Soy Protein Films Research Articles

Sacrificial hydrogen bonds enhance the performance of covalently crosslinked composite films derived from soy protein isolate and dialdehyde starch

Soy protein films have the advantage of being eco-friendly and renewable, but their practical applications are hindered by the mechanical properties. The exceptional tensile strength and fracture toughness of natural silk stem from sacrificial hydrogen bonds it contains that effectively dissipates energy. In this study, we draw inspiration from silk's structural principles to create biodegradable films based on soy protein isolate (SPI). Notably, composite films containing sodium lignosulfonate (LS) demonstrate exceptional strain at break (up to 153%) due to the augmentation of reversible hydrogen bonding, contrasted to films with the addition of solely dialdehyde starch (DAS). The enhancement of tensile strength is realized through a combination of Schiff base cross-linking and sacrificial hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, the incorporation of LS markedly improves the films' ultraviolet (UV) blocking capabilities and hydrophobicity. This innovative design strategy holds great promise for advancing the production of eco-friendly SPI-based films that combine strength and toughness.

Enhancing the properties of soy protein films via riboflavin photo-crosslinking and their application in preventing photo-oxidation of chia oil

Herein, we report for the first time the incorporation of riboflavin as a bioactive additive in soy protein isolate films, along with investigating the impact of UV light treatment, thereby creating functional packaging material. Our investigation involves a comprehensive characterization of the films, including morphological, physicochemical, and mechanical properties, as well as their effectiveness as light barriers, antimicrobial potential, and biodegradation properties. The UV treatment of riboflavin/soy protein dispersions leads to the formation of films exhibiting minor water swelling and total soluble matter compared to those untreated with UV light, suggesting the development of a cross-linked network. Moreover, increased riboflavin content enhances the cross-linked network's robustness. The mechanical properties of the films exhibit a notable improvement with UV treatment and with increasing riboflavin content until a limit value, showcasing increased tensile strength and Young's modulus. Films showed homogeneous surfaces with an absence of pores and cracks and the ability to act as a barrier for oil passage. Films were assayed as a coating material for chia oil samples exposed to high-intensity UV light, showing great protection capacity. It has been demonstrated that an increase in riboflavin concentration enhances the UV light-blocking properties, making these films promising candidates for storing light-sensitive food products while preserving their nutritional quality. In addition, antibacterial action against S. aureus was determined by disk diffusion assay. Furthermore, the films exhibited relatively short disintegration times under soil burial conditions, even after chemical modification. This research contributes valuable insights to the innovative field of sustainable food packaging materials.

Preparation of strong soy protein composite materials with thermal conductivity and biodegradability by constructing nanophase enhanced organic-inorganic hybrid structure

The development of multifunctional films with high strength, biodegradability, and excellent thermal conductivity has drawn increasing interest. In this study, inspired by the unique hybrid structure of oysters, a nanophase-reinforced organic–inorganic hybrid structure was built using polydopamine modified boron nitride (BN@PDA), soy protein isolate (SPI), dialdehyde cellulose (DAC), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to develop a strong soy protein film with multifunctionalities. The resultant films displayed excellent thermal diffusion ability and exhibited high tensile strength (24.03 MPa) and thermal conductivity (TC, 2.96 W·m−1·K−1) under low BN load (<0.5%). Meanwhile, the formation of non-covalent cross-linking and organic–inorganic hybrid structure endowed the films with superior flexibility. Importantly, owing to the selection of bio-based materials for preparation, the SPI-based films exhibited good biodegradability. It is believed that this study provides a creative perspective for the development of value-added multifunctional film materials and has good application prospects in advanced bio-based thermal conductive materials.

