Particle Size Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Hammermill screen selection for soybean processing: effects of soybean meal particle size on amino acid digestibility, feed milling efficiency, and D1-42 broiler performance

Hammermill screen selection for soybean processing: effects of soybean meal particle size on amino acid digestibility, feed milling efficiency, and D1-42 broiler performance

Hammermill screen selection for soybean processing: soybean meal particle size and pullet performance effects

Reducing the particle size ( PS ) of feed ingredients is necessary and requires substantial energy expenditure. A majority of research on ingredient PS has considered the effects of corn and wheat PS on poultry performance. However, there is limited research investigating the effects of soybean meal ( SBM ) PS. Two experiments were conducted using expeller extruded SBM to measure the energy required to reduce soybean meal cake PS at the processor (experiment 1) and to determine the effects of various SBM PS on pullet performance from 0 to 17 weeks of age (experiment 2). The PS of SBM used in the current study was reduced using a hammermill fitted with one of three screens (2.4 mm, 5.6 mm, 7.9 mm) which represent the three treatments used in experiments 1 and 2. In experiment 1, hammermill screen size influenced motor load and power usage of the hammermill motor. The 2.4 mm screen required more energy and power to reduce the PS of SBM cake compared to all other screen sizes ( P < 0.001). Experiment 2 used three identical diets that varied only in SBM PS. Overall, mash diets varying in SBM PS did not influence the measured pullet performance parameters which included FI, BWG, and FCR ( P > 0.05). These data indicate that SBM may be manufactured using larger screen sizes to reduce energy usage at soybean processing facilities with no impact on ready-to-lay pullet development.

Soybean meal particle size for pigs during the nursery phase

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of soybean meal (SBM) particle size on nutrient digestibility and the growth performance of nursery piglets. Sixty-three piglets (BW = 6.86 kg ± 0.56; 23 d of age) were distributed in a randomized block design (by initial weight and sex) with 3 dietary treatments: diets with 1,017 µm (unground); 585 µm; and 411µm SBM, with 7 replicates of 3 piglets each. All diets were offered ad libitum in mash form, formulated differently according to three growing phases: (1) with 20% of SBM, from 23 to 32 d of age; (2) with 25% of SBM, from 32 to 44 d of age, and (3) with 30% of SBM, from 44 to 63 d of age. For the first 21 d, pigs fed diets with a medium particle size of SBM (585mm) had better average weight gain and feed/gain ratio (P&lt;0.05). The average feed intake, average body weight gain, and feed/gain ratio from 44 to 63 d improved (P&lt;0.05) with increasing SBM particle sizes, and the average live weight for the overall period increased with coarser SBM (P&lt;0.05). There was a marginally improvement (P &lt; 0.1) on digestible energy as particle size of SBM decreased; although, no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein for the assessed SBM particle sizes were observed. It was concluded that the grinding of dietary SBM is not required for piglets during the nursery phase.

Performance of broilers fed mash or pelleted diets containing different soybean meal particle sizes

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different soybean meal particle sizes in pelleted or mash diets on broiler performance. A total of 1,440 male Cobb500 broilers, with 1 to 35 days of age, were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2x4 factorial arrangement, consisting of two feed physical forms and four soybean meal particle sizes (625, 775, 1,053, and 1,406 μm), totaling eight treatments, with nine replicates of 20 birds each. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were evaluated. There was a significant interaction between diet physical form and soybean meal particle size. From 1 to 21 days of age, the lowest feed intake and weight gain values were obtained with the mash diet containing 1,406 μm soybean meal particle size. From 1 to 35 days of age, the greatest weight gain is achieved when broilers are fed the pelleted diet with 1,406 μm soybean meal particle size.

A high-performance soybean meal-based plywood adhesive prepared via an ultrasonic process and using significantly lower amounts of chemical additives

