Soybean Oil For Biodiesel Production Research Articles

Evaluation of Microbial Phospholipase and Lipase Activity Through the Chromatographic Analysis of Crude, Degummed, and Transesterified Soybean Oil for Biodiesel Production.

The present study aimed at synthesizing fatty acid methyl esters in a combined enzymatic method by applying degumming and transesterification of soybean oil. A soluble lipase from Serratia sp. W3 and a recombinant phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase C (PC-PLC) from Bacillus thuringiensis were used in a consecutive manner for phosphorus removal and conversion into methyl esters. By applying 1% of recombinant PC-PLC almost 83% of phosphorus was removed (final content of 21.01mg/kg). Moreover, a sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was applied to obtain a comprehensive lipid profile for the simultaneous evaluation of phospholipids removal and diacylglycerol (DAG) increase. A significant increase for all the monitored DAG species, up to 138.42%, was observed by using the enzymatic degumming, in comparison to the crude sample, resulting in an increased oil yield. Serratia sp. W3 lipase was identified as a suitable biocatalyst for biodiesel production, converting efficiently the acylglycerols. The results regarding the physical-chemical characteristics show that the cetane level, density and pour point of the obtained biodiesel are close to current regulation requirements. These findings highlight the potential of a two-step process implementation, based on the combination of lipase and phospholipase, as a suitable alternative for biodiesel production.

Valorization of poultry slaughterhouse sludge oil: a strategy to reduce Brazil’s dependency on soybean oil in the biodiesel industry

ABSTRACT During the poultry industrialization process the so-called sludge oil, a residual chicken fat, is recovered in the wastewater treatment plant and its use presents potential as raw material for biodiesel production. Thus, the aim of the study was to prepare blends of sludge oil with soybean oil to obtain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through the homogeneous alkaline transesterification reaction. To perform this study, a simple pre-treatment process – heating and subsequent filtration – was used, allowing sludge oil to be mixed with soybean oil to compose blends, without the need to use more sophisticated pre-treatment processes. After this step, blends ranging from 5% to 90% (m/m) of sludge oil mixed with soybean oil were prepared. The results showed that the molar ratio (1:6 oil blend:methanol), catalyst concentration 0.5% NaOH (mcat/moil), at 65 °C for 60 min yielded FAME above 99.0 and 90.0% (m/m) for blends with up to 5 and 15% sludge oil, respectively. By increasing the temperature to 70 °C, under the same selected parameters, the blend with 10% sludge oil provided yield above 99.0% (m/m), presenting appropriate physicochemical properties, within the parameters required by National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). These findings show the great potential sludge oil provides to reduce Brazil’s dependency on soybean oil for biodiesel production. Highlights Sludge oil, a waste raw material for biodiesel production, is not yet explored in Brazil. A procedure for biodiesel production using soybean oil and sludge oil blends was proposed. The best reaction condition was 1:6 oil blend:MeOH molar ratio; 0.5% NaOH (mcat/moil), at 70 °C for 60 min. Biodiesel yield was higher than 99% (m/m) under optimal reaction conditions. Sludge oil represents a promising waste raw material for biodiesel production.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ СОИ СЕВЕРНОГО ЭКОТИПА НА БИОТОПЛИВО

