Soybean Genotypes In Response Research Articles

Proteome characterization of two contrasting soybean genotypes in response to different phosphorus treatments.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for the growth and development of plants. Soybean (Glycine max) is an important food crop that is grown worldwide. Soybean yield is significantly affected by P deficiency in the soil. To investigate the molecular factors that determine the response and tolerance at low-P in soybean, we conducted a comparative proteomics study of a genotype with low-P tolerance (Liaodou 13, L13) and a genotype with low-P sensitivity (Tiefeng 3, T3) in a paper culture experiment with three P treatments, i.e. P-free (0 mmol·L−1), low-P (0.05 mmol·L−1) and normal-P (0.5 mmol·L−1). A total of 4126 proteins were identified in roots of the two genotypes. Increased numbers of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained from low-P to P-free conditions compared to the normal-P treatment. All DEPs obtained in L13 (660) were upregulated in response to P deficiency, while most DEPs detected in T3 (133) were downregulated under P deficiency. Important metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione metabolism and carbon metabolism were suppressed in T3, which could have affected the survival of the plants in P-limited soil. In contrast, L13 increased the metabolic activity in the 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, biosynthesis of amino acids, pentose phosphatase, oxidative phosphorylation, other types of O-glycan biosynthesis and riboflavin metabolic pathways in order to maintain normal plant growth under P deficiency. Three key proteins I1KW20 (prohibitins), I1K3U8 (alpha-amylase inhibitors) and C6SZ93 (alpha-amylase inhibitors) were suggested as potential biomarkers for screening soybean genotypes with low-P tolerance. Overall, this study provides new insights into the response and tolerance to P deficiency in soybean.

RNA-Seq analysis of resistant and susceptible soybean genotypes in response to stress from soybean cyst nematode (

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycine Ichinohe) is a major disease affecting soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production and yield. Breeding of new SCN-resistant cultivars and understanding their resistance mechanisms are valuable for improving SCN resistance of soybean. However, we still know little about resistance mechanisms to SCN. The purpose of our analysis was to understand the different resistance mechanisms of resistant and susceptible lines to SCN by dissecting their transcriptional changes during infection by SCN HG type 1.2.3.5.7. In this study, 119 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of cv. Dongnong L-204 (SCN resistant) and cv. Heinong 37 (SCN susceptible) were identified for resistance status to SCN HG type 1.2.3.5.7. Roots of the lines identified as extremely resistant or susceptible (L5, L89) were sequenced by transcriptome, and we obtained 66.61 Gb of data. Compared with the untreated control, there were 8394 and 6899 differentially expressed genes in SCN-infected roots of L5 and L89, respectively. Genes of metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant–pathogen interaction pathway were significantly expressed in both resistant and susceptible genotypes. The expression of genes of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, thiamine metabolism, cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis, and endocytosis pathway was significantly higher in the resistant line than the susceptible line. Transcription factor analysis showed that 88 transcription factors from 18 transcription factor families responded to SCN stress. Nine genes were identified by reverse transcriptase qPCR to be associated with SCN resistance. This study helps us to understand better the mechanism of soybean resistance to SCN.

Effect of benzyl amino purin (BAP) and gibberellin acid (GA3) to chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merill.) genotypes in response to inundation conditions

Indonesia’s climate change issues cause the significant potential for inundation to occur when rainfall is too high in the area of soybean cultivation, which can give an impact on soybean productivity. The objective of this research was to measure the effect of growth regulators which can respond to soybean plant adaptation to inundation stresses. The influence of Benzyl Amino Purin (BAP) and Gibberellin Acid (GA3), and their mixture on the chlorophyll and antioxidant defense system of three (Grobogan, Willis, and Detam-1) soybean genotypes has been conducted subjected to inundation condition in March 2018. The chlorophyll total by GA3 was significantly increased at Detam-1 soybean genotype, while no change in other two soybean genotypes in GA3, BAP, and the mixture compared to controls. Exogenous GA3 enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Grobogan and Detam-1 soybean genotypes in response to inundation (72 h). On the other hand, peroxidase (POD) activity was enhanced on Grobogan with GA3, and Detam-1 soybean genotypes with BAP applications when compared to control. Our result reveals that SOD together with POD activities was participate to protect Detam-1 soybean genotype from inundation condition.

