Dietary Soy Research Articles

A Mendelian Randomization Study about Causal Associations between Tofu Consumption and Stroke as well as Related Subtypes.

Consuming soy in the diet is beneficial for health, and tofu possess the richest source of dietary soy. However, the specific association with stroke and related subtypes remains controversial. In this study, the genetic causal relationship among tofu and stroke as well as the subtypes was investigated by utilizing the data in a number of genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on population. The tofu intake GWAS analysis is derived from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol (MRC-IEU) Consortium. The two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was carried out, utilizing multiple analysis methods to analyze the associations with stroke and related subtypes. The sensitivity, heterogeneity, and potential pleiotropy could be investigated by multiple analysis method. We found that tofu intake had no causal relationship with stroke. However, in stroke subtype, there is a causal relationship among tofu intake with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (odds ratio, OR = 1.24 × 10-5, 95% CI: 1.54 × 10-8-9.95 × 10-3, p = 9.300 × 10-4), while tofu intake does not affect the risk of ischemic stroke (OR = 1.07 × 10-1, 95% CI: 3.84 × 10-4-2.97 × 101, p = 4.362 × 10-1) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (OR = 3.33 × 10-3, 95% CI: 1.79 × 10-6-6.18, p = 1.373 × 10-1). Both the Mendelian randomization PRESSO (MR-PRESSO) global test and Cochran's Q test did not detect any sensitivity and heterogeneity. While tofu consumption is associated with a higher risk of ICH, it does not show a significant relationship with ischemic stroke or SAH. The varying effects of tofu on different stroke subtypes underscore the need for considering potential confounding dietary and lifestyle factors in future studies.

Dietary soy protein reverses obesity-induced liver steatosis and alters fecal microbial composition independent of isoflavone level.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major public health concern that is exacerbated by the obesity pandemic. Dietary interventions have the potential to alleviate obesity-associated MASLD through variable mechanisms, including optimizing the gut microbiota. Previously, we reported that soy protein concentrate (SPC) with low or high levels of isoflavone (LIF or HIF) protected young obese Zucker rats from developing liver steatosis. The current study was designed to test whether SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets would reverse liver steatosis and alter fecal microbial composition in adult obese Zucker rats with existing steatosis. Six-week-old male obese Zucker rats (n = 26) were fed a casein control diet (CAS) for 8 weeks and 7 rats were randomly selected and sacrificed to confirm liver steatosis. The remaining rats were randomly assigned to receive CAS, SPC-LIF, or SPC-HIF diet (n = 6-7/group) for an additional 10 weeks. Compared to CAS diet, feeding SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets resulted in significantly lower liver weight, liver steatosis score, and liver microvesicular score (p < 0.05), but did not lead to difference in body weight, liver macrovesicular score, serum ALT, or serum AST. Isoflavone levels (e.g., LIF vs. HIF) did not affect any of these measurements except in the SPC-HIF group, which had an additional decrease in liver weight (p < 0.05) compared to the SPC-LIF group. The SPC-HIF group also had significantly higher levels of the aglycone forms of daidzein, genistein, and equol as well as the total levels of daidzein, genistein, and equol compared to SPC-LIF or CAS diet fed rats (p < 0.05). The distribution of microbial communities based on measures of beta diversity of both SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF groups were significantly different to that of the CAS group (p ≤ 0.005). Alpha-diversity did not differ between any of the groups. Taken together, dietary soy protein can reverse liver steatosis in adult Zucker rats, and the reversal of steatosis is accompanied by alterations in gut microbial composition.

Sex-specific associations between dietary legume subtypes and type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study.

