Soy Protein Concentrate Diet Research Articles

Solid state fermented plant protein sources as fish meal replacers in whiteleg shrimp Litopaeneus vannamei

Six different types of solid state fermented plant proteins and soy protein concentrate were evaluated as fish meal replacers in whiteleg shrimp, Litopaeneus vannamei. In the first experiment, eight experimental diets consisted of a control diet without fish meal replacement (CON), and seven other diets replacing 30 % of fish meal with fermented soybean meal with Bacillus subtilis (FSMB), sterilized FSMB (FSMBS), fermented soybean meal and corn gluten meal with B. subtilis (FSCB), sterilized FSCB (FSCBS), fermented soy protein concentrate with B. subtilis (FSPB), fermented soybean meal with lactic acid bacteria (FSML), and soy protein concentrate (SPC). At the end of eight weeks, weight gain, specific growth rate and serum lysozyme activity of shrimp fed FSMB and FSCB diets were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed CON and FSML diets (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficacy ratio of shrimp fed diets FSCB and FSCBS were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the FSPB diet. Total intestinal B. subtilis count of shrimp fed FSMB, FSCB and FSPB diets were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the other diets. After eight days of challenge test against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, average cumulative survival rate of shrimp fed diet FSCB was significantly higher than those of shrimp fed CON, SPC, FSMBS, FSCBS and FSML diets. In the second experiment, CON, FSMB, FSCB and FSPB diets, with (O) and without (X) bacterial water treatments were used for four weeks. Total ammonia nitrogen and NO2-N showed significantly lower values for FSCB(O) and FSPB(O) tanks compared to the CON(X) tank (P < 0.05). Total water B. subtilis counts, after 2 and 4 weeks, were significantly lower for both CON(O) and CON(X) tanks compared to all other tanks (P < 0.05). These results indicate that fish meal replacement with FSCB can improve growth, feed utilization, immune response and disease resistance in whiteleg shrimp while improving the water quality indices when administered with bacterial water treatment.

Growth, nutrient retention, innate immune response, and intestinal morphology of juvenile, soy-naïve hybrid striped bass, Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops fed commercial-type, soy-based, ideal protein, fish meal replacement diets

To develop plant-based diets for hybrid striped bass (HSB), Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis, we evaluated six soy products in extruded, ideal protein, fish meal (FM) replacement diets fed to soy-naïve juveniles (3.72 ± 0.01 g initial weight) for up to 5 months. The products included soy protein concentrate (SPC), a conventional soybean meal (SBM) from Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), three non-genetically modified (non-GM) soybean varieties from the University of Arkansas (R05–1415, R05–1772, and R07–2001) with high protein and putatively reduced anti-nutritional factor (ANF) content, and Ozark soybeans, parent to the non-GM strains. The control diet included Special-Select® menhaden fish meal (MFM-S; Omega Protein) at 25.5% of diet and contained 40% digestible protein (DP) and 16% lipid. MFM-S was replaced by each soy product on a digestible protein basis and supplemented with Met, Lys, and Thr based on 40% HSB muscle AA profile. HSB sac fry were reared on soy-free diets to increase the likelihood of detecting any soy-induced performance issues when they were fed the test diets to satiation twice daily. Daily feed intake did not differ among treatments (2.2–2.5% of body weight/day). Fish fed the ADM diet were larger (58 g) and gained (1465%) more than those fed the control (51 g, 1251%); otherwise final weights (47-54 g) and weight gains (1153%–1355%) did not differ from the FM control. Gains in fish fed the SPC diet fell below those of fish fed the ADM, Ozark, and R0–1415 diets. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) were slightly poorer for fish fed the R05–1772 diet (1.09) compared to those fed the control (0.93); otherwise, FCR (0.97–1.01) did not differ among diets. The following responses also did not significantly differ among treatments: protein, energy, and AA retentions, whole body protein, moisture, and ash, muscle ratio, and hematological and innate immune parameters. There were slight differences among treatments in whole body lipid and energy, Glu and His content, and liver size. Challenge with Columnaris generally revealed no adverse effect of soy diet on time to death. In contrast to most fish studies, moderate inflammation was noted in proximal intestinal samples from soy-based diets after 73 days, whereas distal gut morphology did not differ among diets. However, no intestinal inflammation was found after a further 5 months of feeding test diets. Complete replacement of FM with various soybean varieties is possible in juvenile hybrid striped bass diets using ideal protein formulas with little impact on fish performance.