Growth, Allometry and Dry Matter Yield of Soybean Genotypes in Response to Seed Inoculation with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

Growth, Allometry and Dry Matter Yield of Soybean Genotypes in Response to Seed Inoculation with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

Root exudation potential in contrasting soybean genotypes in response to low soil phosphorus availability is determined by photo-biochemical processes

Low phosphorus (P) availability elicits efflux of organic substances viz. carboxylic acids, phenolics, proteins, amino acids, sugars and other low molecular weight compounds in many leguminous crops including soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The potential for root exudation varies widely among soybean genotypes, as synthesis and secretion of root exudates place additional burden on the carbon demand of the plant. Hence, efficient photosynthetic machinery may attribute to the differential root exudation potential of soybean genotypes in response to low soil P availability. An attempt was made to understand the varietal differences in photo-biochemical processes of soybean genotypes identified previously with contrasting root exudation potential under low P (Vengavasi and Pandey, 2016). Genotypes EC-232019 (P-efficient) and EC-113396 (P-inefficient) were grown in soil with low (2 mg P kg−1 soil) and sufficient (25 mg P kg−1 soil) P levels under natural environment and observations were recorded at anthesis. The genotype EC-232019 exhibited higher maximal carboxylation rate (Vcmax), maximal photosynthesis (Amax), apparent quantum efficiency (Φ), mesophyll conductance (gm), triose phosphate utilization rate (TPU), photochemical quenching (qP) and electron transport rate (ETR), along with higher chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and total carotenoid concentration as compared to the P-inefficient EC-113396. Low P-induced reduction in maximal electron transport rate (Jmax) and Φ was higher in EC-113396 rather than EC-232019, suggesting superior photo-biochemical efficiency in the latter. The observed variation in P uptake and growth responses might be attributed in part to the improved photo-biochemical processes exhibited by the P-efficient genotype EC-232019.

Improvement of drought tolerance of soybean plants by using methyl jasmonate.

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a naturally occurring plant growth regulator and play vital roles in plant defense and many developmental processes such as root growth and seed germination. This study was undertaken to study the possible role of using methyl jasmonate to alleviate the adverse effect of water stress on soybean genotypes (Giza 22 and 35). The results showed that water stress reduced shoot length, fresh and dry weights of shoot and root, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content and oil content in the shoots of all soybean genotypes. On the other hand, there was a considerable increase in cell wall fractionation, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolic acid and sugar fraction content in the shoots of the soybean genotypes in response to thewater stress. Foliar spray with methyl jasmonate increased all the above parameters as compared to stressed plants. The results investigate the important role of MeJA in alleviation ofwater stress in soybean plants and suggest that MeJA could be used for improving plant growth under water stress as a potential growth regulator. The soybean genotypes Giza 22 was found to be more resistant to water stress than Giza 35.

Mechanisms of antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance of fourteen soybean genotypes in response to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)

Sulistyo A, Inayati A. 2016. Mechanisms of antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance of fourteen soybean genotypes in response to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). Biodiversitas 17: 447-453. The attack of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) in soybean cultivation in Indonesia is one of the limiting factors in increasing the national soybean production. Planting resistant varieties could reduce yield losses due to the damage caused by these pests. This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance of 14 soybean genotypes to the whiteflies. A free- choice and no-choice test was conducted in a green house to study the antixenosis and antibiosis. Meanwhile, field evaluation was conducted to determine the tolerance of soybean genotypes to the whiteflies. Determination of the resistance of soybean genotypes to whiteflies based on the intensity of leaf damage that occurs on fifth weeks after infestation. The results showed that in free-choice test, Gema, IAC-100/Kaba-6, Malabar/IAC-100-85, Kaba/IAC-100//Burangrang-60, and Kaba/IAC-100//Burangrang-63 showed antixenosis mechanism which correlates with length and low density of leaf trichomes as well as leaf thickness. In the no-choice test, antibiosis mechanism can be seen from the small number of adults that develop from nymphs. IAC-100/Kaba-8 and IAC-100/Kaba-14 showed a high degree of antibiosis. In addition, the results of field experiment showed that Gema, IAC-100/Kaba-14, and Tanggamus/Pangrango- 78 demonstrated a tolerance to whiteflies. It is shown on a slightly decreasing in yield of these three genotypes (17.33, 19.31, and 19.85%, respectively).

Metabolite Adjustments in Drought Tolerant and Sensitive Soybean Genotypes in Response to Water Stress

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important source of protein for human and animal nutrition, as well as a major source of vegetable oil. The soybean crop requires adequate water all through its growth period to attain its yield potential, and the lack of soil moisture at critical stages of growth profoundly impacts the productivity. In this study, utilizing 1H NMR-based metabolite analysis combined with the physiological studies we assessed the effects of short-term water stress on overall growth, nitrogen fixation, ureide and proline dynamics, as well as metabolic changes in drought tolerant (NA5009RG) and sensitive (DM50048) genotypes of soybean in order to elucidate metabolite adjustments in relation to the physiological responses in the nitrogen-fixing plants towards water limitation. The results of our analysis demonstrated critical differences in physiological responses between these two genotypes, and identified the metabolic pathways that are affected by short-term water limitation in soybean plants. Metabolic changes in response to drought conditions highlighted pools of metabolites that play a role in the adjustment of metabolism and physiology of the soybean varieties to meet drought effects.