Dietary soy, known for its high phytoestrogen content, has been suggested to exhibit a sex-specific association with type 2 diabetes. However, evidence regarding the sex-specific associations of different legume subtypes with type 2 diabetes remains scarce. We aimed to evaluate whether habitual consumption of soy and non-soy legumes (beans and peanuts) was prospectively and sex-specifically associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes incidence, taking into considering significant sex-specific genetic factors beyond legume consumption. A total of 16,666 participants (96,945 person-years) were followed and 945 incident cases were observed. Cumulative intake of legume subtypes was calculated using a food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline and during the revisit surveys. Non-soy legumes are inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in both men and women. Dietary soy intake, however, demonstrated a unilaterally interacting sex-specific association with type 2 diabetes risk (pinteraction for sex=0.0173). Specifically, there was a significant inverse association with type 2 diabetes risk in women (incidence rate ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.80; ptrend=0.0066), but no such association was observed in men. This sex-specific association persisted and even appeared antagonistic in minor allele carriers of 2 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs10196939 (LRRTM4) and rs11750158 (near GFPT2) (pinteraction for sex=0.0014 and 0.0112, respectively). Habitual consumption of legumes shows protective impacts against type 2 diabetes, although these benefits vary by sex. Non-soy legumes provide health advantages for both men and women, whereas soy consumption seems to be beneficial exclusively for women.

Suitable dietary phospholipids improve lipid deposition, but excessive dietary phospholipids disorder lipid metabolism in juvenile leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus)

Limited investigation has been available on the effects of dietary phospholipids in leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus), hindering its potential for aquaculture. This study was intended to investigate the impact of various levels (05 %) of dietary soy lecithin (SL) on juvenile P. leopardus over a 9-week feeding trial. Results indicated that dietary inclusion of 23 % SL enhanced the lipid content in liver, muscle, and whole-body. The fatty acid composition of muscle strongly reflected the dietary fatty acid profile. Furthermore, dietary inclusion of 3 % SL enhanced the activities of hepatic lipid synthesis enzymes [fatty acid synthase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)] and lipolytic enzymes [hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1)]. Additionally, the inclusion of 23 % SL upregulated the relative expression of lipid synthesis-related genes [fas, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (srebp1)] and lipid catabolism-related genes [hsl, cpt-1, and lipoprotein lipase (lpl)] in muscle. However, increasing dietary SL levels up to 45 % led to a reduction in muscle and whole-body lipid content, and an enhance in hepatic lipid content and hepatocyte vacuolization. Moreover, dietary inclusion of 5 % SL downregulated the relative expressions of hepatic lipid synthesis-related genes (g6pd and srebp1) and lipid catabolism-related genes (lpl and hsl). Overall, including 23 % SL in the diet improved lipid metabolism and thereby enhanced lipid deposition in juvenile P. leopardus, but excessive SL (45 %) disrupted lipid metabolism.

Association of soy intake and cooking methods with colorectal polyp and adenoma prevalence: findings from the extended Lanxi pre-colorectal cancer cohort (LP3C).

Limited research has explored the association between dietary soy products and colorectal polyps and adenomas, with insufficient attention given to cooking methods and subtypes of polyps. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the relationship between soy intake, its cooking methods, and the risk of colorectal polyps and adenomas within a high-incidence population of colorectal cancer (CRC) in China. Data were derived from 14,903 participants aged 40-80 years, enrolled in the extended Lanxi Pre-colorectal Cancer Cohort (LP3C) between March 2018 and December 2022. This cross-sectional study is based on the participants' baseline information. Long-term dietary information was collected through a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and colorectal polyps and adenomas were identified through electronic colonoscopy. Employing multivariate logistic regression, results were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). 4,942 cases of colorectal polyps and 2,678 cases of adenomas were ascertained. A significant positive association was found between total soy intake and the occurrence of polyps/adenomas. Considering cooking methods, a notable increase in polyp risk was associated with the consumption of fried soys while no association was detected for boiled or marinated soys. Furthermore, total soy intake demonstrated associations with large and multiple polyps, polyps Yamade-typed less than II, and polyps across all anatomical subsites. Within the high-risk CRC population in China, increased soy product intake was linked to a higher risk of polyps, primarily attributed to the consumption of fried soys. This suggests that modifying cooking methods to avoid fried soys may serve as a preventive strategy for colorectal polyps.

