, 45.2%, 65.7%, and 57.9%, respectively, and the bioavailability of genistein following the consumption of these soy products were 33.7%, 24.4%, 31.2%, and 17.7%, respectively. The bioavailability of daidzein and genistein was significantly greater in equol non-producers than equol producers, especially following the consumption of soymilk. In the equol producers, the 24 h urinary excretion of equol was significantly greater after the intake of soy isoflavone supplement than after the intake of natto or soymilk. The analysis of relative reliability of intra- and inter-individual variations suggested that bioavailability of isoflavones is less variable following soymilk intake than soy isoflavone supplement. ConclusionsThe results in this study suggest that bioavailability of isoflavones are different between equol producers and non-producers, because the 24 h urinary excretion of equol in the equol producers were significantly lower than those in the equol non-producers.

Effects of 28 days of dairy or soy ingestion on skeletal markers of inflammation and proteolysis in post-menopausal women

Aging is associated with increased local inflammation and resultant proteolysis in skeletal muscle. In animal models, soy supplementation is a beneficial countermeasure against muscle inflammation and proteolysis; however, the effect on aging humans is not clear. A single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial was conducted on 31 post-menopausal women. Volunteers were randomly assigned to consume three servings of soy (n=16) or dairy (n=15) milk each day for 28 days. The expression of inflammation-responsive (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and proteolytic (calpain 1, calpain 2, ubiquitin, E2, atrogin-1, muRF-1) genes in skeletal muscle was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction before and after supplementation, and then after a downhill run performed to elicit muscle damage. While no group by time interactions were observed, significant main effects for time were observed for IL-1β, IL-6, calpain 2, and atrogin-1 mRNA post exercise. Further analysis revealed that, compared with post-supplementation values, calpain 2 and atrogin-1 mRNA significantly increased at 4 h post exercise (p=0.01 and p<0.01, respectively), whereas IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA significantly decreased at 4 h post exercise (both p<0.01). Soy or dairy milk supplementation at the amount ingested for 28 days does not appear to preferentially inhibit the expression of inflammation-responsive and proteolytic genes that were assessed, and does not attenuate the eccentric exercise-induced up-regulation in the proteolytic genes.

Reproductive Hormonal Changes after Incremental Exercise in Female Rats

Regular physical exercises can affect hormonal system of female athletes. This study evaluated the reproductive hormonal changes after an incremental exercise in female rats. Forty female 2 months old Sprague Dawley rats (200 +/- 5 g) were randomly divided into 4 equal groups including group 1 as control, group 2 undergoing incremental exercise, group 3 receiving supplement soy milk and group 4 undergoing incremental exercise together with a supplement of soy milk. The incremental exercise consisted of running on a flatted treadmill 3 days/weak for 10 weeks. The speed of treadmill gradually increased from 18 to 36 m min(-1) and the duration of each exercise started from 5 min in the first week and reached 8 min in the last week of exercise. The supplemented soy milk was administered for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks, animals were bled and the level of estrogen, progesterone, Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) were determined. The LH level was statistically significant different between groups 1 and 2, 1 and 4, 2 and 3 (p < 0.05) and groups 3 and 4 (p < 0.05). FSH level was statistically significant between groups 1 and 4 (p < 0.05), 3 and 4 (p < 0.05). Regarding the estrogen level, the difference was not significant between the groups. Progesterone level was statistically significant between groups 1 and 4, 2 and 3, 1 and 3 (p < 0.05) and 2 and 4 (p < 0.05). It may be said that changes in the sex hormone are affected by various factors, but what should be considered is the interaction of these hormones. Internal hormonal changes are dependent on the sport history, intensity, duration, level and duration of soy milk supplementation.

Enhancement of Biological Properties of Soymilk by Fermentation

Soymilk has attracted much interest in the food industry because of its health- promoting properties. Fermentation with lactic acid bacteria is known to provide value addition to soymilk by reducing the beany flavor and content of indigestible oligosaccharides and by enhancing the bioavailability of isoflavones, resulting in a nutritious probiotic food product. In the present study, Soymilk fermentation was studied using Lactobacillus acidophilus strain isolated from ragi, and effect of soymilk supplementation on the fermentation characteristics was also investigated. Viable count of 1.99 × 109 CFU/mL sample and 630.1 U/g of β-glucosidase activity were determined in soymilk after 12 h of fermentation. Soymilk supplementation with skimmed milk powder at 5% level gave best results with viable counts of 22.9 × 109 CFU/ml sample or 212.9 × 109 CFU/g solids; 764 U/g of β-glucosidase activity, 1.44% la titratable acidity and pH of 3.9. Daidzein and genistein profile in fermented soymilk showed that 45.8% and 57.5% of respective isoflavones existing as aglycone form, indicating enhancement of the biological property of soymilk through improvement of health-relevant bioactive forms.

