Soy Oligosaccharides Research Articles

The Identification of a Strain for the Biological Purification of Soy Molasses to Produce Functional Soy Oligosaccharides and Optimize Purification Conditions.

Soy molasses is rich in oligosaccharides like sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose, with stachyose and raffinose being functional oligosaccharides. Harnessing soy molasses for the production of functional soy oligosaccharides (FSO) can significantly elevate its value. Biological purification, a method leveraging the selective utilization of different carbon sources by microorganisms, allows for the specific removal of sucrose from soy molasses while preserving stachyose and raffinose, thereby increasing the FSO content. This research identified a yeast named YT312 with strong purification capabilities for soy molasses and optimized the purification conditions. The study revealed that yeast YT312 was Wickerhamomyces anomalus, exhibiting a broad range of growth temperatures and pH levels alongside a high tolerance to glucose, sucrose, and NaCl. Through single-factor and orthogonal experiments, it was established that under specific conditions-0.375% inoculum size, 30 °C fermentation temperature, 150 rpm shaking speed, 10-fold dilution ratio, pH of 7, and 12 h of fermentation-sucrose was completely removed from soy molasses, while functional raffinose and stachyose were retained at rates of 96.1% and 90.2%, respectively. Consequently, W. anomalus YT312 displayed exceptional characteristics for the biological purification of soy molasses and the production of FSO.

Interaction between dietary digestible tryptophan and soy oligosaccharides in broiler chickens: effects on caecal skatole level and microflora.

This study was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary digestible tryptophan (dTry) and soy oligosaccharides (SO) on growth performance, caecal skatole level, and microflora of broiler chickens aged from 14 to 42 days. Three hundred and sixty broiler chicks were allocated equally to 36 cages at 14-dayof- age according to body weight and gender. Using a 3×2 factorial arrangement, 3 dietary dTry levels (0.18%, 0.23%, and 0.28%) supplemented with 0 or 3.5 g/kg of SO were used to create 6 diets (treatments). Each diet was fed to six replicates of 10 birds (60 birds/treatment), growth performance was measured. Caecal content samples were collected at 42 days of age. Results showed that significantly different dTry level×SO interactions were found for average daily gain (ADG), caecal levels of indole, propionic acid, and butyric acid, and microbial Shannon index (p<0.05). Birds fed diet containing 0.23% dTry level with SO supplementation had higher ADG and lower feed/gain ratio than those fed the other diets (p<0.05). Broilers fed diets containing 0.28% dTry increased their caecal levels of indole and skatole compared with those containing 0.18% or 0.23% dTry (p<0.01), regardless of SO addition. SO supplementation to diets decreased the caecal skatole level by 16.17% (p<0.05), and increased the relative frequency of Clostridium IV (p<0.05), regardless of dietary dTry level. These results indicated that diets containing 0.23% dTry with SO supplementation positively promoted ADG, and decreased caecal skatole levels of broiler chickens. The dietary dTry level, SO affected the caecal skatole level, however, there was no interaction between them.

The Biotics Family: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives in Metabolic Diseases.

Globally, metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pose a major public health threat. Many studies have confirmed the causal relationship between risk factors and the etiopathogenesis of these diseases. Despite this, traditional therapeutic management methods such as physical education and diet have proven insufficient. Recently, researchers have focused on other potential pathways for explaining the pathophysiological variability of metabolic diseases, such as the involvement of the intestinal microbiota. An understanding of the relationship between the microbiome and metabolic diseases is a first step towards developing future therapeutic strategies. Currently, much attention is given to the use of biotics family members such as prebiotics (lactolose, soy oligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides or inulin) and probiotics (genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus or Enterococcus). They can be used both separately and together as synbiotics. Due to their direct influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, they have shown favorable results in the evolution of metabolic diseases. The expansion of the research area in the biotics family has led to the discovery of new members, like postbiotics. In the age of personalized medicine, their use as therapeutic options is of great interest to our study.