Association between dietary soy prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and normalization of placental insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling networks and downstream effector molecule expression

Chronic prenatal alcohol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), often associated with impaired placentation and intrauterine growth restriction. Ethanol&amp;rsquo;s inhibition of insulin and insulin-like growth factor Type 1 (IGF-1) signaling compromises trophoblastic cell motility and maternal vascular transformation at the implantation site. Previous studies have demonstrated that dietary soy effectively normalizes placentation and fetal growth in an experimental model of FASD. The studies were extended to better understand the mechanisms underlying soy&amp;rsquo;s beneficial effects. Pregnant Long Evans rats were pair-fed with isocaloric liquid diets containing either 0% or 36% caloric ethanol from gestation day (GD) 6. The protein source in the diets consisted of either casein (standard and control) or soy isolate. On GD19, placentas were harvested to measure mRNA levels corresponding to major components of the insulin/IGF-1 pathway, as well as aspartyl-asparaginyl-&amp;beta;-hydroxylase (ASPH), Notch, and HES, which play critical roles in placentation. Chronic gestational ethanol exposure in rats fed diets containing casein significantly reduced the expression of insulin, insulin receptor, Igf1, IGF-1 receptor (Igf1r), insulin receptor substrate Type 1 (Irs1), Irs2, Asph, and Hes1. In addition, ethanol significantly decreased ASPH protein expression. Dietary soy mitigated most of these effects and further enhanced signaling by upregulating Igf2, Igf2r, Irs1, Irs2, Irs4, Notch, and Hes1 in rats chronically exposed to ethanol relative to corresponding control samples. The protective effects of dietary soy in FASD act at the mRNA level and positively impact pathways imperative for normal placentation and fetal development. Gestational dietary soy may provide an effective means of preventing FASD in vulnerable populations.

Consumption of soya isoflavones improved polycystic ovary syndrome-associated metabolic disorders in a rat model.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with increased risks for certain metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and suppressed ovarian follicular development. This study aimed to examine whether soya isoflavones (ISF) mitigate these polycystic ovary syndrome-associated metabolic disorders in a rat model. Weanling Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into six groups and were treated with either 0 or 83 µg/d dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to induce polycystic ovary syndrome and fed diets containing 0, 0·5, or 1 g ISF/kg diet for 8 weeks. DHT treatment increased food intake, body weight gain (P < 0·001), percentage of primordial follicles (60 % v. 50·9 %, P < 0·05) and accumulation of lipid droplets in the livers. It also elevated serum total cholesterol, free cholesterol, TAG, NEFA and leptin and hepatic total cholesterol and NEFA. Additionally, DHT treatment reduced the percentage of primary follicles (13·8 % v. 30·2 %, P < 0·05), ovary weight and length (P < 0·001), as well as insulin sensitivity (P < 0·01) compared with the Control. ISF intake at 1 g/kg reduced body weight gain, serum total cholesterol, free cholesterol, NEFA, leptin and hepatic TAG and DHT-induced insulin resistance (P < 0·01). ISF intake at both levels decreased DHT-induced lipid droplet accumulation in the livers and changes in the percentages of primordial and primary follicles. Dietary soya ISF alleviated DHT-induced body weight gain, insulin resistance and hepatic lipid droplet accumulation, as well as suppressed ovarian follicular development. This suggests that the consumption of soya foods or ISF supplements may be beneficial for individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome, mitigating the associated metabolic disorders such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Effects of Dietary Soy Sauce Dregs and Cassava Peel Meal on the Performance of Production and Reproduction of Grower Quails (Cortunix cortunix Japonica)

Background: The cost of feed is a significant factor in the viability of a quail farming business. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effects of dietary soy sauce dregs and cassava peel meal on the performance production and reproduction of grower quails (Cortunix cortunix Japonica). Methods: This study employed four treatment groups, each with five replicates, namely P0 (control), P1 (5%), P2 (10%), and P3 (15%). The parameters observed were feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality, body weight at sexual maturity, egg weight, and laying age. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, followed by the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) to identify any significant differences. Results: The results showed that the addition of soy sauce dregs and cassava peel meal to the feed up to 15% to the treatment group resulted in significant effects (p &lt; 0.05) on feed consumption, egg weight, and laying age. However, it had no significant effect on body weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality, and body weight at sexual maturity. Conclusion: The supplementation of soy sauce dregs and cassava peel meal up to 15% in grower quail diets resulted in improvements in the performance of both production and reproduction of grower quails, as evidenced by increased feed consumption, egg weight, and laying age.