Differential Wilting among Soybean Genotypes in Response to Water Deficit

ABSTRACTGenotypic differences for canopy wilting have been reported for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], but no wilting data have been published, and mechanisms for differences remain unresolved. In field studies in 2002 and 2003, differences for wilting among 19 genotypes were consistent across years. Plant introductions (PI 416937 and PI 471938) were among the slowest wilting genotypes, and breeding lines (93705‐34 and 93705‐95) were among the fastest wilting. Row spacing (18 vs. 80 cm wide) did not affect wilting, indicating that lateral rooting did not contribute to genotypic differences. In a separate field study, volumetric soil water content at 15‐ and 50‐cm depths was generally greater for slow‐wilting PI 416937 than for fast‐wilting 93705‐95. Wilting for both genotypes responded similarly to soil water content (r2 = 0.63–0.74). In a growth chamber study, transpiration declined similarly for fast‐ and slow‐wilting genotypes in response to soil water deficit. Wilting response to soil water was the same for slow‐wilting PI 416937 and fast‐wilting genotypes 93705‐34 and A5959. Slow‐wilting 93705‐36 began wilting at a lower soil water content than did PI416937, 93705‐34, and A5959, indicating that more than one mechanism may be responsible for slow wilting.

A Rapid and Effective Method for Screening Salt Tolerance in Soybean

Salinity has been recognized as a constraint for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in many regions worldwide. Fortunately, genetic variation in salt tolerance is available in the soybean germplasm bank. However, current screening methodologies for salt‐tolerant genotypes are time‐consuming and often ineffective because of their limitations in detecting and measuring plant response to salinity. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid visual method for screening soybean genotypes in response to salt stress based on foliar symptoms. Soybean seedlings were grown in hydroponics with 0, 40, 80, 120, or 160 mM NaCl. Visual foliar symptoms of excessive NaCl were evident at 26 d after planting (14 d in 120 and 160 mM NaCl treatment). The NaCl level of 120 mM was most effective for salt‐tolerance screening based on visual foliar symptoms on a group of differential genotypes. Chloride includers (‘Williams’, ‘Clark’, ‘HBK R4924’, and ‘Dare’) exhibited interveinal chlorosis, while Cl excluders (‘S‐100’, ‘Lee 68’, and ‘HBK R5525’) showed no chlorosis at the 120 mM NaCl level. At this critical selection level (120 mM NaCl), average leaf Na and Cl− contents were 2.64 and 1.96 times higher, respectively, for Cl includers than for Cl excluders. Plant damage was more evident at 120 and 160 mM NaCl, as demonstrated by the decreased shoot and root biomass and near maximum accumulation of Na and Cl− in the tissue. There was a significant and negative correlation (r = −0.69, p = 0.0006) between relative root dry weight and Cl− concentration in the leaf. This methodology is simple, rapid, and effective for selection of Cl tolerant genotypes with a minimum investment of cost and time.

Physiological response of soybean genotypes to plant density

Response of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to plant density has occupied a segment of agronomic research for most of the century. Genotype differences have been noted especially in response to planting date, lodging problems and water limitation. There is limited information on the physiological growth parameters (such as relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area ratio and shoot/root) that corresponds to different soybean genotypes response to different plant densities and how these parameters affect plant yield. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of plant density on biomass production, N 2 fixation and yield of different soybean genotypes by comparing the current farmer’s practice to other planting densities in the field. Further experiments in controlled climatic condition studied the physiological changes of growth parameters to different plant densities by different soybean genotypes. The result of the field experiment showed that total biomass, plant N derived from N 2 fixation and seed yield of all three genotypes responded positively to increased plant density. Double density significantly increased seed yield per unit of area, by 93, 37 and 43% for the determinate Wuyin9, the semi-determinate You91-19 and the indeterminate Jufeng, respectively. The effect of plant density on individual plant characteristics varied in this experiment. Double density had no significant effect on individual plant biomass and seed weight per plant in the determinate genotype Wuyin9, but had a significant negative effect in the later maturing genotypes, with a reduction of 19% in biomass for both determinate Jufeng and semi-determinate You91-19. Detailed experiments under controlled climatic conditions in a growth chamber and a greenhouse in nutrient solution and soil were conducted to determine the physiological variations of growth parameters between the different soybean genotypes in response to plant density. The results showed that the negative response of the individual indeterminate Jufeng plant to planting at double density was mainly due to increases in leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA). The greenhouse experiments gave results similar to those obtained in the field. Double density had no significant effect on growth and yield of individual plants of the determinate genotype Luyuebao while it significantly decreased both biomass and yield of individual plants by 40% for semi-determinate You91-19 and 46–47% for indeterminate Jufeng, respectively. For all genotypes, yield per unit of area was higher at double than at single density. Seed yield reduction at single density was mainly associated with a decrease in pod or seed number per unit of area.