Comparison of the effects of cows' milk, fortified soy milk, and calcium supplement on weight and fat loss in premenopausal overweight and obese women

Background and aimsRecent studies suggest that calcium metabolism and perhaps other components of dairy products may contribute to shifting the energy balance and thus play a role in weight regulation. We compared the effects of cows' milk, calcium fortified soy milk and calcium supplement on weight and body fat reduction in premenopausal overweight and obese women. Methods and ResultsIn this clinical trial, 100 healthy overweight or obese premenopausal women were randomized to one of the following dietary regimens for 8 weeks: (1) a control diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit, with 500–600mg/day dietary calcium; (2) a calcium-supplemented diet identical to the control diet with 800mg/day of calcium as calcium carbonate; (3) a milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of low-fat milk; (4) a soy milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of calcium fortified soy milk. At baseline and after 8 weeks, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured. Three 24-h dietary records and physical activity records were also taken. Comparing the mean differences in weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) using repeated measure of variance analysis showed that changes in waist circumference and WHR were significant among the four groups (p=0.029 and p=0.015, respectively). After adjustment for baseline values, changes in weight and BMI were also significant (p=0.017 and p=0.019, respectively). Weight reductions in high milk, soy milk, calcium supplement and control groups were 4.43±1.93(kg), 3.46±1.28(kg), 3.89±2.40(kg) and 2.87±1.55(kg), respectively. The greatest changes were seen in the high dairy group in all variables. ConclusionIncreasing low fat milk consumption significantly reduces the general and central obesity beyond a low calorie diet.

Soymilk supplementation does not alter plasma markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women

Aging is associated with increasing levels of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to the progression of cardiovascular disease. Attenuation of such processes via dietary intervention has significant public health implications. Soyfoods, as a source of high-quality protein and isoflavones, may improve such indices, although such effects in healthy aging women are not well delineated. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that 4 weeks of daily soymilk consumption would improve systemic markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women when compared with a dairy control. In September 2009, a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted on 31 postmenopausal women at Baylor University, Waco, Tex. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume 3 servings of vanilla soy (n = 16) or reduced fat dairy (n = 15) milk per day for 4 weeks. Plasma markers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2]) were obtained before and after supplementation. No significant differences were observed for any of the plasma inflammatory (TNF-alpha, P = .08; IL-1beta, P = .14; IL-6, P = .26) or oxidative stress (SOD, P = .68; GPx, P = .58; COX-2, P = .99) variables by dietary treatment group. Despite good dietary compliance, our study failed to show a significant effect of soymilk consumption on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in this postmenopausal female population. Potential reasons for this nonsignificant finding are discussed, and future research directions are presented.

THE EFFECT OF SOYMILK ON ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE, TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS, AND VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS IN MENOPAUSE WOMEN

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of revival soymilk consumption and moderate exercise on vasomotor symptoms, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and alkaline phosphates activity in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods In this study, daily for 3 months, 37 postmenopausal women (mean age = 52.2± 4.6 years) were randomly assigned to soymilk (n=15), exercise +soymilk (n=12) and control (n= 10). The daily soymilk consisted of Revival brand Maxsoy, which contained 12.5 g of soy protein with Genistein (13 mg) and Daidzein (4.13 mg). Menopausal symptoms were measured using the Kupperman index, a standard measure of climacteric symptoms that has been validated in menopausal women at baseline and 3 months of daily consumption of soymilk. Total antioxidant status (TAS) of serum was measured using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) was assayed calorimetrically with Hitachi 902 autoanalyzer assay. Results Soymilk supplementation, soymilk and moderate exercise significantly (p<0.05) improved TAC level and TALP activity. Vasomotor symptoms were improved (p < 0.05) in the soymilk consumption plus moderate exercise and soymilk groups as compared with the control group. The data showed a decrease in menopausal symptoms p <0 .05, paired t test, two-tailed, between the baseline and soymilk groups, and p < 0.05, ANOVA test, between the control and two groups. Vaginal problem, sexual symptoms and vasomotor significantly changed (p<0.05) after soymilk consumption. Conclusion These data may suggest that consumption of soymilk for 3 months enhances antioxidant and TALP status and reduces menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women.