Effects of dietary soybean meal levels on reproduction parameters, the growth and gonad, gut, hepatopancreas histology of female African Cichlids Pseudotropheus socolofi

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different soybean meal dietary supplementation levels on the growth, reproductive parameters, gonad, intestine and hepatopancreas histology of Pseudotropheus socolofi. Experimental groups were hand-fed to satiety with diets supplemented with soybean meal at levels of 3, 16, 27, 35, and 44% twice daily for 90 days. The results of this study showed that specific growth rate, weight gain, and survival rate were not affected by dietary soy proportions (P &amp;gt; 0.05). The worst FCR and final weight were found in those fed the diet containing 44% soy (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In female reproductive parameters, there was no significant difference between the groups in fertilization rate, egg production, hatching rate, egg diameter, gonadosomatic index and broodstock ovulation percentage (P &amp;gt; 0.05). However, due to pathological examinations in female individuals, a significant decrease was observed in the number of mature oocytes in the ovaries and goblet cells in the intestines with increasing soy levels in the diet (P &amp;lt; 0.05). As a result, using soybean meal up to 35% did not negatively affect growth. However, adding 44% soybean meal to diets caused histopathologically serious inflammatory reactions and decreased growth.

Soy Protein Concentrate Diets Inversely Affect LPS-Binding Protein Expression in Colon and Liver, Reduce Liver Inflammation, and Increase Fecal LPS Excretion in Obese Zucker Rats.

Dietary soy protein and soy isoflavones have anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, we reported that feeding soy protein concentrate diet (SPC) with low or high isoflavone (LIF or HIF) to young (seven-week-old) obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation and decreases liver inflammation compared to a casein control (CAS) diet. The current study investigated whether SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets would reduce liver inflammation in adult obese Zucker rats fed a CAS diet. A total of 21 six-week-old male obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats were given CAS diet for 8 weeks to develop obesity then randomly assigned to CAS, SPC-LIF, or SPC-HIF (seven rats/group) diet for an additional 10 weeks. The expression of LPS-translocation, inflammation, and intestinal permeability markers were quantified by qPCR in liver, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and colon. LPS concentration was determined in both the colon content and fecal samples by a Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets significantly decreased liver LPS-binding protein (LBP) expression compared to CAS diet (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). SPC-HIF diet also significantly decreased liver MCP-1 and TNF-α expression (p < 0.05) and had a trend to decrease liver iNOS expression (p = 0.06). In the colon, SPC-HIF diet significantly increased LBP expression compared to CAS diet (p < 0.05). When samples from all three groups were combined, there was a negative correlation between colon LBP expression and liver LBP expression (p = 0.046). SPC diets did not alter the expression of intestinal permeability markers (i.e., occludin, claudin 3, and zonula occludens-1) in the colon or inflammation markers (i.e., TNF-α and iNOS) in VAT or the colon. LPS levels in the colon content did not differ between any groups. Fecal LPS levels were significantly higher in the SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF groups compared to the CAS group (p < 0.01). In conclusion, SPC, particularly SPC with HIF, reduces liver LBP expression and inflammation makers (i.e., TNF-α and MCP-1 expression) in adult obese Zucker rats, likely by reducing LPS translocation.