Effect of replacing fish meal protein by crystalline amino acid and soy protein concentrate on growth, feed utilization, and metabolism of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum juveniles

AbstractThis research aimed to determine the upper limit level of crystalline amino acid (CAAs) inclusion in tambaqui nutrition. Additionally, we investigated the possibility of total replacement of fish meal (FM) by soy protein concentrate (SPC). An FM‐based control diet was formulated to meet the known nutrient requirements of tambaqui, and three additional diets were prepared by replacing FM protein with 250, 500, and 750 g/kg nitrogen of CAA mixture. The fifth diet was formulated to completely replace the FM by SPC. A growth and a digestibility trial were performed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and three and four replicates, respectively. The optimum replacement level of FM protein by CAA was 280 g/kg based on daily weight gain (DWG). The apparent digestibility coefficients of the nutrients were higher in fish fed the SPC diet than the fish fed the FM diet. The whole‐body lipid and adiposity significantly declined with the increase of CAA in tambaqui diets. Protein and amino acid retention of tambaqui linearly declined with the increase of CAA. Blood chemistry metabolites were not affected by CAA inclusion. We concluded that the SPC could replace FM in tambaqui diets without affecting growth and nutrient digestibility. CAAs could replace FM intact protein up to 250 g/kg (or 97 g/kg inclusion level) without showing any adverse effect on growth and metabolism of tambaqui.

Different enzyme incorporation strategies in Atlantic salmon diet containing soybean meal: Effects on feed quality, fish performance, nutrient digestibility and distal intestinal morphology

An enzyme complex containing phytase, protease, xylanase and cellulase produced from Aspergillus niger by solid state fermentation was applied to three Atlantic salmon diets. In these diets soy protein concentrate (SPC) was replaced by de-hulled solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM). Three different enzyme application strategies were evaluated: pre-processing SBM with the enzymes, addition of enzymes in the dry mix prior to extrusion and enzyme coating post extrusion. These diets were tested against one with SBM but without enzyme treatment and another one with SPC instead of SBM. All these diets where tested for fish performance, nutrient digestibility, distal intestine morphology and feed pellet physical quality. The feeding trial lasted for 93 days and each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 60 g mean body weight Atlantic salmon. In the end of the trial all the groups at least tripled their initial body weight. The diet with coated enzymes had significantly higher apparent digestibility of dietary Fe (P ˂ 0.001) compared to the other diets. The enzyme pre-processed SBM feed had significantly lower apparent protein digestibility (P ˂ 0.01) compared to the other diets, the digestibility of some of the dietary amino acids was also significantly lower in this diet. Salmon fed the SBM diet with addition of enzymes in the dry mix prior to extrusion had significantly higher growth and feed intake than the fish fed the SPC diet without enzymes (P ˂ 0.05). Hardness was significantly and negatively correlated with feed intake (P ˂ 0.01, r = −0.95) and growth (P ˂ 0.01, r = −0.95), which may explain the reduced performance of the fish fed the SPC diet without enzymes. None of the diets caused SBM induced enteritis.

Effects of specialty proteins as alternatives to bovine or porcine spray-dried plasma in non-medicated diets fed to weaned pigs housed in an unsanitary environment.