Root Elongation of Soybean Genotypes in Response to Acidity Constraints in a Subsurface Solution Compartment

Aluminum‐tolerant germplasm is needed to overcome subsurface acidity constraints to root growth and plant access to water and nutrients. Root elongation of four soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes exposed to varying concentrations of Al, H, and Ca were compared in two experiments using a vertically split root system. Roots extending from a limed surface soil compartment grew for 12 d into a subsurface compartment with nutrient solution treatments. In Exp. 1 root growth for cv. Ransom and Plant Introduction 416937 (PI) were compared in solutions with factorial combinations of pH (4.2, 5.2) and Al (0, 7.5, 15 μM) with Ca maintained at 10 mM In Exp. 2 soybean line N93‐S‐179 (N93), PI, and cultivars Ransom and Young were compared in solutions with factorial combinations of Ca (2 and 10 mM) and Al (7.5 and 15 μM) maintained at pH 4.6. Ransom and PI had similar responses in tap and lateral root elongation to solution pH and Al treatments in Exp. 1, but mean tap root length of Ransom in the subsurface compartment exceeded that of PI by 22%. Aluminum inhibited the length of lateral roots more than tap roots in both experiments. Molar activity ratios between Ca and Al3+ {Ca/Al3+} accounted for most of the differences in root elongation response among solution treatments in Exp. 2. A 50% reduction in relative length of tap roots for all genotypes occurred with a {Ca/Al3+} value of 891. Values of {Ca/Al3+} for 50% reductions in relative length of lateral roots differed among genotypes and were 1.6 to 3.5 times greater than for tap roots. On the basis of the {Ca/Al3+} indices for lateral root length, line N93 and Ransom exhibited greater tolerance to subsurface solution Al than PI and Young.

Variability among Soybean Genotypes in Response to Nodulation by a Rhizobitoxine‐Producing Strain of Bradyrhizobia

AbstractNodulation by rhizobitoxine‐producing (RT+) strains of Bradyrhizobium elkanii (syn. Bradyrhizobium japonicum; DNA homology group II) has been shown to reduce shoot growth, N2 fixation, and seed yield of ‘Forrest’ soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). We conducted greenhouse and field experiments to assess the frequency of these negative responses among selected soybean cultivars. In the greenhouse, 38 cultivars representing a range of yield potentials, maturity groups, and growth habits were inoculated with B. elkanii strain USDA 94 (RT+) or B. japonicum strain USDA 110 (RT−). Large differences in tolerance to nodulation by RT+ bradyrhizobia were noted, as estimated visually and by comparing shoot weights (40 d after planting) of plants inoculated with the two strains. For the field study, two tolerant (Stafford and SS FFR 565), two moderately sensitive (Pharaoh and Williams 82), and two highly sensitive cultivars (Forrest and Hutcheson) were chosen. Seeds sown to vermiculite under greenhouse conditions were inoculated with either USDA 94 or a suspension of soil taken from the study site containing the indigenous bradyrhizobia. After 23 d, the nodulated seedlings were transplanted to 1.8‐m2 field microplots. Shoots were harvested at the R7 growth stage and analyzed for various response parameters. Only Forrest, Hutcheson, and Pharaoh were significantly affected by inoculation with USDA 94, which decreased seed yield, pod number, vegetative growth, and the amount of N2 fixed. These results support the hypothesis that significant genotypic variability exists in the response of soybeans to nodulation by RT+ bradyrhizobia. The greenhouse screening procedure can provide useful predictions of the field response of tolerant and highly sensitive cultivars, but may not be accurate for moderately sensitive cultivars.

Peroxidase Isozyme Patterns Developed by Soybean Genotypes in Response to Manganese and Iron Stress

Summary The specific reponse of peroxidase isozymes of soybean cultivars having different behaviour to Fe and Mn nutrition is reported. Soybean cultivars (Bragg, Lee, Forrest, T-203) were grown in nutrient solutions with different levels of Fe and Mn. First trifoliate leaves at the second trifoliate stage were sampled and analysis of peroxidase activity and differentiation of peroxidase isozymes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were performed. Considerable differences between genotypes were observed in both number and activity of isozymes mainly when low or high levels of Mn were given.