The paper presents the results of long-term research on the oil productivity and chemical composition of soybean oil of the Northern ecotype varieties in the Central Non-Black Earth Region. The authors consider its possible use for biodiesel production. Experiments on growing soybeans were carried out on the experimental fi eld of Russian State Agrarian University –Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (2008-2019) on recognized ultra-early ripening varieties of the Northern ecotype Mageva, Svetlaya, Okskaya (ripeness group 000). Tests were set and the research results were analyzed using standard approved methods. It has been shown that in conditions of high latitudes (57°N), limited thermal resources of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia (the sum of active temperatures of the growing season not exceeding 2000°С), the yield and productivity of soybeans depend on the variety and moisture supply. Over the years, the average yield of soybeans amounted to 1.94 … 2.62 t/ha, oil productivity – 388 … 544 kg/ha, oil content – 19…20%, the content of oleic and linoleic fatty acids in oil – 60%, and their output from seeds harvested – 300 kg/ha. It has been established that as soybean oil and diesel fuel have similar properties,they can be mixed by conventional methods in any proportions and form stable blends that can be stored for a long time. Experimental studies on the use of soybean oil for biodiesel production were carried out on a D-245 diesel engine (4 ChN11/12.5). The concentrations of toxic components (CO, CHx, and NOx) in the diesel exhaust gases were determined using the SAE-7532 gas analyzer. The smoke content of the exhaust gases was measured with an MK-3 Hartridge opacimeter. It has been experimentally established that the transfer of a diesel engine from diesel fuel to a blend of 80% diesel fuel and 20% lubrication oil leads to a change in the integral emissions per test cycle: nitrogen oxides in 0.81 times, carbon monoxide in 0.89 times and unburned hydrocarbons in 0.91 times, i.e. when biodiesel as used as a motor fuel in a serial diesel engine, emissions of all gaseous toxic components are reduced. The study has confi rmed the expediency of using soybeans of the Northern ecotype for biofuel production.

Waste to value addition: Utilization of waste Brassica nigra plant derived novel green heterogeneous base catalyst for effective synthesis of biodiesel

Abstract In the present study, the heterogeneous base catalyst was derived from the waste Brassica nigra plant and utilized as an efficient catalyst in the transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production. The catalyst was prepared by calcination of ash obtained after burning the dried waste Brassica nigra plant and well characterized using instrumental techniques like powder XRD, FT-IR, BET, XRF, AAS, XPS, SEM-EDX, and TEM. The analysis of the catalyst indicated potassium (56.13 wt%) as the major component followed by calcium (26.04 wt%) in the form of oxide, carbonate, and chloride. The catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity in converting soybean oil to biodiesel with 98.79% yield in a short time period of 25 min at 65 °C under the optimum conditions of 12:1 ratio of methanol to oil and 7 wt% of catalyst. The reaction yielded 98.87% biodiesel at room temperature of 32 °C within 75 min of reaction time under optimized conditions. The activation energy (27.87 kJ mol−1) indicates the reaction is a chemically controlled reaction. The catalyst was reused up to the third cycle of reaction which yielded 96% biodiesel without significant loss in catalytic activity. The biodiesel was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC-MS. The fuel properties studied are well comparable with the international standards as well as with reported literatures. The synthesized heterogeneous catalyst is non-toxic, biodegradable, environmentally benign, green in nature, easy to handle, reusable and can be prepared with minimum cost as the raw materials are naturally plenty enough as wastes with free of cost which is a value addition to the generated wastes along with a viable capability in reduction of the overall biodiesel production cost.

Ultrasonic emulsification assisted immobilized Burkholderia cepacia lipase catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production in a novel reactor design

Increasing energy demands coupled with decreasing fossil fuel resources create an urgent need to switch over bio-based fuel, such as biodiesel. In a newly designed reactor, the production of biodiesel was conducted with soybean oil (SBO) in solvent-free system through transesterification by immobilized Burkholderia cepacia lipase under the influence of ultrasonic emulsification. Effects of operational parameters viz. methanol-to-oil molar ratio, water concentration, immobilized enzyme concentration, and temperature on fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield were investigated. Molar ratio and enzyme concentration showed a significant linear correlation with biodiesel yield (r = − 0.8 and 0.6; respectively). Linear regression analysis of both parameters later revealed a significant prediction ability for biodiesel with a yield of 78.8 and 31.7%, respectively. FAME yield was 30% at 7 h in the pretreatment reactor. Without ultrasonic emulsification, the yield was significantly enhanced to 64% for the same reaction time in the packed-bed reactor. However, the reaction time was further reduced significantly under the influence of ultrasonic emulsification coupled with immobilized lipase as a catalyst and resulted into higher biodiesel yield of 68.6% at 3 h. Clearly, ultrasonic emulsification-assisted immobilized lipase catalysis of SBO might be a potential alternative route to conventional methods of biodiesel production.