Two experiments were done to compare growth performance of pigs weaned at 21 ± 2 d of age that were housed in unsanitary pens and fed non-medicated diets containing alternative proteins versus spray-dried porcine (SDPP; Exp. 1) or bovine (SDBP; Exp. 2) plasma. Experiment 1 used 360 pigs fed 1 of 6 experimental diets from d 0 to 15, followed by a common diet fed to all pigs from d 15 to 28 post-weaning with 11 pens of 5 or 6 pigs/pen allotted per treatment. Experimental diets were based on 8.04% soy protein concentrate (SPC) as the control protein or a similar diet with either 2.50 or 5.00% SDPP or 0.17, 0.33, or 1.00% activated porcine plasma (APP) replacing SPC on an equal Lys basis. Experiment 2 used 300 pigs that were fed 1 of 6 experimental diets from d 0 to 14 post-weaning with 10 pens of 4 to 6 pigs/pen allotted per diet. Experiment 2 diets were based on 8.04% SPC as the control protein source or similar diets with the following specialty proteins replacing SPC on an equal Lys basis: 0.40% APP; 10.66% enzymatically hydrolyzed soy and yeast protein (EHSY); a combination (CB) of 6.36% EHSY, 0.40% APP, and 2.50% fish meal; 0.44% spray-dried whole egg from hyper-immunized hens (IEGG); or 5.00% SDBP. Results of Exp. 1 indicated pigs fed SDPP diets had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI at d 7 and 15 compared with pigs fed SPC or APP diets. Gain:feed at d 7 was higher (P < 0.05) for pigs fed diets with SDPP compared with other diets. Average BW at d 7 was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed diets with SDPP compared to other diets and pigs fed the 5.00% SDPP diet had greater BW at d 15 compared to diets without SDPP. At d 28 BW was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the 2.50% SDPP diet compared with pigs fed diets with SPC, 0.33% APP, or 1.00% APP. Performance of pigs fed the SPC diet did not differ from APP diets at any period of the study. In Exp. 2, pigs fed the SDBP diet had greater (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and ADFI at d 7 and 14 compared with pigs fed the other diets. Gain:feed did not differ significantly among diets. Average daily gain and ADFI of pigs did not differ among diets that did not contain SDBP. In conclusion, during the initial 2 wk post-weaning, pigs housed in unsanitary pens and fed non-medicated diets with APP in Exp. 1, or APP, EHSY, CB, or IEGG in Exp. 2 had equivalent performance to pigs fed SPC; however, performance of pigs fed diets with the alternatives was not equivalent to diets containing SDPP in Exp. 1 or SDBP in Exp. 2.

Substitute of soy protein concentrate for fish meal in diets of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of partially replacing dietary fish meal (FM) with soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, and nutrient digestibility of white shrimp. Five isonitrogenous diets with SPC inclusion levels of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%, were prepared to replace 0.0, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0% FM in basal diet containing 20.0% FM, respectively, and fed to white shrimp with an initial body weight of 1.80 g. After 49 days feeding, 5.0% SPC diet did not affect the growth of white shrimp (P > 0.05), but weight gain was decreased (P 0.05) among treatments except glycine (Gly). The above results indicated that 25% FM could be substituted by SPC, and the SPC inclusion level was 5% without negative effects on the growth of white shrimp.

Influence of soybean protein source on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of piglets from 21 to 57 days of age

The effects of including soy protein concentrate (SPC) and soybean meal (SBM) of different origins in the diet on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weanling pigs were studied in 2 experiments. In both experiments, pigs received in phase I (21–49 d of age) one of five diets that differed in the soy protein source used. Two diets were based on SPC from USA or Brazil (BRA) origin and the other three diets were based on SBM from USA, BRA or Argentina (ARG) origin. In phase II (49 to 57 d of age), all pigs received a common maize-SBM diet. Pre-planned orthogonal comparisons (SPC vs. SBM; USA vs. BRA SPC; and USA vs. BRA vs. ARG SBM) were conducted to detect differences among soy treatments. In experiment 1, growth performance was similar for piglets fed diets containing SPC than for piglets fed diets containing SBM. In phase I (P=0.067) and cumulatively (P=0.082), post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) was lower in pigs fed SPC than in pigs fed SBM. The inclusion of USA meal in the diet improved ADG (P<0.01) and G:F ratio (P<0.01) compared with the inclusion of South American meals. The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of crude protein was higher in pigs fed SPC (P<0.05) than in pigs fed SBM. Nutrient digestibility was similar for both SPC diets but lower (P<0.001) in pigs fed BRA SBM than in pigs fed USA or ARG SBM. In experiment 2, growth performance of the pigs was not affected by the soy product used, but in phase I (P=0.062) and cumulatively (P=0.083), PWD was lower in pigs fed SPC than in pigs fed SBM. Also, pigs fed the USA and BRA SBM had lower incidence (P<0.05) of PWD than pigs fed the ARG SBM. No differences in the CTTAD were detected between diets based on SPC and diets based on SBM, or between SPC origins but nutrient digestibility tended to be higher (P<0.10) for the USA than for the South American SBM. The data indicate that the chemical composition and nutritive value of commercial soy products varied between sources and among commercial batches of SBM, affecting growth, PWD and nutrient digestibility of the piglets.