The development of a formaldehyde-free, high-performance soybean meal (SM)-based adhesive for manufacturing cleaner wood-based panels is important for minimizing environmental pollution and promoting sustainability. However, the addition of chemical agents for this purpose negatively impacts the environment. Drawing from molecular recombination enhancement theory, a simple physical ultrasonic treatment was used to pretreat the SM to break its particles down and reduce the protein molecular weight. A bio-derived crosslinker was mixed into the SM to recombine the soy protein and prepare a clean, high-performance, bio-based adhesive requiring significantly lower amounts of chemical agents. After 20 min of ultrasonic treatment, the SM particle size was reduced by up to 48.8%, the quaternary structure of the soybean protein was destroyed, and the protein molecular weight decreased, exposing more active groups on the protein surface and resulting in an adhesive system that was both more stable and had a higher reactivity. Moreover, when adding only 4% crosslinker and zero denaturing agent, the ultrasonic treatment process increased the adhesive residual rate by 15.78%, decreased the moisture absorption rate by 25.26%, and improved the wet shear strength of the resultant plywood by 368.2% (to 1.03 MPa), meeting the requirements of the GB/T 9846.3–2004 standard for interior-use plywood. The loading of chemical agents was reduced by up to 650% in comparison to that used in other SM-based adhesive formulations reported in the literature. Thus, using a clean ultrasonic pretreatment process on the SM enabled the preparation of a high-performance, stable, and clean SM-based adhesive, thereby providing a promising option for the implementation of a bio-based product in industrial applications.

Improvement of the Nutritional Quality and Fibrinolytic Enzyme Activity of Soybean Meal by Fermentation of B acillus subtilis

Solid-state fermentation condition of soybean meal (SBM) by Bacillus subtilis XZI125 for producing fibrinolytic enzyme and soybean peptides was optimized, and the effect of microbe fermentation on decreasing anti-nutritional factors was studied. The optimum fermentation conditions were obtained by one-factor-at-a-time and orthogonal array design as follows: fermentation temperature 30C, fermentation time 48 h, grinding particle size of soybean meal 40 mesh, pH 7.0, soybean meal loading 10 g in a 250-mL flask, 1.5% glucose, initial moisture content and inoculum sizes were 1.0 mL/g and 3%, respectively. Under the optimum fermentation condition, fibrinolytic activity and soybean peptides reached 1347.35 IU/g and 171.32 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the trypsin inhibitor, phytic acid and urease content were reduced by 33.57, 42.65 and 67.31%, respectively. In our knowledge, it was first reported that the nutritional quality of SBMs was improved and fibrinolytic enzyme in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) was produced by fermentation. Practical Applications Soybean meal (SBM) has traditionally been used as an important dietary protein in the feed industry. However, SBM may be used as food for human consumption if anti-nutritional factors are reduced by fermentation with food-grade microbes. Solid-state fermentation condition of SBM by Bacillus subtilis XZI125 to produce fibrinolytic enzyme and soybean peptides was optimized. The FSBM complemented the fibrinolytic enzyme and peptides, and simultaneously reduced anti-nutritional factors, such as trypsin inhibitor, phytic acid and urease, indicating that the nutritional and health function of FSBM was upgraded through fermentation, and it could become a potential health food.

Effects of Corn and Soybean Meal Particle Size on Phosphorus Use in Turkey Poults

Two 28-d experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of grinding corn or soybean meal (SBM) to various particle sizes on P utilization in turkey poults. Dietary Ca was formulated to be 1.20% in the corn-SBM-based diets of both studies and nonphytate P (NPP) was calculated to be 0.40% in experiment 1 and 0.48% in experiment 2. In experiment 1, corn that had been processed through a roller mill was used or was ground through 3 different screen sizes in a hammer mill to yield 4 corn particle sizes ranging from about 600 to 1,100 μm. Initial (7 d) growth was reduced when the coarsest corn was fed due to lower feed intake. Phosphorus utilization was improved the first 2 wk as corn particle size increased as measured by incidence of rickets, tibia ash, and total P retention. Gizzard weight and phytate P retention were increased at 28 d as corn particle size increased. In experiment 2, corn was ground to approximately 850 μm and commercial SBM (856 μm) was used or ground to 2 finer particle sizes in a hammer mill. Gizzard weight and phytate P retention were increased at 28 d as SBM particle size increased. Other parameters were not affected at least partially due to the higher dietary NPP level fed to prevent severe rickets observed in the first trial. These studies show that young poults can utilize P better from coarser corn and soybean meal, especially when dietary P is low.