BIOTECHNOLOGY OF SOYA MULTI-COMPONENT FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS

The materials of the article present analytical and scientific-practical results of research of soy multi-component functional ingredients. Soy extract (or soy milk) is a valuable and cheap source of protein and other nutritious and biologically active components, like lipids, vitamins, mineral elements, isoflavones, flavonoids, saponins etc. But the presence of indigestible oligosaccharides and a bean flavor limit the consumption of soy milk. The soy oligosaccharides are known to be prebiotic for intestinal microbiota, particularly for probiotic microorganisms that hydrolyze them with the enzyme α-galactosidase. Isoflavones are known as phytoestrogens since they are similar to human estrogen in structure and function, and are recommended to prevent many hormonedependent diseases. In soy beans and unfermented soy products, isoflavones are present mainly as biologically inactive glycoside conjugates. Biologically active aglycones of soy isoflavones are substances that are assimilated by human organism from soy products faster and in higher amounts than their corresponding glycosides. The members of intestinal microbiota are predicted to play an important role also in the metabolism and bioavailability of isoflavones since they, synthesizing β-glycosidase, cause hydrolysis of glycoside components, thus releasing the bioavailable and biologically active form of aglycone. In this work, we estimated the potential of some Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains to synthesize α-galactosidase and β-glycosidase, and to reduce respectively the amount of galactooligosaccharides and to convert isoflavones into their active forms, when growing in soy milk. Simultaneously, the profile of soy milk fermentation by the chosen probiotics was studied, as well as the proteolytic activity and accumulation of lactic acid by those probiotics, i. e. the possibility to produce soy-based polyfunctional fermented food products was investigated.

Untargeted metabolomic profiling of urine in Wistar rats reveals enhanced bioavailability of soy isoflavones post short-term consumption of noni (Morinda citrifolia) juice

Microfiltered noni (Morinda citrifolia) juice was given by cannulation to 6 Wistar rats for 13 days; the rats were also fed on a standard food formulation containing whole soy bean flour. Twenty-four hour urine was collected before and after the nutritional intervention and was analyzed by UPLC-DAD/ESI+-QTof/MS to perform an untargeted metabolomics study. A supervised multivariate OSC-PLS-DA analysis was performed to discriminate between urine samples. Among the top 10 most discriminant ions, 8 compounds were tentatively identified. Six were significantly increased after noni juice ingestion: the glucuronidate form of S-(-) equol, daidzein, 2 isomers of dihydroxyquinoline, naphthyl and hippuric acid. On the contrary, the urinary excretion of the oligosaccharides stachyose and raffinose, was significantly reduced. Still highly statistically significant, glucuronated genistein and glycetein were also elevated in urine after noni juice ingestion. Noni juice appeared to considerably enhance the bioavailability of soy isoflavone and modify the metabolism of soy oligosaccharides.

Growth and bioactive peptides production potential of Lactobacillus plantarum strain C2 in soy milk: A LC-MS/MS based revelation for peptides biofunctionality

Bioactive peptides are protein fragments which have a positive impact on the functions and conditions of living organisms. Apart from other animal and plant sources soybean is an excellent source of bioactive peptides. In recent years, fermentation has been explored as effective way for bioactive peptides generation. Hence, the present study has been carried out to evaluate an indigenous Lactobacillus plantarum strain C2 (LP C2) for fermentation and peptides generation in soy milk. Peptides were further tested for important biofunctionalities (antioxidative and antihypertensive) and characterized by LC-MS/MS. Besides its excellent log count increases, protein hydrolysis and α–galactosidase activities, LP C2 reduced soy oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose and stachyose) in a strain specific manner. Following fractionation, the 10 kDa fraction not only showed the highest peptide content in comparison to 3 kDa and 5 kDa, but also exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Conversely, no significant differences were observed in ACE-inhibitory activities of all three fractions of peptides. Moreover, we are the first to report L. plantarum mediated generation, and LC-MS/MS based characterization of 17 biofunctional soy peptides showing both antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities. Thus, this strain can be further used for the preparation of soy based functional fermented foods and bioactive food supplements.