Comparison of endpoints relevant to toxicity assessments in 3 generations of CD-1 mice fed irradiated natural and purified ingredient diets with varying soy protein and isoflavone contents

Diet is an important variable in toxicology. There are mixed reports on the impact of soy components on energy utilization, fat deposition, and reproductive parameters. Three generations of CD-1 mice were fed irradiated natural ingredient diets with varying levels of soy (NIH-41, 5K96, or 5008/5001), purified irradiated AIN-93 diet, or the AIN-93 formulation modified with ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC) or SPC with isoflavones (SPC-IF). NIH-41 was the control for pairwise comparisons. Minimal differences were observed among natural ingredient diet groups. F0 males fed AIN-93, SPC, and SPC-IF diets had elevated glucose levels and lower insulin levels compared with the NIH-41 group. In both sexes of the F1 and F2 generations, the SPC and SPC-IF groups had lower body weight gains than the NIH-41 controls and the AIN-93 group had an increased percent body fat at postnatal day 21. AIN-93 F1 pups had higher baseline glucose than NIH-41 controls, but diet did not significantly affect breeding performance or responses to glucose or uterotrophic challenges. Reduced testes weight and sperm in the AIN-93 group may be related to low thiamine levels. Our observations underline the importance of careful selection, manufacturing procedures, and nutritional characterization of diets used in toxicological studies.

285 Spray dried plasma compared to alternative specialty proteins in weanling pig diets

Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a specialty protein source used in pig diets because of its beneficial effects on postweaning performance and survival. The objective was to evaluate effects of specialty proteins including enzyme treated soybean meal (ESM), activated plasma protein (APP), spray dried egg from hyper-immunized hens (Egg), or a combination of APP, ESM, and fish meal compared with bovine SDP in diets on weaned pig performance. Pigs (n = 300) were weaned in 2 groups at 21 ± 2 d of age (6.3 ± 0.5 kg initial BW) and allotted to pens within weaning group and balanced by weight, gender, and litter to provide 10 replications per treatment (4–6 pigs/pen). The nursery was not cleaned between groups creating a stress environment. Diets contained 20% SBM and 20.6% dried whey, were non-pelleted, non-medicated and formulated to contain 3.4 Mcal ME/kg and 1.45% SID lysine. Diets were fed for 14 d after weaning. Specialty proteins used in diets 2–6 replaced soy protein concentrate (SPC) on an equal lysine basis, as shown below. Analysis of variance included effect of diet, weaning group, and the covariance of initial BW. No pigs died during the experiment. Pigs fed diet 6 with SDP had greater (P < 0.05) final BW, ADG, ADFI and G:F compared with all other diets. Pigs fed diets with other specialty proteins (diets 2–5) did not differ (P > 0.10) in performance compared with SPC (diet 1). Conclusion: Under conditions of this experiment, none of the specialty proteins were an effective replacement for SDP.

Effects of dietary α-ketoglutarate supplementation on the growth performance, glutamine synthesis and amino acid concentrations of juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii ♀ × Acipenser baerii ♂ fed high levels of soy protein concentrate