Film-forming properties and mechanisms of soy protein: Insights from β-conglycinin and glycinin

Extensive research has been conducted on soy protein films; however, limited information is available regarding the influence of the major components, β-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S), on the film-forming properties of soy protein. This study aimed to isolate the 7S and 11S fractions in order to prepare films and investigate the impact of varying 7S/11S ratios on the film-forming solutions (FFS) and film properties. The findings revealed that higher 11S ratios led to increased protein aggregation, consequently elevating the storage modulus (G') of the FFS. Notably, an optimal 7S/11S ratio of 7S1:11S2 (CF3) significantly enhanced the film's water resistance. Specifically, it enhanced the water contact angle by an impressive 17.44 % and reduced the water vapor transmission rate by 27.56 %. These improvements were attributed to intermolecular interactions, involving hydrogen bonds and salt bridges, between the amino acid residues of 7S and 11S. As a result, a more uniform and dense microstructure was achieved. Interestingly, the mechanical and optical properties of the film were maintained by the different protein fractions examined. In summary, this study contributes to the understanding of the film-forming properties of soy protein, particularly the role of 7S and 11S.

Effects of polyphenol-rich grape seed and green tea extracts on the physicochemical properties of 3D-printed edible soy protein films

In this research, soy protein isolate (SPI) along with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% (w/w) of grape seed extract (GS) and green tea extract (GT) as natural antioxidants were used to develop edible active packaging materials using 3D printing technology. In addition, the effects of nozzle size (0.10, 0.25, and 0.33 mm) and pressure (0.020, 0.035, 0.048, and 0.062 MPa) on the 3D printing of the films were investigated. The printing accuracy was evaluated by comparing the areas of the 3D-printed films from their pictures to the area of the digital geometry. 3D printability of the films was considerably affected by the type and concentration of extracts due to the interactions between GS or GT and SPI, changing the SPI gel properties and, consequently, the printing performance. Compared to GT-loaded films, which showed a proper degree of shape preservation, the incorporation of 3 or 5% GS resulted in the deformation of the films during 3D printing. Soy protein edible films loaded with 1–3% (w/w) GS or GT were 3D-printed with high accuracy (>98%) at a printing pressure of 0.062 MPa and nozzle diameter of 0.25 mm. When higher concentrations (5%, w/w) of GS or GT were added, the 3D-printed films became thicker and less transparent. The tensile strength of the films was increased by the incorporation of extracts. The tensile strength of the GS-loaded films was higher than that of the GT-loaded films. Moreover, the addition of GS and GT reduced the water vapor permeability (WVP) of SPI by 61% and 56%, respectively. Overall, the proposed 3D printing approach can provide flexibility in generating edible films in different geometries and properties for on-line packaging applications.

Recent Progress in Robust Regenerated Soy Protein Film

AbstractThis review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research progress on soy protein (SP) film. SP film has gained significant attention due to its natural, renewable, and biodegradable characteristics. The review begins by introducing the film formation mechanisms and preparation methods of SP film, including solution casting, dry‐film formation, and other techniques, and discusses the associated preparation conditions and processes. Subsequently, the review explores the structural features, plasticization modifications, mechanical properties, antimicrobial modifications, UV shielding properties, and conductivity of SP film. Lastly, the review summarizes the current challenges and development directions in SP film research. This includes improving the mechanical performance and stability of the film, exploring novel functionalization approaches, and enhancing the sustainability of the film. Through this review of SP film, the study aims to enhance the understanding of their potential in materials science and various applications while providing guidance and insights for future research and applications.

Effect of Heat Curing of Film-forming Solution on the Properties of Soy Protein Films

This study aimed to investigate the impact of heat treatment on the properties of soy protein isolate film-forming solutions. The solutions, consisting of soy protein isolate, glycerol, and phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4), were subjected to heat treatment at 65, 75, and 85°C for 2, 4, or 6 h. The resulting films were then analyzed for tensile strength, elongation at break, film solubility, color parameters, and transparency. The results indicated that increasing the heat-curing temperature increased tensile strength, film transparency, and yellowish color in the films, as well as decreased water solubility and elongation at break. Notably, the film cured at 85°C for 2 h exhibited the highest tensile strength, film solubility, and elongation at break compared to both the control and other heat-cured films. However, the film heated at 75°C showed a better elongation at break. Overall, the findings suggest that heat curing of film-forming solutions at temperatures between 75 and 85°C has the potential to improve the properties of soy protein isolate films.