Effects of soymilk supplement on the yield and quality of "Warankasi"

Effects of soymilk supplement on the yield and quality of "Warankasi"

Effect of a Soymilk Supplement Containing Isoflavones on UrinaryF2 Isoprostane Levels in Premenopausal Women

: Epidemiological studies have associated soy diets with reduced risk of breast and some other cancers, and oxidative cellular damage may contribute to the development of these and other diseases. We tested the effect of a soymilk supplement rich in isoflavones on a measure of cellular lipid peroxidation in a controlled feeding study. Eight premenopausal women consumed a constant diet that included soymilk containing 113-207 mg/day total isoflavones and 4 mo later a constant soy diet low (<5 mg/day) in isoflavones, both for a complete menstrual cycle. The average daily urinary excretions of daidzein and genistein were 24.6 ± 10.1 and 9.2 ± 6.1 mg/day, respectively, during the high-isoflavone soy diet and were below the detection limit during the low-isoflavone diet. F2 isoprostane 8-iso-PGF-2α excretion varied widely within and between subjects, and the group mean was not significantly different during the high- and low-isoflavone soy diet (7.67 ± 1.13 and 8.65 ± 1.18 nmol/12 h, mean ± SD, respectively). However, individual changes in 8-iso-PGF-2α between the two soymilk drinks were significantly associated with age (r = ―0.87; P = 0.006) and several measures of isoflavone exposure, namely, daidzein dose (r = 0.81; P = 0.015), combined daidzein and genistein dose (r = 0.77; P = 0.03), and total urinary excretion of isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, and equol) (r = 0.71; P = 0.05). The findings suggest that soy isoflavones may reduce lipid peroxidation in an age-dependent manner, with greater effects in older women, and with lower doses of isoflavones.

A prospective study of the effects of 1-year calcium-fortified soy milk supplementation on dietary calcium intake and bone health in Chinese adolescent girls aged 14 to 16

The Chinese diet is low in calcium, including among adolescent girls, with an average intake around 500 mg per day. In this study, we compared the percentage change in bone mineral density and content of the spine and hip region in a 1-year follow-up study between 104 adolescent girls aged 14 to 16 years receiving 375 ml calcium-fortified soymilk supplementation and 95 girls in the control group. The mean percentage changes of bone mineral density/content (BMD/BMC) and standard deviation (SD) at 1 year for the supplementation and control groups were as follows: neck of the femur BMD 2.7+/-2.94%, 1.8+/-3.49% (P = 0.08); trochanter BMD 3.3+/-3.27%, 1.6+/-2.94% (P < or = 0.001); intertrochanter BMD 3.6+/-3.05%, 2.32+/-2.95% (P = 0.002); total hip BMD 3.1+/-2.39%, 2.05+/-2.22% (P = 0.001); total hip BMC 3.8+/-3.05%, 2.6+/-2.96% (P = 0.006). The percent difference between the percentage of bone changes in the supplementation and control groups [100x (soymilk-control)/control] ranged from 45 to 113%. We observed no differences in the spine BMD/C and no differences in changes of height and weight between the soymilk supplementation and control groups, which yielded similar results. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis including height, weight, growth stage, dietary energy, protein, calcium from usual diet and physical activity also showed that supplementation was significantly associated with a percentage increase in BMD/C at the hip. We conclude that 375 ml calcium-fortified soymilk supplementation, or an equivalent of about two glasses, is among the effective strategies for bone acquisition and the optimization of peak bone mass in adolescent girls.

Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Soymilk Supplementation with Usual Diet in Premenopausal Normolipidemic Japanese Women

Background. The hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein concentrates on normolipidemic subjects still remains unclear. Our objective is to assess the effect of soymilk supplementation, a whole soy product, with usual diet on serum lipids in normolipidemic subjects.Methods. We conducted a randomized controlled trial on 60 premenopausal normolipidemic Japanese women. After excluding 8 subjects whose initial serum concentration of total cholesterol or triacylglycerol was higher than 220 mg/dL (5.69 mmol/L) or 160 mg/dL (1.81 mmol/L), respectively, we encouraged the subjects in the soymilk-supplemented group (n = 27) to consume 400 mL (408 g) of commercial regular soymilk daily during two menstrual cycles. There were no significant differences in variables, including nutrient intake, between the soymilk-supplemented and control (n = 25) groups before the intervention.Results. After the trial, we observed a significant decrease of 10.9 mg/dL, or 5.3%, in serum concentration of total cholesterol in the soymilk-supplemented group. During the intervention, nutrient intake assessment showed significant increases in nutrient densities of vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids, isoflavones, and P/S ratio and decreases in total energy and nutrient densities of vitamin C and green tea in this group. A statistically significant decrease in serum total cholesterol could still be observed even after excluding the estimated hypocholesterolemic effects of soymilk's polyunsaturated fatty acids.Conclusions. Our results suggest the hypocholesterolemic effect of soymilk, a traditional whole soy product, in Asian countries in normolipidemic subjects.

Effects of a soy milk supplement on plasma cholesterol levels and oxidative DNA damage in men--a pilot study.