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary α-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation on the growth performance, glutamine synthesis and amino acid concentrations of juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii ♀×Acipenser baerii ♂ fed high levels of soy protein concentrate (SPC). The study consisted of four isoproteic and isolipidic diets (including 100g of fish meal (FM)/kg or 0FM) with or without 10g AKG/kg supplementation. The results showed that the SPC diet had no effect (P>0.05) on the weight gain rate (WGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), condition factor (CF) or viscerosomatic index (VSI) compared with the FM diet. The WGR and PER were increased (P<0.05) by the addition of AKG compared with the FM and SPC diets. However, the FCR was decreased (P<0.05) by the addition of AKG. The concentration of ammonia in serum was decreased (P<0.05) by the addition of AKG compared with the FM and SPC diets. The Gln and activity of GS in the intestine of sturgeon fed the SPC+A and FM+A diets were significantly higher (P<0.05) than in sturgeon fed the SPC and FM diets. The concentrations of methionine, leucine and lysine in the muscle of sturgeon fed the SPC diet were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of muscles in sturgeon fed the FM diet. The concentration of arginine was increased (P<0.05) by the SPC diet or the addition of AKG. The concentrations of aspartate and glutamate were increased (P<0.05) by the addition of AKG compared with the FM and SPC diets. These findings indicate that the SPC diet had no negative effect on growth performance compared with the FM diet (100gFM/kg), and that dietary AKG supplementation improved the growth performance and glutamine synthesis of the juvenile hybrid sturgeon.

Beneficial utilization of a tuna processing by-product as fish-feed additive

During tuna processing for human consumption, the fish are initially boiled in water, creating ~7000 tons of wastewater a year in Tosashimizu City, Japan. The wastewater (tuna broth; TB) is rich in free amino acids and peptides; therefore, we investigated two methods of utilizing it beneficially. In experiment 1, crude TB was used as a growth enhancer for two farmed species, juvenile yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) and red sea bream (Pagrus major). Juveniles of both species, fed commercial extruded pellets mixed with 300 mL TB, showed significantly better growth than the unsupplemented control group. In experiment 2, concentrated TB was used as a dietary ingredient for juvenile yellowtail to improve palatability and growth. Dietary preferences and growth were rated as follows: fish meal diet > soy protein concentrate (SPC) + TB diet > SPC + krill meal diet > SPC diet. The beneficial effects of TB as a dietary supplement were evident. Crude TB enhanced juvenile growth at minimal cost. Concentrated TB requires processing, with associated costs; however, it proved to be a valuable fish-feed supplement because of its high palatability and growth-promoting effect. The utilization of TB also contributes to reducing the environmental impact of fish wastewater.

Effect of different soybean meal type on ileal digestibility of amino acid in weaning pigs.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibilities of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) with 6 soybean products in weaning pigs. A total of 14 weaning barrows with an initial body weight of 6.54 ± 0.34 kg were fitted with T-cannula at the distal ileum and allotted to 7 diets containing various soybean products. The soybean products used in the experiment were conventional soybean meal (CSBM), SBM fermented by Aspergillus oryzae GB-107 (FSBMA), SBM fermented by Bacillus subtilis PP6 (FSBMB), UV sterilized SBM fermented by Bacillus subtilis PP6 (UVFSBMB), SBM containing Bacillus subtilis PP6 (PSBM), and soy protein concentrate (SPC). Six corn-based diets were used and each of soybean products was added. All diets contained 5.0 g/kg of chromic oxide as an indigestible indicator and an N-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AAs. Ileal CP digestibility did not differ by different soybean products. However, SIDs of Ile, Phe and Val were improved in pigs fed the FSBMB, UVFSBMB and SPC diets and the pigs fed the FSBMA diet showed higher SIDs of Phe and Val compared with those fed the CSBM diet (P < 0.05). The FSBMB diet had higher SIDs in most AAs compared with the FSBMA diet (P < 0.05), and higher SIDs of Lys, Ala, Pro, Ser, and Tyr compared with PSBM diet (P < 0.05). However, there was no response of UV-sterilization on the FSBMB in the SIDs of AAs. These results suggest that SIDs of AAs could be improved by the supplementation of fermented soybean products in the diet for weaning pigs but fermentation with Bacillus subtilis is more efficient in improving ileal AA digestibility than that with Aspergillus oryzae. Furthermore, probiotics supplementation in the CSBM and UV-sterilization of the FSBMB had no effects on chemical composition and ileal AA digestibility.

