Soybean Hull Extracts Research Articles

Inhibitory effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in black soybean hull extract on RBL-2H3 cells degranulation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in mice

Black soybean hull extract (BSHE) exhibits a variety of biological activities. However, little is known about the effects of BSHE on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated type I allergic reactions. The anti-allergic effect of BSHE was assessed with the degranulation assay using rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in mice. An active compound in BSHE was identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis. BSHE inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine in RBL-2H3 cells, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) was identified as one of its active compounds. Oral administering of 200 μmol/kg of C3G to IgE-sensitized mice prior to antigen injection suppressed the PCA reaction, as compared with control (p < 0.01). Intravenous administration of BSHE (C3G content, 5.4%) more strongly inhibited PCA responses at lower doses (100 mg/kg, p < 0.01) than oral administration (1,000 mg/kg, p = 0.059). Intravenous C3G also suppressed PCA response at a low dose (40 mg/kg, p < 0.05), showing the same trend as BSHE. This information can be useful to design appropriate formulations of anthocyanin-based drug products to suppress allergic reactions. This study provides evidence for the potential use of BSHE and C3G for the prevention or the treatment of type I allergies.

Role of diesel exhaust particles in the induction of allergic asthma to low doses of soybean

IntroductionExposure to environmental pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) increases the risk of asthma and asthma exacerbation. However, the exact mechanisms inducing asthma to low doses of allergens remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to analyse the immunomodulatory effect of the inhalation of DEP in a mouse model exposed to non-asthmagenic doses of soybean hull extract (SHE). Material and methodsBALB/c ByJ mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Two groups received nasal instillations of saline and the other two groups received 3 mg ml−1 SHE during 5 days per week for 3 weeks. One group in each pair also received 150 μg of DEP in the same instillations 3 days per week. SHE-specific IgE levels, oxidative stress, leukocyte pattern and optical projection tomography (OPT) imaging studies were assessed. ResultsInhalation of SHE and/or DEP increased levels of H2O2 in BAL, while coexposure to SHE and DEP increased SHE-specific IgE levels in serum. Inhalation of SHE alone increased eosinophils, B cells, total and resident monocytes and decreased levels of NK cells, while inhalation of DEP increased neutrophils and decreased total monocytes. Regarding dendritic cells (DC), the inhalation of SHE and/or DEP increased the total population, while the inhalation of SHE alone increased Th2-related DCs (CD11b + Ly6C-) and decreased tolerogenic DCs (CD11b-Ly6C-). However, coexposure to SHE and DEP increased oxidative stress-sensitive DCs (CD11b-Ly6C+) and decreased Th1-related DCs (CD11b + Ly6C+). As regards macrophages, inhalation of SHE and DEP decreased total and alveolar populations. DEP deposition in lung tissue did not differ between groups. ConclusionCoexposure to DEP activates the asthmatic response to low doses of soy by triggering the immune response and oxidative stress.

Effects of diesel exhaust particle exposure on a murine model of asthma due to soybean.

BackgroundExposure to soybean allergens has been linked to asthma outbreaks. Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has been associated with an increase in the risk of asthma and asthma exacerbation; however, in both cases the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, as does the possible interaction between the two entities.ObjectiveTo investigate how the combination of soybean allergens and DEP can affect the induction or exacerbation of asthma in a murine model.MethodsBALB/c mice received intranasal instillations of saline, 3 or 5 mg protein/ml soybean hull extract (SHE), or a combination of one of these three solutions with DEP. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), pulmonary inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage, total serum immunoglobulin E and histological studies were assessed.ResultsA 5 mg protein/ml SHE solution was able by itself to enhance AHR (p = 0.0033), increase eosinophilic inflammation (p = 0.0003), increase levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F and CCL20, and reduce levels of IFN-γ. The combination of 5 mg protein/ml SHE with DEP also produced an increase in AHR and eosinophilic inflammation, but presented a slightly different cytokine profile with higher levels of Th17-related cytokines. However, while the 3 mg protein/ml SHE solution did not induce asthma, co-exposure with DEP resulted in a markedly enhanced AHR (p = 0.002) and eosinophilic inflammation (p = 0.004), with increased levels of IL-5, IL-17F and CCL20 and decreased levels of IFN-γ.Conclusions & clinical relevanceThe combination of soybean allergens and DEP is capable of triggering an asthmatic response through a Th17-related mechanism when the soybean allergen concentration is too low to promote a response by itself. DEP monitoring may be a useful addition to allergen monitoring in order to prevent new asthma outbreaks.