Abstract 759: Soy protein diet changes metabolic profile in liver of 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in obese zucker rats

Abstract Obesity is associated with the risk of certain types of cancers development including breast cancer. Previously, we reported that obesity increased mammary tumor development using obese Zucker rat model. Several studies have shown the health benefit of soy protein consumption. However, the effects of soy protein diet on liver of mammary tumor for oxidative stress and DNA reaction is less known. We used DMBA induced-mammary tumor model to investigate the effects of soy protein diet on pro-oxidative environment and oxidative DNA modification in liver of obese DMBA mammary tumors rats. Female obese zucker rats (n=45) were either fed casein as control (OC; n=20) or soy protein isolate (OS; n=25), received DMBA (65mg/kg BW) at the age 50 days and sacrificed 20 weeks later. We used HPLC-ECD, HPLC-UV and LC-MS techniques for liver metabolic analysis. Comparing liver of OS vs. OC, soy protein 1) decreased the level of Methionine (P&amp;lt;0.02), increased 2) free reduced Homocysteine (P&amp;lt;0.02), 3) S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM, P&amp;lt;0.03), 4) S-Adenosyhomocysteine (SAH, P&amp;lt;0.001) and 5) 5methyl-Cytosine (5mC, P&amp;lt;0.03). Also, soy protein decreased (P&amp;lt;0.003) level of free oxidized Glutathione (GSSG), increased (P&amp;lt;0.02) GSH/GSSG oxidative stress ratio, without any changes a level of free reduced Glutathione (GSH), followed decrease (P&amp;lt;0.04) in liver DNA level of 8-OH-Guanosine (8-OH-G) and level (P&amp;lt;0.02) of 5hmethyl-Cytosine (5hmC). Our results shows soy protein diet capable change liver metabolism: a. Modify a methylation status by increasing levels of SAM (universal methyl group donor) following global liver DNA hypermethylation (5mC), and SAH (methylases inhibitor); b. Alleviate level of oxidative stress in liver by decreasing level of GSSG (not active glutathione), increasing GSH/GSSG ratio (antioxidative capacities), following lower ROS liver DNA damages by decrease levels of 8-OH-G and 5hmC. In conclusion, using obese DMBA-induced mammary tumor Zucker rat model, soy diet making a complex and significantly modification of metabolic conditions in liver affecting both methionine cycle and transsulfuration metabolic pathways. Citation Format: Reza Hakkak, Stepan Melnyk. Soy protein diet changes metabolic profile in liver of 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in obese zucker rats [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 759.

Effects of dietary soy content on cerebral artery function and behavior in ovariectomized female mice.

As females age, they transition through menopause, experiencing a decrease in estrogen and an increase in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease risk. Most standard rodent chows contain phytoestrogen-rich soybean meal, which can mimic the effects of estrogen. Understanding the impact of this soybean meal on vascular outcomes is crucial to proper experimental design. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of standard and soy-free chows on cerebral artery endothelial function and cognitive function in ovariectomized mice. Young female C57Bl/6J mice (n = 43; ∼6 mo) were randomly assigned to three groups: sham, ovariectomy (OVX), or ovariectomy on a diet containing soy (OVX + Soy). In posterior cerebral arteries, the OVX mice had a 27% lower maximal response to insulin compared with the sham mice. The OVX + Soy mice had a 27% greater maximal vasodilation to insulin compared with the OVX mice and there were no differences in vasodilation between the OVX + Soy and sham groups. The group differences in vasodilation were mediated by differences in nitric oxide bioavailability. The OVX + Soy mice also had greater insulin receptor gene expression in cerebral arteries compared with the OVX mice. However, no differences in aortic or cerebral artery stiffness were observed between groups. Interestingly, the OVX + Soy group scored better on nesting behavior compared with both sham and OVX groups. In summary, we found that ovariectomy impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation in cerebral arteries, but a diet containing soy mitigates these effects. These findings highlight the importance of considering dietary soy when performing vascular and behavioral tests in mice, particularly in females.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To properly design experiments, we must consider how variables like diet impact our outcomes, particularly the effects of soy on females. We found that cerebral artery vasodilation in response to insulin was impaired in ovariectomized female mice compared with intact shams. However, ovariectomized mice fed a soy diet had a preserved cerebral artery insulin-mediated vasodilation. These results highlight that the effects of diet on vascular function may explain inconsistencies found between studies.