BIOTECHNOLOGY OF OBTAINING A HYDROLYTIC ENZYMATIC AGENT WITH α-D- GALACTOSIDASE ACTIVITY

The studies referred to in this article showed the principle possibility of use of hydrolytic enzymatic agentwith α-D-galactosidase activity for the enzymatic hydrolysis of soy oligosaccharides. Optimal parameters of the enzyme activitywere determined (pH, temperature). It was shown that the use of various techniques of purification and concentrating of theenzyme preparation allows increasing of the activity of the agent 5.5 times. Enzyme activity was determined.

Oligosaccharides composition in eight food legumes species as detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry.

As probiotics, soy oligosaccharides have become popular as healthy foods to reduce disease risk. However, comprehensive information about oligosaccharides in different food legumes is limited. In this study, eight oligosaccharides were well detected and quantified in different varieties of eight legume species using high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was determined that species could be distinguished by total content of oligosaccharides and their distribution modes. Among the studied species, Vigna unguiculata is a better resource of non-digestible oligosaccharides, while Vicia faba and black soybean (Glycine max) are at a disadvantage. Normally, stachyose predominates in non-digestible oligosaccharides, except in mung bean and broad bean, where verbascose predominates. For mung bean and green soybean, the seed coat should be taken into account for oligosaccharide consumption. The developed high-resolution mass spectrometry method greatly simplified the sample preparation process and permitted the identification of oligosaccharides without reference compounds. This work involved extensive sample collecting and provided useful information for consumers. The developed method may be useful for rapid quantification of oligosaccharides in related foods.

Adsorption of soy isoflavones by activated carbon: Kinetics, thermodynamics and influence of soy oligosaccharides

Adsorption behavior of daidzin, genistin, 6″-O-malonyldaidzin and 6″-O-malonylgenistin, the four major soy isoflavones presented in soy molasses centrifugation supernatant on activated carbon was studied in this paper so as to provide theoretical basis for the purification of soy oligosaccharides from soy molasses. Kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption processes obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetics and equilibrium was nearly achieved in 90min. Weber–Morris model fitting showed that adsorption process consisted of 3 stages: boundary layer diffusion and two intra-particle diffusions. Experimental adsorption data for every isoflavone components could be described separately by the Langmuir isotherm model and the calculated maximum adsorptions were in the order of genistin>daidzin>6″-O-malonylgenistin>6″-O-malonyldaidzin, indicating that the adsorption driving forces were due to dispersion interactions between the aromatic ring of isoflavone and the aromatic structure of the activated carbon. Adsorption behaviors of isoflavones on activated carbon in sugar free solutions were compared. It was found that, by removing sugar from the system, diffusion rate constants and the sum of the maximum adsorption capacity increased.

Survival of freeze-dried microcapsules of α-galactosidase producing probiotics in a soy bar matrix

Soy oligosaccharides, mainly α-galactosides, are prevalently present in soy protein products, and can result in unfavorable digestive effects when consumed. The aim of this research was to investigate the efficiency of α-galactoside reduction by probiotic bacterial hydrolysis and if such bacteria could be maintained in a high number in a soy protein product in a microencapsulated and freeze-dried form. The probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-2, when induced by raffinose, exhibited a high level of α-galactosidase activity at 5.0 U/mg. To preserve probiotics with high viability, cells were microencapsulated and freeze-dried. Optimization of microencapsulation presented that a combination of κ-carrageenan and inulin at a proportion of 1.9:0.1 (w:w) as capsule wall materials, significantly retained the viability of the probiotics through freeze-drying (P ≤ 0.05). Scanning electron microscopic images confirmed that the morphology of the microcapsules was well preserved after freeze-drying. Upon incorporation into soy protein bars, the freeze-dried microcapsules of L. acidophilus LA-2 remained in high numbers throughout 14 weeks of storage at 4 °C. Results of this work with the support of other studies on microencapsulation benefits indicate a promising use of freeze-dried α-galactosidase positive microencapsulated probiotics in a soy food.