Structural and material characterization of quercetin incorporated soy protein isolate films

Owing to their degradability and fair film forming properties, protein films are captivating interest for development of packaging materials. However, poor water barrier properties and low mechanical strength limits its commercial application. Incorporation of additives such as phenolic compounds are reported to overcome these limitations. Our study aimed to explore the effect of quercetin and different processing methods on structural and mechanical properties of soy protein films. In our work, quercetin (flavonoid) was used to improve the material properties of proteinous films. The prepared films were evaluated for their physical properties, mechanical properties and water barrier capacity. The incorporation of quercetin had an obvious influence on the colour of film due to inherent pigmentation nature and resulted in generation of intense brown coloration of modified films. The opacity and cross linking of films were linearly increased with addition of quercetin. The mechanical properties of modified films were improved as indicated by increased tensile strength compared to the unmodified films. The incorporation of quercetin shifted the film towards hydrophilicity as indicated by increased water uptake activity of modified films compared to control films. Quercetin was found to form stable interaction with SPI as there was very little leaching observed from films. The results demonstrated that quercetin holds the potential to enhance the properties of SPI films which could be possibly employed in the development of packaging materials.

Additives in Edible Soy Protein Film Incorporation of Polysaccharides, Nano Polysaccharides, Vegetable Oils and Phenolic Additives in Edible Soy Protein Film

Soy protein isolate (SPI) is one such plant derived protein that holds significant potential for fabrication of edible films and packaging materials owing to its smooth, flexible and fair film forming abilities. However, native SPI suffers from several limitations such as poor water resistance, tensile strength, and susceptibility towards microbial attack. Many plants and animal derived compounds have been tried and tested to improve the material properties of these films. Incorporation of polysaccharides, nano polysaccharides, vegetable oils and polyphenolic compounds are explored to attain desirable properties in prepared films. Phenolic compounds are generally targeted to increase the tensile strength and resistance towards microbial attack as they possess rigid planar aromatic ring and hydroxyl groups that make them suitable candidate of choice. Polysaccharides or nanopolysaccharides and vegetable oils are reported to enhance the oxygen, carbon dioxide gas barrier properties of edible films that could delay putrefaction of packaged food items. Moreover, polyphenols and polysaccharide compound also exhibit bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes and E. coli. This review paper summarizes the incorporation of polyphenolics, polysaccharides, nanopolysaccharides and vegetable oils in SPI films followed by their material and antibacterial characterization.

Physical and textural properties of functional edible protein films from soybean using an innovative 3D printing technology.

Increasing market demand for sustainable, environmentally friendly edible film materials has called for the development of new customizable production methods utilizing emerging technologies such as 3D printing. We hereby report a new method to generate functional edible soy protein isolate films prepared from three types of soybeans (AR-R11-7999, MO-S17-17168, and MO-S17-19874R) using an innovative 3D printing technology. The protein contents in AR-R11-7999, MO-S17-17168, and MO-S17-19874R soybean meals and their corresponding protein isolates were 40.0, 39.1, and 39.9; and 84.5, 84.7, and 87.3 % (w/w, dry basis), respectively. Response surface methodology was used to maximize the tensile and puncture strength and minimize the thickness of the 3D-printed edible films using protein concentration, plasticizer concentration (glycerol), and drying time as the independent variables. The optimized film production conditions were determined as soy protein concentration: 8.91%, plasticizer concentration: 3.00%, and drying time: 3.98h with a desirability value of 0.7428. The optimized conditions were then successfully verified with the original soybean lot with a nonsignificant difference in physical properties. At the optimized conditions, the 3D-printed edible films using three soybean lots revealed: 0.108-0.114mm thickness; 14.79-16.07MPa tensile strength; 6.97-8.20 N puncture strength; 90.81-91.53, -1.89 to -1.31, and 14.85-17.25 were color parameters L*, a*, and b*, respectively; 1.22-1.36g/cm3 density; and 104.4-105.7% elongation at break ratio (%). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Edible soy protein films produced by an extrusion-based 3D printing approach are highly customizable and precise, and could be produced at an industrial scale. This newly produced environment-friendly soy protein-based edible film can serve as an alternate packaging to synthetic plastics and reduce the environmental landfill problem while adding value to soybean produced in the mid-south United States.