Effect of Multiple Dietary Supplement Containing Lutein, Astaxanthin, Cyanidin-3-glucoside, and DHA on Accommodative Ability

ObjectiveThe study aimed to verify that ingestion of multiple dietary supplement containing lutein, astaxanthin, cyanidin-3-glucoside and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) would improve accommodative ability of aged and older subjects who were aware of eye strain on a daily basis.MethodsA randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel group comparison study was conducted for 48 participants aged 45 to 64 years who complained of eye strain. The subjects took multiple dietary supplement containing 10 mg of lutein, 20 mg of bilberry extract and 26.5 mg of black soybean hull extract (a total of 2.3 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside in both extracts), 4 mg of astaxanthin, and 50 mg of DHA (test supplement) or placebo for four consecutive weeks. Near-point accommodation (NPA) and subjective symptoms were evaluated both before and after four weeks’ intake.ResultsThe variation of the NPA of both eyes from baseline to 4 weeks’ post-intake in the test supplement group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (1.321±0.394 diopter (D) in the test supplement group and 0.108±0.336 D in the placebo group, p=0.023). The multiple dietary supplement group showed improvement in the NPA. Regarding subjective symptoms, significant improvement of “stiff shoulders or neck” and “blurred vision” was also found in the test supplement group compared to the placebo group (p<0.05). There were no safety concerns in this study.ConclusionThis study shows that multiple dietary supplement containing lutein, astaxanthin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and DHA has effect to improve accommodative ability and subjective symptoms related to eye fatigue.

Descargas de cascarilla de soja en Tarragona y riesgo de epidemias de asma

Objectives From 2007 to 2008, 215,000 tons of soybean hull were unloaded in the Port of Tarragona. Soybean hull was identified as the etiologic agent causing bronchial asthma outbreaks. The aim of the present study was to identify the characteristics of soybean unloading, soybean allergen dispersion, and the population risk. Methods Data on soybean hull unloading, carriage and storage, meteorological conditions and the number of emergency room admissions for asthma were recorded. Allergen concentrations were obtained by sampling PM 10 filters retaining particles of less than 10 microns for 24 hours in the atmospheric contamination surveillance stations. Sensitized patients underwent clinical examination consisting of skin prick test, total and specific IgE and immunoblotting to soybean extracts. Results Allergen emissions were moderate at one kilometer from the unloading source (above 300 U/m 3 on 3 days, maximum 441 U/m 3). The protein pattern of hull soybean extracts was similar to that found in asthma epidemics in Barcelona. Ninety-two percent of the patients were sensitized to soybean hull extracts. No asthma epidemic was detected during unloading days. In addition to the low molecular weight soybean proteins identified in previous studies (6 and 14–17 kDa), high molecular weight proteins were found (14–49 kDa). Conclusions There is allergen dispersion at a short distance from the unloading source, posing a risk to sensitized patients. Technical measures are required during soybean hull operations to reduce particle emissions.

Occupational asthma caused by soybean flour in bakers--differences with soybean-induced epidemic asthma.

Soybean dust has been identified as the causative agent of occupational asthma and asthma epidemics. Two main soybean hull allergens responsible for asthma outbreaks, Gly m 1 and Gly m 2, have been identified and purified. The soybean allergens causing occupational asthma in exposed bakers were investigated and compared with those involved in epidemic asthma. We report four bakers or confectioners with work-related respiratory symptoms who were exposed to soybean flour used as a baking additive. The causative role of soybean flour was investigated by immunological tests and specific inhalation challenge tests. Soybean flour allergens causing occupational asthma were characterized by immunoblotting. Immunoglobulin (Ig) E-reactivity to Gly m 1 and Gly m 2 was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sensitization to soybean flour was demonstrated by skin and serological tests and was confirmed by positive inhalation tests. Bronchial challenge test to soybean flour extract elicited immediate or dual asthmatic responses. Immunoblotting with soybean flour and soybean hull extracts showed IgE-binding mainly to high molecular weight (MW) allergens. There was an important individually different allergic response to inhalant soybean components. None of the patients showed IgE-reactivity against Gly m 1 and only one patient showed IgE-reactivity to the soybean hull allergen Gly m 2. These bakery workers had developed IgE-mediated occupational asthma to soybean flour. The allergens involved in occupational asthma caused by soybean flour are predominantly high MW proteins that are present both in soybean hull and flour, and they are different from the allergens causing asthma outbreaks, which are mainly low MW proteins concentrated in the hull.