Soy Oligosaccharides and Soluble Non-starch Polysaccharides: A Review of Digestion, Nutritive and Anti-nutritive Effects in Pigs and Poultry

Soybean contains a high concentration of carbohydrates that consist mainly of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. The NSP can be divided into insoluble NSP (mainly cellulose) and soluble NSP (composed mainly of pectic polymers, which are partially soluble in water). Monogastric animals do not have the enzymes to hydrolyze these carbohydrates, and thus their digestion occurs by means of bacterial fermentation. The fermentation of soybean carbohydrates produces short chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by animals. The utilization efficiency of the carbohydrates is related to the chemical structure, the level of inclusion in the diet, species and age of the animal. In poultry, soluble NSP can increase digesta viscosity, reduce the digestibility of nutrients and depress growth performance. In growing pigs, these effects, in particular the effect on gut viscosity, are often not so obvious. However, in weaning piglets, it is reported that soy oligosaccharides and soluble NSP can cause detrimental effects on intestinal health. In monogastrics, consideration must be given to the anti-nutritive effect of the NSP on nutrient digestion and absorption on one hand, as well as the potential benefits or detriments of intestinal fermentation products to the host. This mirrors the needs for i) increasing efficiency of utilization of fibrous materials in monogastrics, and ii) the maintenance and improvement of animal health in antibiotic-free production systems, on the other hand. For example, ethanol/water extraction removes the low molecular weight carbohydrate fractions, such as the oligosaccharides and part of the soluble pectins, leaving behind the insoluble fraction of the NSP, which is devoid of anti-nutritive activities. The resultant product is a high quality soy protein concentrate. This paper presents the composition and chemical structures of carbohydrates present in soybeans and discusses their nutritive and anti-nutritive effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs and poultry.

The impact of soy oligosaccharides on digestion and intestinal health in weaning piglets

High dietary levels of soy oligosaccharides result in detrimental effects on intestinal and performance parameters of weaned piglets due to lack of endogenous enzymes for their hydrolysis. Intestinal fermentation of these components is connected with increased microbial activities and production of chyme, total volatile fatty acids and biogenic amines in the gut. The presence of soy oligosaccharides in piglets’ diets reduces nutrient digestibility and growth performance and increases the incidence of diarrhoea. The objective of this paper is to review the detrimental effects of oligosaccharides in soybean meal and to show the improvements in amino acids digestibility and growth performance in weaning piglets once these components are removed by ethanol extraction.

Viability and growth characteristics of Lactobacillus in soymilk supplemented with B-vitamins

Ten strains of Lactobacillus were evaluated for their viability in soymilk. Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 314, L. acidophilus FTDC 8833, L. acidophilus FTDC 8633 and L. gasseri FTDC 8131 displayed higher viability in soymilk and were thus selected to be evaluated for viability and growth characteristics in soymilk supplemented with B-vitamins. Pour plate analyses showed that the supplementation of all B-vitamins studied promoted the growth of lactobacilli to a viable count exceeding 7 log CFU/ml. α-Galactosidase specific activity of lactobacilli as determined spectrophotometrically showed an increase upon supplementation of B-vitamins. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed that this led to increased hydrolysis of soy oligosaccharides and subsequently higher utilization of simple sugars. Production of organic acids as determined via high-performance liquid chromatography also showed an increase, accompanied by a decrease in pH of soymilk. Additionally, the supplementation of B-vitamins also promoted the synthesis of riboflavin and folic acid by lactobacilli in soymilk. Our results indicated that B-vitamin-supplemented soymilk is a good proliferation medium for strains of lactobacilli.

Effect of prebiotics on viability and growth characteristics of probiotics in soymilk

Soy products have attracted much attention lately as carriers for probiotics. This study was aimed at enhancing the growth of probiotics in soymilk via supplementation with prebiotics. Lactobacillus sp. FTDC 2113, Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC 8033, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, Bifidobacterium FTDC 8943 and Bifidobacterium longum FTDC 8643 were evaluated for their viability and growth characteristics in prebiotic-supplemented soymilk. In the presence of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulin, mannitol, maltodextrin and pectin, all strains showed viability exceeding 7 log(10) colony-forming units mL(-1) after 24 h. Their growth was significantly (P < 0.05) increased on supplementation with maltodextrin, pectin, mannitol and FOS. Additionally, supplementation with FOS, mannitol and maltodextrin increased (P < 0.05) the production of lactic acid. Supplementation with FOS and maltodextrin also increased the alpha-galactosidase activity of probiotics, leading to enhanced hydrolysis and utilisation of soy oligosaccharides. Finally, prebiotic supplementation enhanced the utilisation of simpler sugars such as fructose and glucose in soymilk. Supplementation with prebiotics enhances the potential of soymilk as a carrier for probiotics.