Phytoestrogens are a major component of Asian diets and may be protective against certain hormone-dependent cancers (breast and prostate) and coronary heart disease. They may also have antioxidant function in scavenging potentially harmful free radicals and thus decreasing oxidative attack on DNA. A pilot study to determine the effects of a phytoestrogen supplement, in the form of soy milk, on plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol levels and DNA damage in men. Ten healthy men participated in the study and were assigned to one of three groups consuming 1 litre of either soy milk, rice dream (vegetable protein control) or semi-skimmed cow's milk (animal protein control) each day for 4 weeks. The soy supplement caused significant increases in plasma genistein and daidzein concentrations despite considerable inter-individual variation (P < 0.001). Supplementation with soy resulted in a decrease in oxidative damage to DNA bases detected using the comet assay compared with controls (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant effect of the soy supplement on plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels in comparison with control groups. A 4 week soy milk supplementation in healthy volunteers does not alter serum cholesterol levels but can have a protective effect against oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes.

RESULTS OF A MULTICENTER STUDY ON THE PREVENTION OF ATOPY IN “AT RISK” BABIES (3 YEARS FOLLOW-UP)

We have planned a prevention programme of atopic diseases in high risk babies with the cooperation of 40 Maternity Hospitals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dietary and environmental measures in the development of atopic disease in newborns of atopic parents. The dietary measures are the following exclusive breast feeding for the first six months of life; elimination of cow's milk (CM) and egg from the diet of the nursing mother; soy milk (Isomil Abbott) supplement when breast milk is not sufficient; selected weaning after the 6th month of life. The environmental measures are the following: no smoking in the house; strict environmental controls for the elimination of house dust; no pets in the house; day-care center attendance delayed to after 3 years of age. All infants were seen at an age of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 months and twice-a-year afterwards, and a detailed history is taken and the presence of symptoms and signs of atopic disease are examined (bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy): Up to now, 732 children are 2 year old: 379 (52%) are males and 353 (48%) females; 98 (13%) have two or more relatives affected by atopic disease, 634 (87%) have one relative affected. 242/732 (33%) were exclusively breast feed until the 6th month of life, 139/732 (19%) received exclusively soy milk, 212/732 (29%) received breast milk and soy milk supplement, and 139/732 (19%) were CM formula fed. At the last follow-up (2 years) the cumulative prevalence of atopic disease was 17% (125/732 children). In detail, 83 (11%) showed AD, 28 (4%) asthma, and 14 (2%) rhinitis. Of the 125 babies with atopic diseaae, 81/379 (21%) were malei and 44/353 (12%) females (p<0.01); 28/98 (29%) of the babies have two or more relatives affected by atopic disease, 97/634 (15%) have one relative affected by atopic disease (p<0.01). Among the children who developed atopic diseases: 13% (31/242) were exclusively breast-fed until the six month of life, 10% (14/139) received soy milk, 15% (32/212) were breast milk and soy-milk fed, and 34 % (48/139) CM fed. The very low prevalence of atopic disease in the infants who followed the preventive measures (12%) and the higher (34%) in those who did not (p<0.01) stresses the importance of such manipulations for the prevention of atopy in “at risk babies”.

32 RESULTS OF DIETARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF ATOPY IN AT-RISK BABIES: FOLLOW-UP TO 3 YEARS 8 MONTHS OF AGE

To evaluate the prophylactic effect of dietary and environmental measures on the development of atopic diseases we have selected and followed from birth to 8 yrs 244 children with family history of atopic diseases. Dietary measures were as follows: Exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 mos of life, no more than 200 ml of cow's milk (CM)/day and no more than 2 eggs/week to the nurs ing mothers, soy-milk(Isomil Abbott) supplement if breast milk was not sufficient, selected weaning after the 6th mo, CM from birth when mothers did not breastfeed, in the CM-fed infants no attempts to influence the type and time of weaning. Environmental controls were as follows: No smoking in the house, strict controls for the elimination of house dust, molds and mites, no pets in the house, day-care attendance delayed to after 3 yrs. All the infants were seen at our Clinic at the age of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 mos and twice-a-year afterwards. The median age of the 244 children at the last follow up was 3yrs+8mos(Range 7 mos-8 yrs). 26 (14,5%) of the 179 breast-or soy-fed and 25 (38,5%) of 65 CM-fed infants developed atopic diseases during the follow-up (p< 0,001). In detail, 8 of the 26 breast- or soy-fed infants showed atopic dermatitis (AD), 14 asthma, 1 rhinitis, 2 asthma associated with AD, and 1 urticaria. 2 of the 25 CM-fed infants showed AD, 13 asthma, 2 rhinitis, and 8 asthma associated with AD. These data suggest that dietary and environmental measures exert a prophylactic effect on the development of atopic diseases in at-risk infants.