The Effect of Particle Size of Commercial Soybean Meal on Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Broiler Chicks

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) particle size on broiler performance, particularly P utilization. This experiment utilized a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with the following variables: SBM particle size, P level, and diet type, either corn-SBM or semipurified. SBM was obtained from a processing plant before (geometric mean diameter 1,239 μm) and after (891 μm) hammer milling. The P levels were 0.5% total P for deficient diets and 0.7% total P for adequate P diets. The coarse SBM improved bone ash (P < 0.05), gain:feed ratios (P < 0.1), and plasma P levels (P < 0.1). The diets with 0.5% P resulted in overall poorer performance as 16-d BW was reduced, gain:feed ratio decreased, bone ash decreased, and rickets incidence increased. Chicks fed the semipurified diets also had lower 16-d BW, lower gain-to-feed ratio, and lower bone ash. There was a significant interaction between the diet type and the soy particle size when the corn-SBM meal diets were fed because the coarse SBM increased plasma P levels, whereas there was little effect when the semipurified diets were fed. There were also significant interactions observed between these variables on growth and gain:feed ratio in that the coarse SBM elicited a much more dramatic response when incorporated into the semipurified diets as opposed to the corn-SBM diets. The results suggest that large particle size soybean meal may be more efficiently utilized than fine particle size soybean meal.

Effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance of nursery pigs.

We used 360 nursery pigs (35 +/- 3 d of age) in two 21-d growth assays to determine the effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance. In both trials, there were six pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Pigs were weaned on d 21 and fed the same phase I diet for 7 d after weaning, followed by a phase II diet from d 7 to 14. On d 14, all pigs were weighed and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments. Experimental diets contained 61.9% corn, 34.4% soybean meal, and 3.7% vitamins and minerals. In Exp. 1, 90 barrows and 90 gilts (9.2 +/- 2.3 kg BW) were fed diets containing extruded-expelled soybean meal ground to 965, 742, or 639 microm, which resulted in whole-diet particle sizes of 728, 719, and 697 microm, respectively. Reducing extruded-expelled soybean meal particle size from 965 or 742 to 639 microm in the diet did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG (541, 538, and 542 g/d), ADFI (886, 875, and 855 g/d; as-fed basis), or gain:feed ratio (0.61, 0.61, 0.64), respectively. In Exp. 2, 90 barrows and 90 gilts (9.9 +/- 2.6 kg BW) were fed diets containing solvent-extracted soybean meal ground to 1,226, 797, or 444 microm, which resulted in whole-diet particle sizes of 732, 681, and 629 microns, respectively. Like Exp. 1, reducing particle size of solvent-extracted soybean meal did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG (482, 487, and 484 g/d), ADFI (738, 742, and 736 g/d; as-fed), or gain:feed (0.65, 0.65, and 0.65). Reducing particle size of extruded-expelled soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal increased the angle of repose (maximum degree at which a pile of material retains its slope), indicating that as particle size decreased, flowability characteristics decreased. However, the angle of repose of the complete diets was greater than that for the soybean meals, which indicates that decreasing the particle size of soybean meal had minimal effects on flow characteristics of the complete diet. Previous research has shown that decreasing grain particle size improves digestibility and feed efficiency, and decreased soybean meal particle size has resulted in improved amino acid digestibility. However, the results of our experiments suggest decreasing particle size of either extruded-expelled soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal does not affect nursery pig growth performance.

Effect of soybean meal particle size on amino acid and energy digestibility in grower-finisher swine.

A study was conducted using the ileal digestibility technique with grower-finisher pigs to evaluate the effects of particle size reduction of soybean meal (SBM) on amino acid and energy digestibility. Soybean meal was processed through a hammer mill to achieve average particle sizes of 900, 600, 300, and 150 microm. The treatments included the use of two soybean meal sources and soy protein concentrate. One source of SBM was ground to four different particle sizes (i.e., 949, 600, 389, 185); a second source was a common SBM source used in other trials (i.e., 800 microm). The soy protein concentrate had an average particle size of 385 microm. A low-protein (5% casein) diet was fed to determine endogenous amino acid losses. This experiment was conducted in a 7 x 7 Latin Square design in two replicates using 14 crossbred barrows ([Landrace x Yorkshire] x Duroc) that averaged 28 kg BW and 60 d of age. Animals were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Treatment diets were fed in meal form, initially at 0.09 kg BW(0.75) and at graded increases at each subsequent period. Pigs within replicate were fed a constant quantity of their treatment diet for a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta samples. Apparent and true digestibility of amino acids was calculated by use of chromic oxide (0.5%) as an indigestible marker. Apparent digestibility of isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine increased linearly (P < 0.05) as particle size decreased. True digestibility of isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine increased linearly (P < 0.05) as particle size decreased. When the essential amino acids were averaged, apparent digestibility increased (P < 0.10) from 83.5% to 84.9% as particle size decreased, whereas, nonessential amino acid digestibility increased only slightly (P > 0.15). Essential amino acid true digestibility increased numerically from 91.0% to 92.4% as particle size decreased. Energy digestibility was not affected by particle size (P > 0.15). These results suggest that a reduction in particle size of soybean meal resulted in a small increase in the digestibility of its amino acids with the essential amino acids being affected more than the nonessential amino acids. The largest improvement in digestibility, however, was obtained when the particle size was reduced to 600 microm.