Production of α-galactosidase by a novel actinomycete Streptomyces griseoloalbus and its application in soymilk hydrolysis

α-Galactosidase production by a newly isolated actinomycete Streptomyces griseoloalbus under submerged fermentation was investigated. The influence of initial pH of medium, incubation temperature, inoculum age and inoculum size on α-galactosidase formation was studied. Various carbon sources were supplemented in the medium to study their effect on enzyme production. The influence of the concentration of locust bean gum on enzyme production also was optimized. Optimization of process parameters resulted in a highest α-galactosidase activity of 20.4 U/ml. The highest α-galactosidase activity was obtained when the fermentation medium with initial pH 6.0 and containing 1% locust bean gum as growth substrate was inoculated with 10% (v/v) of 72 h grown inoculum and incubated at 30°C. The hydrolysis of flatulence-causing oligosaccharides in soymilk by the enzyme was also investigated. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of enzyme-treated soymilk samples showed the complete hydrolysis of soy oligosaccharides liberating galactose, the final product.

Soy oligosaccharides in vitro fermentation characteristics and its effect on caecal microorganisms of young broiler chickens

An in vitro trial was conducted to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of soybean meal oligosaccharides (SMO) and changes in the caecal contents microbial community of broiler chickens as affected by SMO by using cumulative gas production and a PCR/DGGE technique. An in vivo trial aimed to study the effect of SMO on the caecal contents lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population and caecal wall attached microorganisms by means of a real-time PCR technique and scanning electron microscope, when SMO was used in the diet of broiler chickens during the first 2 weeks of post-hatch. In vitro trial results indicated SMO produced 245.7 ml gas/g DM, 261.8 mg acetic acid/g DM, 187.2 mg propionic acid/g DM and 155.2 mg butyric acid/g DM. In vivo experimental results showed that dietary SMO increased visible microbial populations attached on caecal walls and increased the population of a group of lactic acid bacteria (genera of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Weissella and Leuconostoc) in the caecal contents of young broiler chickens (P<0.05). In conclusion, SMO does show promise for use as a product which may promote competitive exclusion of potential pathogens. SMO may therefore, be a suitable substitute for dietary antibiotics in young broiler chickens in the future. As a potential prebiotic material, the selective stimulation of SMO on LAB could not be certified by the current experimental results and needs to be further studied.

In vitro fermentation kinetics of some non-digestible carbohydrates by the caecal microbial community of broilers

Fermentable carbohydrates can lead to changes in the gut microflora, which may have positive consequences for health. However, often, ingredients are added to diets without prior investigating about their potential fermentability within the target animal. The experiment reported, was conducted to investigate the fermentation kinetics of some non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) by the caecal microbial community of broiler chickens by an assessment of the cumulative gas production during fermentation of each substrate. It also aimed to study changes in the microbial community, following fermentation of these non-digestible carbohydrates, by use of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Four extracted non-digestible carbohydrates (ENC): soybean meal oligo- and water-soluble polysaccharides (SMO and SMP), alfalfa meal oligo- and water-soluble polysaccharides (AMO and AMP) were studied. Two pure sugars, raffinose (RAF) and stachyose (STA) were also included. To assess the fermentability of the substrates, cumulative gas pressure was monitored continuously, for 72 h, and at the end of fermentation, pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and ammonia (NH 3) concentrations were measured in the fermentation solution. The PCR-DGGE technique was applied to compare microbial DNA fingerprints between substrates at the end of the fermentation. The inoculum for the in vitro gas production was obtained from a mixture of caecal contents of forty 81-day-old broiler birds. Soy oligosaccharides led to significantly more butyric acid production ( P<0.05) after fermentation compared with other ENC. The production of butyric acid was 155.2 mg/g DM, 100.3 mg/g DM, 84.5 mg/g DM and 71.8 mg/g DM for SMO, SMP, AMP and AMO, respectively. Soy oligosaccharides had the lowest pH (5.5) and ammonia–nitrogen concentration (199.3 mg/l) after fermentation. This was significantly different from other ENC and the pure sugars. DGGE analysis revealed that, the fingerprint of caecal bacterial communities showed some variation ( C, value >60–80%) between some of the substrates. It was concluded that SMO, SMP, AMO and AMP, as well as RAF and STA were significantly different, both in terms of their fermentation kinetics and end-products using caecal contents from adult broilers. The extent to which these non-digestible, but fermentable, carbohydrates could change the microbial community of the broiler caecum, either in terms of the species detected, or its activity, needs to be investigated further, and then related to its effect on gut health in the animal itself.