Tough and strong soy protein film by integrating CNFs and MXene with photothermal conversion and UV-blocking performance

Tough and strong soy protein film by integrating CNFs and MXene with photothermal conversion and UV-blocking performance

High power-output and highly stretchable protein-based biomechanical energy harvester

To meet the rising demand for wearable electronics with high power demand, biomechanical energy harvester based on stretchable materials with high triboelectric charge densities are required. Soy protein (SP) represents a prospective tribopositive material; however, its application is limited due to its brittle nature. Herein, we report the doping of SP with hygroscopic CaCl2 to afford a tribolayer film with improved tribopositivity and stretchability, where Ca2+ disperses evenly in SP via electrostatic interactions. The water molecules adsorbed by CaCl2 form hydrogen bonds with SP chains and improve the charge-donating ability. The optimal SP–CaCl2-0.30 film with CaCl2-doping concentration of 0.30 mmol exhibits high resilience (elongation at break: 130 %) compared with the pristine SP film (elongation at break: 4 %). The device based on SP–CaCl2-0.30 as the positive tribolayer and Ecoflex as counterpart yields open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and short-circuit transferred charge of 130 V, 4.4 µA, and 44 nC, respectively. When the load resistance matches the device’s internal resistance, the peak transient power reaches 1125 mW/m2. Moreover, the device output is maintained even after 5000 of stretch and release cycles, and the harvested charge from the bending and release motions of the finger and elbow reach 3.5 nC and 40 nC, respectively. This study demonstrates a prospective approach toward protein-based energy harvesting with high stretchability and electrical output, showing significant potential for application in wearable electronics for biomechanical energy harvesting and relative humidity monitoring.

Surface Modification via Dielectric Barrier Discharge Atmospheric Cold Plasma (DBD-ACP): Improved Functional Properties of Soy Protein Film.

Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP), a novel technology, has been widely adopted as an efficient approach in surface modification of the film. The effect of ACP treatment on the physicochemical and structural properties of soy protein film were investigated. As a result, the optimal conditions for the preparation of the film were determined for soy protein (10%), glycerol (2.8%), ACP treatment at 30 kV for 3 min, on the basis of elongation at the break, and water vapor permeability. Under the optimal conditions, the ACP–treated films exhibited enhanced polarity according to the increased values of solubility, swelling index, and moisture content, compared with the untreated counterpart. An increase in the hydrophilicity is also confirmed by the water contact angle analysis, which decreased from 87.9° to 77.2° after ACP pretreatment. Thermostability was also improved by ACP exposure in terms of DSC analysis. SEM images confirmed the tiny pores and cracks on the surface of film could be lessened by ACP pretreatment. Variations in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that some hydrophilic groups were formed by ACP pretreatment. Atomic force microscopy data revealed that the roughness of soy protein film which was pretreated by ACP was lower than that of the control group, with an Rmax value of 88.4 nm and 162.7 nm for the ACP- treated and untreated samples, respectively. The soy protein film was characterized structurally by FT–IR and DSC, and morphological characterization was done by SEM and AFM. The soy protein film modified by ACP was more stable than the control group. Hence, the great potential in improving the properties of the film enables ACP treatment to be a feasible and promising alternative to other modification methods.

A soy protein-based film by mixed covalent cross-linking and flexibilizing networks

In order to develop a strong, tough, water-resistant, and mildew-resistant soy protein film replacing petroleum-based films, in this study, a covalent and hydrogen bond double network structure was constructed in soy protein film using self-synthesized crosslinker triglycidylamine (TGA), soy protein (SPI), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The covalent bond network from the crosslinking reaction between TGA and SPI as the skeleton structure improved the tensile strength and water resistance of the film. The hydrogen bond network from interaction between PVA and SPI as a sacrificial bond network to improve the toughness of the film. Compared with the SPI film, the tensile strength and the insoluble matter content of the resultant film increased by 261.2% and 22.1%, respectively. The elongation at break of film increased by 106 times and the fracture toughness improved 183 times. Notably, the resultant film has anti-fungal property, which extends the anti-mold time of film to more than two weeks. This double network construction strategy effectively enhanced the soy protein film and can be applied to reinforce other composite materials and bio adhesives.

Gelatin- and Papaya-Based Biodegradable and Edible Packaging Films to Counter Plastic Waste Generation.