Increased positivity of skin test and allergenic stability of glycerinated soybean hull extracts.

Results obtained from previous experiences with soybean hull antigens suggest that the addition of glycerine to the extract increases positivity of the skin test. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of this glycerine addition and the influence of different storage temperatures on the potency of soybean hull extracts. Twenty-two asthmatic patients admitted to emergency rooms during one of the soybean-related Barcelona asthma epidemics were evaluated 2 years after the last epidemic for: (1) sensitivity to prick test with glycerinated and non-glycerinated extracts, both fresh and stored at 4 degrees C, - 20 degrees C and - 70 degrees C for 30 days, and (2) specific IgE to a fresh hull extract. All extracts were also studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). No differences in positivities were detected for prick tests performed the same day of preparation between non-glycerinated (5/22; 22.7%) and glycerinated (4/22; 18.2%) extracts. After 30 days storage, positivities of prick test with non-glycerinated extracts stored at 4 degrees C did not significantly differ from the results obtained on the first day. However, prick tests performed with glycerinated extracts stored for 30 days showed increased positivity for the extracts stored at 4 degrees C (7/22; 31%) (P < 0.05) as well as for those stored at - 20 degrees C and - 70 degrees C (9/22; 40.9%) (P < 0.001). This latter percentage is similar to that of specific immunoglobulin E detected by radioimmunoassay (10/22; 45. 4%). Also, for the glycerinated extracts only, the quantitative response showed an increase in mean diameter of the induration at 30 days at the three temperatures, even though owing to the great standard deviation and limited number of patients, it was only significant for the extract stored at - 20 degrees C (P < 0.01). SDS-PAGE gel densitometry at 30 days demonstrated a loss of protein in the bands with a molecular weight higher than 66.2 kDa for non-glycerinated extracts stored at 4 degrees C. The results of this study confirm previous observations with soybean hull allergen extracts and indicate that (1) storage of soybean hull extracts with glycerine addition for 30 days at the concentration studied (1:100 w/v) determines a significant increase in the positivity of skin tests, and (2) glycerine addition stabilizes soybean hull extracts at any of the temperatures studied.

Neoallergens in Heated Soybean Hull

Background: During the process of harvest, transport and storage, microbial and mold contamination can raise the temperature of soybeans to 75°C or higher. The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate the allergenicity of fresh and stored soybean hulls and (2) to ascertain whether heat alters the allergenicity of stored soybean hulls. Methods: Allergen extracts were prepared from (1) stored soybean hulls, (2) fresh soybean hulls and (3) stored soybean hulls heated to 37°C (E1), 55°C (E2) and 80°C (E3) or kept at room temperature (E4) for 16 h. Individual serum from 68 soybean asthmatic (SA) subjects, 30 nonallergic subjects and two serum pools made from 4 SA sera and 4 sera from asthmatics not sensitive to soybean were studied. All sera and serum pools were assayed for content of specific IgE (radioallergosorbent test) and IgG4 (ELISA). The following additional studies were done for extracts E1–E4: (1) SDS–PAGE, (2) SDS–PAGE/Western blot for specific IgE and IgG4 using both serum pools, and (3) study of the effects of heat on inhibiting activity of the extracts prepared from stored soybean hulls using the pool of SA sera. Results: Test results demonstrated a reduced binding of specific IgE and IgG4 to fresh soybean hull extract compared to stored soybean hull extract, and an increased binding for heated extracts (E1–E3) compared to unheated ones (E4). Moreover, there was an increase in potency for IgE and IgG4 bindings for the heated (E1–E3) compared to unheated (E4) extract, as measured by the amount of protein to produce 50% inhibition. Several protein bands with a molecular weight (MW) higher than 20 kD were absent from the SDS–PAGE for E3 but were present in E1, E2 and E4, and a new protein band (MW 15.3 kD) appeared for E3 only. Two new protein bands, with MWs of 15.3 and 10 kD, which bind specific IgE, were present on Western blot and one of the 3 main soybean hull allergens, probably Gly m 2, disappeared in E3. IgG4 Western blot showed similar results, but only the 10 kD protein band was present. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that soybean hull allergenicity is affected by heat, and suggest that the heat generated during storage and transport of soybeans could generate 2 new allergen determinants or increases in epitope exposure as a result of conformational changes. The significance of these new IgE and IgG4 binding proteins has yet to be determined.