Lactic acid fermentation eliminates indigestible carbohydrates and antinutritional factors in soybean meal for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar)

This study investigated how lactic acid fermentation of extracted (de-oiled) soybean white flakes (WF) affected the nutritional value of the WF when fed to Atlantic salmon. WF and fermented WF (FWF) were compared with a commercial extracted (SBM) and a commercial biotechnologically processed (BPSBM) soybean meal. Lactic acid fermentation eliminated sucrose, reduced the level of raffinose, and lowered trypsin inhibitor activity in the FWF. Eight extruded diets were produced in which the soy products substituted LT-fish meal (FM) on a crude protein (CP) basis: No soy (LT-FM); 20% SBM; 20% WF; 20% FWF; 20% BPSBM; 40% WF; 40% FWF; and 40% BPSBM. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 188 g salmon maintained in 8.4 °C seawater for 68 days. The groups fed 40% FWF consumed slightly less feed than the other groups. The groups fed LT-FM and 20% BPSBM grew fastest, while those fed 40% WF and 40% FWF grew slowest and at similar rates. All soy products reduced the digestibility of lipid, but this effect was less severe when feeding the diets with FWF and BPSBM. Soybean meal-induced pathological changes in the intestine were less pronounced in fish fed FWF and BPSBM than in fish fed WF and SBM. The similar growth in the groups fed 40% WF and 40% FWF was attributed to higher digestibility of lipid and energy when feeding FWF. The intestinal microflora of the salmon appeared to utilise soy oligosaccharides, and also some pectin and mannan. To conclude, lactic acid fermentation improved the nutritional value of WF by partly eliminating feed allergen(s) and soy factor(s) that restrict the absorption of lipid by Atlantic salmon.

Effects of soy oligosaccharides on plasma and cecal isoflavones, and cecal enzyme activities in mice.

This paper studies the effects of soy oligosaccharides on plasma and cecal isoflavones and floral enzyme activities in adult mice. The isoflavones used in this experiment were daidzein and genistein. Male 6-wk-old mice were fed a soy oligosaccharide-isoflavone (SOI) diet or cellulose-isoflavone (CEI) diet for 10 d. Plasma and cecal isoflavones were analyzed by HPLC, and cecal bacterial beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase activities were also measured. The plasma genistein concentration was significantly higher in the SOI diet group than in the CEI diet group, but no significant difference was observed in plasma daidzein concentration between the two dietary groups. The total amount of cecal isoflavones existing as aglycone were significantly greater in the SOI diet group than in the CEI diet group, and both cecal beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase activities were significantly higher in the SOI diet group than in the CEI diet group. These results indicate that soy oligosaccharides have an impact on the metabolic activity of intestinal microflora, plasma concentrations of isoflavones, and amount of isoflavones in the intestine. The present study suggests that ingestion of soy oligosaccharides may influence the effect of dietary isoflavones on the host.

The influence of soy oligosaccharides on apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibilities and fecal consistency in growing pigs12

The influence of soy oligosaccharides on apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibilities and fecal consistency in growing pigs12