A Robust Two-Step Process for the Efficient Conversion of Acidic Soybean Oil for Biodiesel Production

Acidic oil, which is easily obtained and with lower cost, is a potential raw material for biodiesel production. Apart from containing large quantity of FFAs (free fatty acids), acidic oil usually contains some amount of inorganic acid, glycerides and some other complex components, leading to complicated effect on lipase’s catalytic performance. Exploring the efficient process of converting acidic oil for biodiesel production is of great significance to promote the use of acidic oil. A two-step conversion process for acidic soybean oil was proposed in this paper, where sulfuric acid-mediated hydrolysis was adopted first, then the hydrolyzed free fatty acid, collected from the upper oil layer was further subject to the second-step esterification catalyzed by immobilized lipase Novozym435. Through this novel process, the negative effect caused by harmful impurities and by-product glycerol on lipase was eliminated. A fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 95% could be obtained with the acid value decreased to 4 mgKOH/g from 188 mgKOH/g. There was no obvious loss in lipase’s activity and a FAME yield of 90% could be maintained with the lipase being repeatedly used for 10 batches. This process was found to have a good applicability to different acidic oils, indicating it has great prospect for converting low quality oil sources for biodiesel preparation.

Transesterification of acid soybean oil for biodiesel production using lithium metasilicate catalyst prepared from diatomite

Abstract Production of biodiesel from acid soybean oil using lithium metasilicate and its mixtures with zeolite ABW as catalysts was studied. Lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) and zeolite ABW were synthesized hydrothermally at 150 °C for one day by using diatomite and LiOH(aq) as starting materials. These solid catalysts were employed successfully to catalyze transesterification of acid soybean oil in excess methanol at 60 °C for biodiesel production. The soybean oil was spiked with oleic acid to obtain an acid value of 0.54 mg KOH/g oil, i.e. 3.6 times higher than the Taiwan's legal limit on the acid value of refined edible soybean oil (CNS 749). Consequently, the yields of biodiesel were above 95% in an hour by using lithium metasilicate catalysts. Furthermore, the spent catalysts of could be recycled and reused for at least for three consecutive cycles without significant deactivation observed in catalysis. With a decreasing loading of catalyst-to-oil to 30 wt%, the yield of biodiesel could still reach ca. 95% in one hour at 60 °C.

Transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production over CaAlSi mixed oxide nanoparticles

CaAlSi mixed metal oxide nanoparticles with formula Ca2Al2SiO7 and CaAl2O4 (with molar ratio of 70:30) was prepared by sol–gel method and used as a basic heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with methanol to methyl esters (biodiesel). The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fouier Transform Infrared, and Termal Gravimetric Analysis techniques. Effect of important reaction parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction time, and amount of catalyst were examined. It was found that reaction of methanol and soybean oil with the molar ratio of 30 in the presence of 6 % catalyst (based on soybean oil weight) affords biodiesel almost quantitatively at 60 °C within 6 h. The catalyst can be easily recovered and reused for four cycles without significant loosing activity.

Evaluation of the Na/Nb2O5 system in the transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production

Biodiesel is considered an important substitute of diesel oil. Traditionally, it is obtained by the transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol or ethanol, catalyzed by NaOH or KOH. Heterogeneous catalysts have been studied with the aim at facilitating and diminishing costs with purification stages. In the present work, the Na/Nb2O5 system was evaluated on the reaction of soybean oil with ethanol. It was verified, by DRX and IR, that the niobia calcined at 500ºC and impregnated with sodium underwent greater structural alterations than that treated at 300°C. These modifications allowed the generation of basic properties on niobia surface (Hammett and CO2 adsorption /IR). This catalyst showed the highest conversion (30%) among the used materials. The method chosen for evaluating the catalysts yield was the 1H NMR spectroscopy.