Effects of soy isoflavones on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis

Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens that provide protection against some hormonal disorders and regulate several physiological functions in animals. This study investigates the effects of soy isoflavones on body composition, antioxidant activity, non-specific immunity, and lipid metabolism in juvenile Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis. A total of 960 juvenile crabs (1.09 ± 0.01 g) were randomly assigned to 24 tanks (300L), with 40 crabs in each tank in four replicates. The crabs were fed diets (43.5% protein and 7% lipid) with six levels of soy isoflavones (0, 8.8, 15.8, 33.8, 66.8, and 137.0 mg/kg) at 4% BW/day for 56 days. The final biomass and biomass gain of crabs supplemented with 15.8 and 33.8 mg/kg soy isoflavones were significantly higher than those in the control group. The total lipid content in the whole-body and hepatopancreas of the crabs fed 15.8 and 33.8 mg/kg soy isoflavones was significantly lower than in the control group. Compared with the control group, soy isoflavones significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity in the hepatopancreas by 40%, 57% and 79%, respectively, and significantly decreased malondialdehyde content by 24%. The high dietary soy isoflavones levels increased total protein and hemocyanin contents in hemolymph, and alkaline phosphatase activity was also significantly enhanced. The triglyceride contents in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph were significantly lower in the soy isoflavones-supplemented group. Dietary soy isoflavones may reduce lipid accumulation in the hepatopancreas by repressing genes related to lipid synthesis and promoting the expression of lipid oxidation and transport genes. The broken-line model analysis of biomass gain against dietary soy isoflavones levels shows that the optimal supplemental level of soy isoflavones for juvenile crabs is approximately 26.66 mg/kg. Thus, this study suggests that dietary soy isoflavones supplementation can improve growth performance and health and reduce lipid accumulation in the hepatopancreas of juvenile crabs.

Effect of Dietary Soy Protein Source on Effluent Water Quality and Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout Reared in a Serial Reuse Water System.

Juvenile rainbow trout (125 ± 0.8 g) were fed a fishmeal control diet (C), a high soy protein concentrate diet (SP), a high soybean meal diet (HiS), or a diet with high levels of fermented soy protein concentrate (fSP) for 12 weeks in a tank system capable of receiving 1st and 3rd use water from a serial-reuse production hatchery. Water quality was generally lower in 3rd use compared to 1st use water and after passing through tanks (inflow vs. outflow). Total dissolved solids were significantly higher (p = 0.003) for 3rd use compared to 1st use water, and values were also higher (p < 0.001) for the fSP diet. Turbidity and ammonia were highest in tanks for trout fed the HiS and fSP and SP and fSP diets, respectively, but were characterized by high variation, which likely prevented the detection of significant differences. Weight gain (p < 0.001) and survival (p = 0.008) were significantly lower for trout in 3rd use compared to 1st use water. Trout fed the HiS diet were generally in poorer physiological condition with lower body fat stores (p = 0.05) and lower growth rate (p < 0.001) and survival (p = 0.05) compared to the other diets, which were similar. The expression of several stress-associated genes (FK506, DIO2, REGPS, Cyp1a, G6PH, GADD45a, and IRF-1) in the liver and gill showed that diet and water source affected their regulation. Replacement of FM by SP providing 50% of dietary protein promotes acceptable growth performance compared to an FM diet and was superior to HiS. The impacts of soy protein concentrate on water quality under commercial production conditions, however, require further study.

Influence of Non-Hormonal Intervention On Lipid Profile Among Perimenopausal Women.