Evaluation of the nutritional quality of co-products from the nut industry, algae and an invertebrate meal for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract The static supply and increasing demand for fishmeal has created a need to evaluate a variety of alternate proteins. Many species of algae are being grown as a potential source of bio-fuels, and mussel meals have been shown to increase feed intake. The tree nut industry is based primarily on whole nuts with production totaling ~ 1,081,000 tons in California during 2010. A portion of this production does not meet criteria for certification and must be sold for “non-human uses”. Evaluation of ingredients included three types of experiments with rainbow trout: fry screening study, digestibility study, and growth study. First feeding trout were fed a control diet containing 45% fishmeal and the test diets contained 5% fishmeal with the remainder of the protein replaced by the test ingredients. Trout gained between 636 and 1331% of their initial weight after 6 weeks. Trout fed the pistachio and almond meals gained as much weight as trout fed the fishmeal diet, but trout fed the algae's and mussel meal diets grew much slower and were dropped from further evaluation. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for crude protein, lipid, and amino acids were determined for pistachio and almond meals, fishmeal, whey protein and soy protein concentrate (SPC) for comparison. Almond and pistachio meals had ADCs for protein, fat and amino acids similar to fishmeal, but phosphorus ADC for pistachio meal was 27% compared to 40% for fishmeal. In the final study, trout with an average initial weight of 20 g were fed one of ten diets for 12 weeks. There were two series of diets; protein from fishmeal was either 50% or 100% replaced with pistachio or almond meal, or the protein from SPC was either 50% or 100% replaced with pistachio or almond meal. The trout fed the nut meals in the fishmeal series all had weight gains equivalent to trout fed the fishmeal control (753%) except the trout fed the partial replacement with almond meal (614%). When SPC was replaced with the nut meals, growth of the fish fed the SPC diet (648%) was the same as fish fed the nut meals except for the fish fed the 100% replacement with pistachio meal which had a greater gain of 830%. These three studies demonstrate that pistachio and almond meals are palatable, digestible, and support high levels of growth whether replacing fishmeal or SPC.

The Metabolizable Energy Value, Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Soybean Meal, Soy Protein Concentrate and Fermented Soybean Meal, and the Application of These Products in Early-weaned Piglets.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of 14.2±1.4 kg were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of 18.2±1.5 kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a 4×4 Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of 5.6±0.9 kg) weaned at 21±2 d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments’ diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

Salmon protein hydrolysate as a protein source in feed for young pigs

Salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) is made from fresh by-products from farmed salmon that are minced and acidified to hydrolyse proteins into peptides and free amino acids. The objective of this study was to evaluate SPH in young pigs compared to soy protein concentrate (SPC), fish meal (FM) and combinations hereof. Five diets were composed, all fulfilling the nutrient recommendations for young pigs. All diets contained 172gsoybeanmeal/kg. One diet was supplemented with 123gSPH/kg, and equivalent protein was supplied as SPC or FM in two other diets. Two diets were composed by combining half the amount of SPH and SPC or half the amount of SPH and FM. One week after weaning, one hundred individually housed pigs were allocated to one of five diets (n=20) and fed ad libitum for four weeks. Pigs fed the SPH and SPH+FM diets ate 12–14% more (P<0.05) than pigs fed the SPC diet, but the results on gain and feed utilization was not significantly different among treatments. No differences were observed in faeces characteristics when scored by visual judgment during two 5-d periods. In conclusion, pigs responded equally to diets containing SPH and FM, and SPH resulted in greater feed intake than SPC.

Optimizing plant protein combinations in fish meal-free diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by a mixture model