Efeito da granulometria do milho e do farelo de soja sobre o desempenho de codornas japonesas

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes granulometrias de milho moído e de farelo de soja na ração, 384 codornas japonesas em postura com 13 semanas de idade foram alojadas em baterias metálicas. Os tratamentos foram diferenciados a partir do grau de moagem do milho (M) e do farelo de soja (FS), em que o milho foi triturado em moinho de martelos com peneiras 1/8, 2/8 polegadas ou 6 mm (DGM de 1420; 1161 e 1047 mm, respectivamente), enquanto o farelo de soja foi utilizado sem moagem ou passado uma vez no moinho de martelos (DGM de 1811 e 700 mm). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x2 (níveis de moagem do milho x níveis de moagem do FS) com quatro repetições de 16 aves cada. A granulometria do FS foi determinante na variação dos DGM das rações experimentais (DGM variando de 1,737 a 1,153 mm). Em todos os ciclos estudados, a produção de ovos, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar (kg/kg e kg/dz de ovos) e o peso médio dos ovos não diferiram entre as diferentes granulometrias testadas. Assim, entre a granulometrias analisadas, deve-se optar por aquela cujo processamento seja de menor custo.

Effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance of nursery pigs (2001)

A total of 360 pigs were used in two experiments to determine the effects of decreasing particle size of soybean meal on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, pigs were fed diets containing 34% extrudedexpelled soybean meal ground to 965, 742, or 639 microns. In Exp. 2, pigs were fed the same diet containing solvent extracted soybean meal ground to 1226, 797, or 444 microns. Decreasing soybean meal particle size did not influence pig growth performance in either study.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 2001

Effects of Particle Size and Formaldehyde Treatment of Soybean Meal on Milk Production and Composition for Dairy Cows

Twenty-four lactating dairy cattle were used to study the effects of formaldehyde treatment and reduction of particle size of soybean meal on milk production and composition. Cows were fed diets containing one of the following soybean meals: 1) untreated, coarse; 2) untreated, fine; 3) formaldehyde-treated, coarse; 4) formaldehyde-treated, fine. Formaldehyde reduced the solubility of soybean meal protein from 22.7 to 2.9%. Grinding soybean meal reduced particle size from 842 to 249 ;µm. Formaldehyde treatment did not affect intake or milk production but resulted in higher efficiency of milk production (1.43 versus 1.46kg fat-corrected milk/kg dry matter intake). Milk protein (3.08 versus 2.85%) and solids-not-fat (8.51 versus 8.35%) contents were reduced by formaldehyde. Cows fed fine soybean meal had higher dry matter intakes (22.0 versus 20.8kg dry matter/day) and gained more body weight; however, milk production was not affected by particle size. Grinding soybean meal reduced production efficiency (1.47 versus 1.42kg milk/kg dry matter intake) and milk fat (3.70 versus 3.33%). Lack of production response and reduced milk protein from formaldehyde treatment suggests possible overprotection of protein. Fine grinding of soybean meal appeared to favor body weight gain rather than milk production.

Effect of Particle Size of Soybean Meal on Protein Utilization in Steers and Lactating Cows

The effect of particle size of soybean meal on protein utilization was examined in two trials. In trial 1, four steers with ruminal and abomasal fistulas were in a 3×3 Latin square design with column added to estimate the effect of particle size on degradation of protein in the rumen. Rations of prairie hay and ground corn were supplemented with either 3.2% urea or 22.3% soybean meal either finely ground or of a coarser particle size. Abomasal nonammonia nitrogen passages were 170, 236, and 217g/day for steers fed rations containing urea and fine and coarse soybean meal. Calculated by difference, bypass of nitrogen was 61.4 and 44.7% for fine and coarse soybean meal. Neither rumen ammonia concentration nor digestibility of ration components was changed by particle size.In trial 2, 24 Holstein cows were fed fine and coarse soybean meal at 14.5 and 32.8% of the concentrate mixture. Milk yield, rumen ammonia, and blood urea were higher for cows consuming the higher protein rations, but particle size had no effect on these criteria of response.