Most of the food packaging materials used in the market are petroleum-based plastics; such materials are neither biodegradable nor environmentally friendly and require years to decompose. To overcome these problems, biodegradable and edible materials are encouraged to be used because such materials degrade quickly due to the actions of bacteria, fungi, and other environmental effects. In this work, commonly available household materials such as gelatin, soy protein, corn starch, and papaya were used to prepare cost-effective lab-scale biodegradable and edible packaging film as an effective alternative to commercial plastics to reduce waste generation. Prepared films were characterized in terms of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), optical transparency, and tensile strength. FTIR confirmed the addition of papaya and soy protein to the gelatin backbone. WVTR of the gelatin-papaya films was recorded to be less than 50 g/m2/day. This water vapor barrier was five times better than films of pristine gelatin. The gelatin, papaya, and soy protein films exhibited transparencies of around 70% in the visible region. The tensile strength of the film was 2.44 MPa, which improved by a factor of 1.5 for the films containing papaya and soy protein. The barrier qualities of the gelatin and gelatin-papaya films maintained the properties even after going through 2000 bending cycles. From the results, it is inferred that the prepared films are ideally suitable for food encapsulation and their production on a larger scale can considerably cut down the plastic wastage.

Tough and strong biomimetic soy protein films with excellent UV-shielding performance

To develop strong and tough bio-based composite films as replacements for synthetic polymer films is challenging. Based on the strong adhesion of the comb-like structure of geckos’ feet or pressure-sensitive resins on substrates, a comb-like polymer-aminated dialdehyde starch (A-DAS) was designed and prepared from polyamide polyamine polymer and dialdehyde starch via a Schiff-based reaction, and then combined with soy protein isolate (SPI) to develop a protein-based film. The comb-like A-DAS exhibited strong adhesion with SPI molecules by forming multiple hydrogen bonds, which created a noncovalent network that improved both the strength and toughness of the resultant film. The results showed that after integrating A-DAS (SPI:A-DAS weight ratio of 2:1), the tensile strength of the film dramatically increased by 1072.2% to 25.09 MPa, which is markedly better than that of other reported protein-based films. The toughness of the SPI/A-DAS film increased to 16.74 MJ/m 3 . Notably, the modified film could block 100% of the ultraviolet transmittance (<400 nm) owing to the imine group in A-DAS. This strategy offers a simple and effective way to construct strong and tough composite materials with ultraviolet-barrier performance, indicating potential applications in tissue engineering, hydrogels, and coating modification. • A high-performance SPI-based film was prepared inspired by gecko feet and PSAs. • Strong hydrogen bonds promoted the toughness of the SPI-based film. • The tensile strength and toughness of the films improved by 1072.2% and 307.3%. • The SPI-based film exhibited UV-shielding properties for packaging.

Bioinspired mineral–organic strategy for fabricating a high-strength, antibacterial, flame-retardant soy protein bioplastic via internal boron–nitrogen coordination

Plant-derived renewable and biodegradable bioplastics are attractive alternatives to petroleum-based materials, but their applicability is limited by insufficient interface bonding and the antibacterial properties of biopolymer. Inspired by the unique hierarchical structure of nacre, we report a facile and sustainable mineral–organic strategy that fabricates a soy protein (SP)-based film with excellent mechanical strength and toughness. The nitrogen-coordinating boronic diester (NB) is synthesized from boronic acid and diols, which form enhanced cross-linking networks through dynamic glue linkages. As a glue molecule, caffeic acid (CA) containing phenolic compounds can co-assemble with hydroxyapatite (HA) in the SP matrix to produce inorganic–organic CA-functionalized HA (CHA) hybrids. The strong affinity between the NB and CHA hybrids combined with dynamic covalent bonds and sacrificial hydrogen bonds substantially improves the bonding strength and cohesion of the SP-based composites. The tensile strength and toughness of the resultant film were 13.89 MPa and 14.72 MJ/m3, respectively, 361% and 489% higher than the pristine SP film. Owing to the biomineralization and phenolic components, the incorporated NB@CHA hybrids endow the film with desirable water resistance, flame retardancy, UV protection performance, and antibacterial activity. This biomimetic strategy provides a novel and versatile fabrication route to high-performance SP-based bioplastics for engineering and biological applications.