The aim of this experiment was to define the optimal mixtures of plant protein concentrates in an extruded, fish meal free diet for rainbow trout. Three essential amino acids (EAA) and taurine-fortified plant protein mixtures (P-MIX, C-MIX, and S-MIX) were prepared by mixing four plant protein concentrates (pea protein concentrate (PPC), canola protein concentrate (CPC), potato protein concentrate, and soy protein concentrate (SPC)). Seven plant protein based diets were formulated based on a mixture design using P-MIX, C-MIX, and S-MIX alone (the PPC, CPC or SPC diets) or in combinations (the P+C, P+S, C+S, P+C+S diets) to provide >95% of the dietary protein. The diets were supplemented with 5% krill products as attractant. One fish meal based diet, which acted as a reference diet, used LT-fish meal as the sole dietary protein source (FM diet). All diets were tentatively balanced to contain equal amounts of digestible protein (400gkg−1) and digestible energy (21MJkg−1). Each diet was fed to two tanks of 61g rainbow trout reared in 9°C water for 72days. No significant differences (P>0.05) were seen in weight gain. Dietary plant protein treatments that gave significantly higher values than the FM diets were: feed intake for the CPC and SPC diets; feed conversion ratio (FCR) for all diets, except for P+C and P+C+S; apparent digestibility (AD) of phosphorus (P) for all diets; AD of Arg and Met for the SPC diet; whole body crude protein content for the SPC and P+S diets; retention of dietary P intake for all diets, except for the SPC and P+S diets; N intake, metabolic N loss and energy intake per kg gain for all diets; nitrogen (N) retained in growth per kg gain for the SPC and P+S diets; fecal N loss per kg gain for the CPC diet; fecal energy loss per kg gain for the PPC, CPC, SPC and C+S diets. Significantly lower values than the FM diets were obtained for: AD of N for the CPC diet; AD of lipid for the SPC diet; AD of energy for the CPC, SPC, and C+S diets; AD of all EAA, Cys, and total amino acids for the CPC diet; retention of dietary and digestible N intake for all diets; dietary energy intake per kg gain for the CPC, SPC and C+S diets; P intake and fecal P excretion per kg gain for all diets. Using the combination of P-MIX and C-MIX resulted in the highest retention of digestible N. A combination of P-MIX and C-MIX led to the most efficient feed conversion. AD of N and individual amino acids were highest when S-MIX was used alone. The most efficient AD of lipid and energy were obtained by a combination of P-MIX and S-MIX. Using C-MIX alone supported the highest AD and retention of P, and whole-body concentrations of ash, P, Ca and Mg, due to CPC being dephytinized. Retention of dietary N was most efficient when a combination of P-MIX and S-MIX was used, while retention of digestible N was most efficient for a combination of P-MIX and C-MIX. In conclusion, the mixture model proved useful for optimizing combinations of plant protein concentrates in a fish meal-free diet for rainbow trout.

Soy Protein Concentrate as an Alternative Ingredient in Florida Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) Diets

Current research is intended to develop cost-effective, plant-based diets for intensive production of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus). Three growth trials were conducted with juvenile pompano over a 106- to 115-day period. The trials evaluated the systematic substitution on an equal protein basis of (1) menhaden fish meal, FM with soy protein concentrate (SPC), and (2) solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) with SPC. This confirmed the reduction of FM and evaluated the possible nutrient restrictions of methionine (M) and phosphorus (P) in low FM, high SPC diets. There was no significant reduction in growth parameters when FM was reduced from 300 to 150 g/kg. There was a significant improvement in fish performance with increased SPC concentrations substituted for SBM in diets containing 150 g/kg of FM. All growth parameters indicated a favorable response for inclusion of SPC up to 240 g/kg. The addition of P and M did not significantly improve growth.

Effects of dietary protein sources on growth performance and immune response of weanling pigs