This study aims to find the effect of a non-hormonal therapy to help solve dyslipidemia among perimenopausalwomen. The objective of achieving this aim was to find the effect of soya supplementation on low-density lipoprotein (LDL),high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol (TCL) levels among perimenopausal women with dyslipidemia. This singleblindedquasi-experimental study was conducted in a rural community in southern India with 54 perimenopausal women in 40-55 age. The subjects were randomized into a control group that received only structured health education and an experimentalgroup that received structured health education, and soya supplements 50 grams of soya meal curry on alternative days for 3days a week for 16 weeks. The three-outcome analysis for the study HDL, LDL, and TCL levels was analyzed as a part ofbaseline selection criteria (Pre-test), following 8 weeks (Post-test 1) and 16th weeks (Post-test 2), respectively. The study resultsshowed that all three biomarkers normalized significantly better in the experimental group than in the control group. The studysupports the statement that a soya diet can be an adjunct to estrogen therapy. Hence, the study favors using a soya diet as atreatment choice for managing dyslipidemia among perimenopausal women.

Examination of Serum Metabolome Altered by Dietary Carbohydrate, Milk Protein, and Soy Protein Interventions Identified Novel Metabolites Associated with Blood Pressure: The ProBP Trial.

This study aims to discover metabolites of dietary carbohydrate, soy and milk protein supplements and evaluate their roles in blood pressure (BP) regulation in the protein and blood pressure (ProBP), a cross-over trial. Plasma metabolites are profiled at pre-trial baseline and after 8 weeks of supplementation with carbohydrate, soy protein, and milk protein, respectively, among 80 ProBP participants. After Bonferroni correction (α = 6.49 × 10-4 ), dietary interventions significantly changed 40 metabolites. Changes of erucate (22:1n9), an omega-9 fatty acid, are positively associated with systolic BP changes (Beta = 1.90, p = 6·27 × 10-4 ). This metabolite is also associated with higher odds of hypertension among 1261 participants of an independent cohort (odds ratio per unit increase = 1.34; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-1.68). High levels of acylcholines dihomo-linolenoyl-choline (p = 4.71E-04) and oleoylcholine (p = 3.48E-04) at baseline predicted larger BP lowering effects of soy protein. Increasing cheese intake during the trial, as reflected by isobutyrylglycine and isovalerylglycine, reduces the BP lowering effect of soy protein. The study identifies molecular signatures of dietary interventions. Erucate (22:1n9) increases systolic BP. Acylcholine enhances and cheese intake reduces the BP lowering effect of soy protein supplement.

Review of Dietary Soy’s Effects on Human Health and Its Constituents

Soy protein is a natural component of soybeans and is known to provide a variety of health advantages. It offers advantages and is a different source of protein for folks who don’t consume meat. The purpose of this review is to familiarize readers with the value of soy beans in both the food and medical industries. Legumes, which also include peanuts, chickpeas, various beans, and pulses, contain soybeans. Soybeans are incredibly flexible because they can be made into meal, flour, and oil. Soy protein has roughly 25g of approved health claims per day, which is known to lower total cholesterol and LDL. Soy has a variety of powerful ingredients, including fiber, isoflavones, phytic acid, saponins, and trypsin inhibitors. Soy has been seen to have several harmful consequences. Numerous studies have raised concerns about the potential negative effects of it because of the allergens present and the antinutrient agents they contain, which prevent micronutrient absorption. It may also result in hypothyroidism because it lacks some essential amino acids, making it a source of incomplete protein. Additionally, it might have hormonal effects on infants later in life.

Dietary soy prevents fetal demise, intrauterine growth restriction, craniofacial dysmorphic features, and impairments in placentation linked to gestational alcohol exposure: Pivotal role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling networks.