A new extracellular thermo-solvent-stable lipase from Burkholderia ubonensis SL-4: Identification, characterization and application for biodiesel production

In the present study, a new lipase SL-4 from Burkholderia ubonensis SL-4, was purified by 80% ammonium sulphate precipitation, Q Sepharose FF anion exchange and Superdex 75 gel filtration chromatography finally leading to 68.5-fold purification and 13.34% recovery. It had a molecular mass of ca. 33kDa and the whole gene (1095-bp) was cloned by using degenerate primers. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that lipase SL-4 is a new member of subfamily I.2 lipases. Lipase SL-4 exhibited optimum activity toward p-NP myristate (C14) at pH 8.5 and 65°C with a Km of 0.72mM, a kcat of 391.63s−1 and a kcat/Km of 543.93s−1mM−1. It had good thermostability at 50°C and pH 8.5, and could be activated strongly by Ca2+ and Mn2+, but inhibited by some transition metal ions and EDTA, PMSF, DTT and β-ME. Additionally, lipase SL-4 possessed non-ionic detergent stability and organic solvent stability. When preliminarily employed to catalyze soybean oil for biodiesel production, the liquid lipase SL-4 could attain a conversion ratio of 92.24% in a solvent-free system. These results demonstrate that the new thermo-solvent-stable lipase possesses an attractive potential for biotechnological applications as biocatalyst, especially for biodiesel production.

Novozym 435-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil for biodiesel production

This paper deals with transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol in the presence of Novozym 435 (lipase from Candida antarctica) catalyst. 1H NMR was employed to monitor the conversion of soybean oil to fatty acid ethyl esters in a solvent-free medium. Reaction conditions such as enzyme/substrate ratio, temperature and alcohol to oil molar ratio were studied and the highest yields were found at 5 g of enzyme per 100 g of oil, 37 °C, and 3:1 respectively. Stepwise addition of ethanol was also performed, and compared with that of methanol, in order to assess the reduction of inhibition that this method causes on the enzymatic activity.

Scale-up of a Continuous Microwave-Assisted Transesterification Process of Soybean Oil for Biodiesel Production

Scale-up of a Continuous Microwave-Assisted Transesterification Process of Soybean Oil for Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel synthesis directly catalyzed by the fermented solid of Burkholderia cenocepacia via solid state fermentation

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the production of Burkholderia cenocepacia lipase via solid state fermentation (SSF) and its applications in atransesterification reactions through the direct addition of the lyophilized fermented solid to tert-butanol system. The maximal olive oil-hydrolyzing activity of fermented solid was 72.3 units per gram of dried fermented solid at 96h through adding 8% (v/w) olive oil as inducer during SSF. After lyophilization and delipidation, the whole fermented solid was directly employed to catalyze the ethanolysis of soybean oil for biodiesel production in tert-butanol. The highest biodiesel yield was 86% after 96h under the optimized conditions of 45°C, speed rate 200rpm, alcohol/oil molar ratio 4:1, fermented solid amount 1.5wt.% (based on oil weight, g), tert-butanol amount 40% ((based on oil volume, v/v) and moisture content 5wt.% (based on oil weight, g). This strategy of biodiesel production in this work shows potential alternative to lower down the lipase cost for enzyme-catalyzed transesterification reactions.

Combination of two lipases more efficiently catalyzes methanolysis of soybean oil for biodiesel production in aqueous medium

A combination of two lipases was employed to catalyze methanolysis of soybean oil in aqueous medium for biodiesel production. The two lipase genes were cloned from fungal strains Rhizomucor miehei and Penicillium cyclopium, and each expressed successfully in Pichia pastoris. Activities of the 1,3-specific lipase from R. miehei (termed RML) and the non-specific mono- and diacylglycerol lipase from P. cyclopium (termed MDL) were 550 U and 1545 U per ml respectively, and enzymatic properties of these supernatant of fermentation broth (liquid lipase) were stable at 4 °C for >3 months. Under optimized conditions, the ratio of biodiesel conversion after 12 h at 30 °C, using RML alone, was 68.5%. When RML was assisted by addition of MDL, biodiesel conversion ratio was increased to >95% under the same reaction conditions. The results suggested that combination of lipases with different specificity, for enzymatic conversion of more complex lipid substrates, is a potentially useful strategy for biodiesel production.