A total of 320 piglets (body weight, 7.0±0.19kg) were used to examine the effects of dietary protein sources on growth performance and immune response. Following the weaning at 22(±1)d of age, the pigs were allocated randomly to 4 treatments, with 5 replicates per treatment and 16 pigs per replicate, receiving 4 experimental diets for initial 10d and then all pigs were offered the common diet for further 22d. The experimental diets were formulated to contain the same amounts of DE, CP, Lys and Met on an iso-nitrogenous basis derived from different protein supplements, including 4.00% spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) (control), 4.88% soy protein concentrate (SPC), 9.18% whey protein concentrate (WPC) and 6.50% spray-dried whole egg (SDE), respectively. From day 1 to 10 after weaning, pigs fed SDPP had a significantly higher ADG and consequently a lower feed:gain ratio than those offered SPC or SDE diet. However, all dietary treatments did not affect feed intake and ADG during the period from day 11 to 32 or from day 1 to 32 after weaning. There were no significant treatment effects on villous height to crypt depth ratio (VCR) in ileum measured on day 10 after weaning, whereas this variable in duodenum and jejunum was significantly lower with pigs offered SPC diet than those given SDPP diet. Furthermore, in comparison with pigs offered SDPP diet, pigs fed SPC diet had significantly lower levels of classical swine fever virus (CSFV)-specific antibody titer and unspecific immune molecules (IgG, IgA, C3), and significantly higher levels of IL-10 and cortisol. Although WPC and SDE diets also affected these variables when compared with SDPP diet, the magnitudes of their effects were much smaller than those derived from SPC diet. Our results suggest that WPC and SDE can be used to replace SDPP as protein supplements for weanling pigs with little adverse effects on feed intake, ADG or development of the immune system. The SPC supplement can influence growth rates and immune response of weanling pigs during initial adaptation period.

Role of taurine deficiency in inducing green liver symptom and effect of dietary taurine supplementation in improving growth in juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major fed non-fishmeal diets based on soy protein concentrate

This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of green liver symptom induction and the effect of dietary taurine supplementation on growth performance in juvenile red sea bream fed non-fishmeal diets based on soy protein concentrate (SPC). Juvenile fish (initial BW 72 g) were fed for 20 weeks on SPC diets supplemented with taurine at levels of 0, 1.0, and 2.0%. In the taurine-unsupplemented SPC diet group, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly inferior (P < 0.001), and incidence of green liver was observed in 70% of fish. In this group, hepatopancreatic and plasma taurine concentrations were lowest (P < 0.05), hepatopancreatic content of bile pigments was highest (P < 0.05), and osmotic tolerance of erythrocytes was inferior (P < 0.05) among the dietary treatment groups. Serum osmolality of all treatment groups was at similar levels. These physiological abnormalities as well as SGR and FCR were improved by dietary taurine supplementation. These results indicate that the mechanism for induction of green liver symptom is bile pigment overproduction due to increased hemolysis because erythrocytes become osmotically fragile due to dietary taurine deficiency. Taurine supplementation of SPC diets is essential for maintaining normal physiological condition and growth performance in juvenile red sea bream.

Low fishmeal diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using soy protein concentrate treated with graded levels of phytase

The experiment aimed at determining the efficient use of phytase (Phy) in Atlantic salmon diets that had low (4.5%) fishmeal and contained 60% soy protein concentrate (SPC). Phytase was either included at 250, 500, 1,000 or 4,000 U Phy kg−1 diet or the SPC was pre-treated prior to making diets using 250, 500 or 1,000 U Phy kg−1 SPC. Fish were fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks, and there were no differences in survival among treatments nor were there differences in growth performance between the phytase-pre-treated SPC diets. Feed intake and weight gain were significantly lower for diets supplemented below 1,000 U Phy kg−1 compared to all other diets. Apparent digestibility (AD) of phosphorus was significantly lower without the use of phytase (45.43 ± 2.06%) than for all other treatments. AD phosphorus increased from 55.70 ± 1.81% at the lowest phytase supplementation (250 U Phy kg−1) to 80.87 ± 2.12% at the highest (4,000 U Phy kg−1). There was no difference in AD phosphorus between the diet with the highest supplementation (4,000 U Phy kg−1) and the pre-treated diets. There were no differences in whole-body dry material, crude protein or total lipid, whereas bone ash was significantly lower for diets supplemented below 1,000 U Phy kg−1. Ash and phosphorus in the whole body and bone increased with increasing added phytase. At and above an inclusion of 1,000 U Phy kg−1, bone ash (51.26 ± 0.12% bone weight) and bone phosphorus (11.21 ± 0.04% bone weight) reached concentrations that were no different to the pre-treated diets. In conclusion, phytase improved Atlantic salmon’s growth performance fed low fishmeal diets containing SPC, and at least 1,000 U Phy kg−1 diet was required to have the same effect as pre-treatment of SPC with 250 U Phy kg−1 SPC.