Prenatal alcohol exposure can impair placentation and cause intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal demise, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Previous studies showed that ethanol's inhibition of placental insulin and insulin-like growth factor, type 1 (IGF-1) signaling compromises trophoblastic cell motility and maternal vascular transformation at the implantation site. Since soy isolate supports insulin responsiveness, we hypothesized that dietary soy could be used to normalize placentation and fetal growth in an experimental model of FASD. Pregnant Long-Evans rat dams were fed with isocaloric liquid diets containing 0% or 8.2% ethanol (v/v) from gestation day (GD) 6. Dietary protein sources were either 100% soy isolate or 100% casein (standard). Gestational sacs were harvested on GD19 to evaluate fetal resorption, fetal growth parameters, and placental morphology. Placental insulin/IGF-1 signaling through Akt pathways was assessed using commercial bead-based multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Dietary soy markedly reduced or prevented the ethanol-associated fetal loss, IUGR, FASD dysmorphic features, and impairments in placentation/maturation. Furthermore, ethanol's inhibitory effects on the placental glycogen cell population at the junctional zone, invasive trophoblast populations at the implantation site, maternal vascular transformation, and signaling through the insulin and IGF1 receptors, Akt and PRAS40 were largely abrogated by co-administration of soy. Dietary soy may provide an economically feasible and accessible means of reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes linked to gestational ethanol exposure.

Review of Dietary Soy's Effects on Human Health and Its Constituents

Soy protein is a natural component of soybeans and is known to provide a variety of health advantages. It offers advantages and is a different source of protein for folks who don’t consume meat. The purpose of this review is to familiarize readers with the value of soy beans in both the food and medical industries. Legumes, which also include peanuts, chickpeas, various beans and pulses, contain soybeans. Soybeans are incredibly flexible because they can be made into meal, flour and oil. Soy protein has roughly 25 g of approved health claims per day, which is known to lower total cholesterol and LDL. Soy has a variety of powerful ingredients, including fiber, isoflavones, phytic acid, saponins and trypsin inhibitors. Soy has been seen to have several harmful consequences. Numerous studies have raised concerns about the potential negative effects of it because of the allergens present and the antinutrient agents they contain, which prevent micronutrient absorption. It may also result in hypothyroidism because it lacks some essential amino acids, making it a source of incomplete protein. Additionally, it might have hormonal effects on infants later in life.

Investigation of dietary exogenous protease and humic substance on growth, disease resistance to Flavobacterium covae and immune responses in juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Many bacterial pathogens impact the US catfish industry, and disease control can be challenging for producers. Columnaris disease in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is primarily caused by Flavobacterium covae (formerly F. columnare). Immunostimulants may enhance nonspecific immune responses and offer an alternative to antibiotic treatments in catfish. Furthermore, dietary protein sources and inclusions are also essential to fish health and nutrition and may enhance overall fish performance in pond culture. The current project evaluated two immunostimulants: a protease complex (PC) and a humic substance (HS) derived from a reed-sedge peat product. A 60-day trial examined the effects of five diets on growth performance, immune response and resistance to experimental F. covae infection in channel catfish. Diets included a high-quality fishmeal diet (32%; CF32), a high-protein soy-based diet (32%; C32), a low-protein soy-based diet (28%; C28; predominately used in industry), a low-protein soy diet supplemented with C28 + PC at 175 g metric ton-1 and C28 + HS in a low-protein diet at 23 g metric ton-1 . Following feeding for 60 d, juvenile channel catfish were sampled for growth performance and baseline health indicators (n = 3; body mucus, blood for sera, kidney and spleen). A subset of fish was then subjected to an immersion-based in vivo challenge trial with F. covae (ALG-00-530; 106 CFU mL-1 exposure). At 60d post-initiation, there were no dietary differences in the relative growth rate (p = .063) or thermal growth coefficient (p = .055), but the 32% diets generally appeared to perform best. Post-challenge, the C32 group's mortality was higher than the C28 + PC (p = .006) and C28 + HS diets (p = .005). Although not significant, the C28 and CF32 groups also demonstrated higher mortality compared to both PC and HS diets. Sera lysozyme concentration was found to increase following pathogen challenge (p < .001) and in comparison with mock-challenged catfish (p < .001). Elevated expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (il-1β, il-8, tnf-α and tgf-β) were observed at trial midpoint and post-infection when compared to 60d. The C28 treatment was found to have lower tnf-α expression than the C28 + PC (p = .042) and C28 + HS (p = .042) groups following exposure to F. covae. These challenge data suggest that the immunostimulants (PC and HS) in plant-based protein may be beneficial in protecting against F. covae when offered in low-protein channel catfish diets.