Supercritical Biodiesel Production from Raw Soybean Oil

This paper describes the supercritical methanol transesterification of raw soybean oil for biodiesel production in a batch stirred tank reactor without catalyst and looks at the main variables affecting the yield of biodiesel: the methanol-to-oil molar ratio and reaction temperature. Experiments were carried out for 20 min in the temperature range 250–350°C at methanol-to-oil molar ratios of between 20:1 and 53:1. The reactions were monitored by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to determine the content of monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides, and by gas chromatography (GC/FID) to analyse the individual methyl esters and to calculate the yield of biodiesel. The reaction conditions that led to good yields of biodiesel (72%) were a temperature of 350°C and a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 45. There was no undesirable thermal decomposition of the fatty acid chains in these conditions. Due to the risk of thermal cracking above 350°C, reaction times need to be lengthened to complete the transesterification of monoglycerides and diglycerides remaining in the medium and so provide greater yields of biodiesel.

Diphenylammonium salt catalysts for microwave assisted triglyceride transesterification of corn and soybean oil for biodiesel production

Diphenylammonium salts as catalysts for triglyceride transesterification have been investigated. Catalysts studied, such as diphenylammonium mesylate, were able to catalyze the transesterification process. Open atmosphere reactions and microwave-assisted reactions are considered and compared. Additionally, the study helps substantiate the advantage of microwave-assisted technology in organic synthesis.

Biodiesel production from soybean oil catalyzed by multifunctionalized Ta2O5/SiO2-[H3PW12O40/R] (R = Me or Ph) hybrid catalyst

Mesoporous Ta2O5 materials functionalized with both alkyl group and a Keggin-type heteropoly acid, Ta2O5/SiO2-[H3PW12O40/R] (R=Me or Ph), was prepared by a single step sol–gel co-condensation method followed by a hydrothermal treatment in the presence of a triblock copolymer surfactant. The catalytic performance of the resulting multifunctionalized organic–inorganic hybrid materials was evaluated by a direct use of soybean oil for biodiesel production in the presence of 20wt% myristic acid under atmosphere refluxing, and the influences of the catalyst preparation approaches, functional component loadings, and molar ratios of oil to methanol on the catalytic activity of the Ta2O5/SiO2-[H3PW12O40/R] were studied. In addition, the recyclability of the hybrid materials was evaluated via four catalytic runs. Finally, the network structures of the hybrid materials and the functions of the incorporated alkyl groups on the catalytic activity of the materials were put forward.

Nanosized and reusable SiO2/ZrO2 catalyst for highly efficient biodiesel production by soybean transesterification

Nanosized SiO2/ZrO2 catalyst with high surface area (131.50 ± 14 m2 g-1) was prepared by the sol-gel method. The material presented highly homogeneous particles with an average diameter of 250 nm according to SEM images. It was applied in the transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production. The biodiesel conversion reached a yield of 96.2 ± 1.4 % after 3 h of transesterification reaction catalised by SiO2/ZrO2 (SiZr). The catalyst was recovered and reused six times, maintaining a catalytic efficiency of about 84.1 %.

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production in tert-amyl alcohol

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil and methanol for biodiesel production in tert-amyl alcohol was investigated. The effects of different organic medium, molar ratio of substrate, reaction temperature, agitation speed, lipase dosage and water content on the total conversion were systematically analyzed. Under the optimal conditions identified (6 mL tert-amyl alcohol, three molar ratio of methanol to oil, 2% Novozym 435 lipase based on the soybean oil weight, temperature 40°C, 2% water content based on soybean oil weight, 150 rpm and 15 h), the highest biodiesel conversion yield of 97% was obtained. With tert-amyl alcohol as the reaction medium, the negative effects caused by excessive molar ratio of methanol to oil and the by-product glycerol could be reduced. Furthermore, there was no evident loss in the lipase activity even after being repeatedly used for more than 150 runs.

Tetramethylguanidine covalently bonded onto silica gel surface as an efficient and reusable catalyst for transesterification of vegetable oil

Abstract A solid base catalyst was obtained through attachment of tetramethylguanidine onto silica gel surface. Infrared spectroscopy, 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance data are in agreement with the proposed structure. SEM images showed that the catalyst presented high homogeneous spherical particles of 1 μm with surface area of 216.14 ± 34 m2 g−1. The obtained material was used as catalyst in the transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production. The catalytic efficiency was followed and the biodiesel conversion presented a yield of 86.73 ± 2.2% at 3 h of reaction. The catalyst was recovered and reused nine times, maintaining about 62% of its catalytic efficiency.