Bioinspired interface design of multifunctional soy protein-based biomaterials with excellent mechanical strength and UV-blocking performance

Renewable and biodegradable plant-derived biomaterials are considered an ideal alternative to non-biodegradable petrochemical plastics. However, the inherent cohesion and mechanical properties of biopolymers are usually insufficient to meet the requirements of practical applications. Inspired by the supramolecular chemistry of mussels, we report a facile and sustainable strategy for fabricating a high-performance soy protein (SP)-based film by incorporating polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-functionalized lignosulfonate (LS) hybrids. In this process, the polymerized LS molecules form rigid skeletal domains, and the PVP chains serve as soft components to ensure the flexibility of the composites. An interconnected cross-linking network was constructed in the SP/PVP@LS film via multiple non-covalent interactions including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π–π interactions. As a result of the synergistic effect of supramolecular interactions, the tensile strength and toughness of the resulting film were significantly enhanced to 16.15 MPa and 23.50 MJ/m3, corresponding to increases of 111.39% and 386.54% relative to the pristine SP film. The SP/PVP@LS film also shows excellent ultraviolet-light resistance, improved flame retardancy, and favorable thermal stability owing to the unique aromatic ring structure and the ketones, phenol units, and chromophore functional groups in the PVP@LS hybrids. The bioinspired design strategy provides an innovative and facile route for producing multifunctional SP-based films for various prospective applications in fields such as biomass adhesives, active packaging, UV-protective coatings, and flame retardants.

Development and Characterization of Novel Composite Films Based on Soy Protein Isolate and Oilseed Flours.

The possibility of using oilseed flours as a waste source for film-forming materials with a combination of soy protein isolate in preparation of edible films was evaluated. Physical, mechanical and barrier properties were determined as a function of the oilseed type: hemp, evening primrose, flax, pumpkin, sesame and sunflower. It was observed that the addition of oilseed flours increased the refraction and thus the opacity of the obtained films from 1.27 to 9.57 A mm−1. Depending on the type of flours used, the edible films took on various colors. Lightness (L*) was lowest for the evening primrose film (L* = 34.91) and highest for the soy protein film (L* = 91.84). Parameter a* was lowest for the sunflower film (a* = −5.13) and highest for the flax film (a* = 13.62). Edible films made of pumpkin seed flour had the highest value of the b* color parameter (b* = 34.40), while films made of evening primrose flour had the lowest value (b* = 1.35). All analyzed films had relatively low mechanical resistance, with tensile strength from 0.60 to 3.09 MPa. Films made of flour containing the highest amount of protein, pumpkin and sesame, had the highest water vapor permeability, 2.41 and 2.70 × 10−9 g·m−1 s−1 Pa−1, respectively. All the edible films obtained had high water swelling values from 131.10 to 362.16%, and the microstructure of the films changed after adding the flour, from homogeneous and smooth to rough. All blended soy protein isolate–oilseed flour films showed lower thermal stability which was better observed at the first and second stages of thermogravimetric analysis when degradation occurred at lower temperatures. The oilseed flours blended with soy protein isolate show the possibility of using them in the development of biodegradable films which can find practical application in the food industry.

Ultrasonic-modified montmorillonite uniting ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether to reinforce protein-based composite films

Abstract A novel biodegradable protein-based material (UMSPIE) that consists of natural polymer soy protein isolate (SPI), ultrasonic-modified montmorillonite (UMMT), and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) was produced by solution casting. Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the chemical structure and micro-morphologies of as-synthesized protein-based composite films. The results showed that the interlayer structure of MMT was destroyed by ultrasonic treatment, and the hydrogen bonding between SPI chains and the ultrasound-treated MMT plates was enhanced. The synergistic effect of UMMT and EGDE on SPI molecules made the network structure of the UMSPIE film denser. In addition, the mechanical and barrier properties of the as-synthesized films were explored. Compared with pure soy protein film, the tensile strength of the UMSPIE film has an increase of 266.82% (increasing from 4.4 to 16.14 MPa). From the above, the modified strategy of layered silicates filling combining crosslinking agents is considered as an effective method to improve the functional properties of bio-based polymer composites.