Soxhlet System Research Articles

Phytochemical Study, Evaluation of Antihelminthic Potential and In silico Screening for Breast Cancer Using Mimosa pudica Linn.

Breast Cancer is a major health concern in India, where it is highly lethal for women because of unchecked cell proliferation and metastasis, which are frequently caused by interactions between the Estrogen Receptor Alpha and other receptors. Even though they work well, synthetic Anthelmintics come with dangers to the health of both humans and animals. Therefore, creating effective and safe Anthelmintics from plant sources is our main goal. We extracted Mimosa pudica leaves with ethanol using a Soxhlet system, and after concentration, we examined the extract using GC-MS, FTIR, and UV techniques. Estrogen Receptor structure and flavonoid compound databases from PubChem and Protein Data Bank were used for in silico testing against Breast Cancer and anthelmintic action, respectively. Using molecular docking and drug similarity investigations, the effectiveness of natural compounds against Breast Cancer was evaluated.

Investigation of Antidiabetic Activity of Isolated Molecule from the Bark of Olax scandens

Hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin synthesis and/or activity characterizes diabetes mellitus (DM), which is categorized as a metabolic condition. Some patients may develop side effects or drug interactions when treating these disorders with synthetic drugs. Due to this, there is an increased interest in researching the medical properties of plants and herbal substances while also considering synthetic medications’ interactions and negative effects. To isolate and identify the flavonoid 5-hydroxy-apigenin-7-O-Dglucopyranoside, the bark of Olax scandens was extracted with methanol in a soxhlet system (5HAG). The current study set out to examine 5HAG’s potential ability to treat albino wistar rats with STZ-induced diabetes. The chemical component significantly lowered rats’ blood glucose levels and improved lipid markers. Hepatic enzymes improved significantly, including SGOT, SGPT, ALP, plasma insulin, and total proteins. Overall, this study exposes new avenues for researching how 5HAG reduces blood sugar levels so drastically, but according to the aforementioned study, the flavonoid possesses antidiabetic properties because of its antioxidant activity. In addition, the isolated flavonoid may significantly impact the reduction of blood sugar and its complications by acting as a lead molecule in the identification of novel antidiabetic drug candidates.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Obtained Tanacetum parthenium Extract by Soxhlet System

In this study, freshly collected Tanacetum parthenium in Elazığ (Türkiye) is separated from its stems and cleaned. This sample of prepared is dried in an oven at 60 °C for 4 hours and ground. Extraction has been performed with ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) for 5 hours using Soxhlet system. In this system, the solvent is heated, evaporated, and the hot vapor of the solvent condenses and falls onto the powder sample. The amounts of sample, working time, and solvent used in the experimental studies have been optimized. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used in optimization studies. The findings of RSM model and experimental data have been statistically assessed. The assessment of the quality of the extract can be evaluated based on its quantity, color, and components. The density and viscosity of the obtained extract have been determined. Besides, as the grain size of Tanacetum parthenium powder decreases, the surface area increases, therefore the extraction time is reduced. The results show that at 78 °C and 5.7 hours, 9.6 grams of biomass has the maximum efficiency. Also, the composition of Tanacetum parthenium extract has been analyzed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Extraction of Phenolic and Flavonoid from Seeds of Black Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Aims: The study was conducted on black soybean seeds (Glycine max. L) to optima the conditions of some factors affecting the extracted yield of polyphenol compounds.
 Study Design: The factors include the types of solvent used (methanol, ethanol and acetone); solvent concentrations (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 % v/v); ratio of sample and solvent (1:4,1:6, 1:8, 1:10) and cycle of extractions (2, 3, 4); extract times (2, 3, 4h) and temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 oC). The efficiency of polyphenol extract was shown by the content of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC).
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology and Food technology, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Viet Nam, from March 2021 to March 2022.
 Methodology: The black soybean seeds were pulverized by a mill and defatted using the Soxhlet system with hexane for 10 hrs as described by Weidner et al. (2012). TPC was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method of Susu Giang et al (2013). TFC was determined by colorimetric method as described by Ozsoy et al (2008).
 Results: The results showed that the extraction efficiency was high when using 70% acetone solvent; the appropriate ratio of soybean and solvent was 1:10 with 3 cycles of extraction. The extraction efficiency can be improved when extracting samples at temperature at 60oC for 4 hours, TPC and TFC content reached about 5.02±0.04 mgGAE/g and 2.74±0.03 mgQE/g.
 Conclusion: 70% acetone is the most suitable solvent to extract polyphenols from black soybean. The ratio of sample in solvent is 1:10 (w/v), three times of extraction in 4 hours for each extraction cycle at 60°C for the highest extraction efficiency of TPC and TFC, reaching 7.02 ±0.04 mgGAE/g and 2.74±0.03 mgQE/g, respectively.

Determination of total protein and lipid contents in some soybean varieties

Soybean seeds consist of a lot of necessary nutrients for health, they are considered a complete source of protein andvegetable lipids for the human body. In this study, six soybean varieties (DT22, Coc Chum B, black soybean, Kwangan, Cuc Ha Bac and DT84) were evaluated for total protein, lipids contents and acid and iodine indexes. Total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method. Oil was extracted from mature seeds using the Soxhlet system with diethyl ether solvent. The results showed that levels of total protein and lipids are relatively high in tested soybean varieties. The total protein content ranged from 29.36 to 37.32%, and lipids ranged from 19.8 to 21.2%. The free acid index was from 0.12 to 1.69 mg KOH/g, the iodine value was about 52.43 to 68.64 g I2/100 g. Varieties with high protein content were black soybean and Cuc Ha Bac. Nutritionally, these varieties are all sources of high nutritional value in providing protein and essential fatty acids for humans.

An Initiative Research of the Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of the Crescentia Cujete L. Seed Oil

Objectives: To establish the quality standard of the Crescentia cujete L. seed oil. Material and methods: The Crescentia cujete L. seed oil was extracted by Soxhlet system with n-hexane solvent; the acid, peroxide, and iodine values were determined by the methods described in the Vietnamese pharmacopoeia V; GC/MS method was used to determine the composition and the major components of the seed oil. Results and conclusion: The chemical composition and characteristics of Crescentia cujete L. seed oil have been determined. The result showed that seeds have a high oil content (16.44%). The acid, peroxide, and iodine values were 4.02, 9.6, and 92, respectively. A total of 7 fatty acids were identified in the Crescentia cujete L. seed oil (palmitic acid C16:0 – 19.56%, acid stearic C18:0 – 3.85%, nonadecanoic acid C19:0 – 1.20%, eicosanoic acid C20:0 – 0.54%, octadecadienoic acid C18:2 – 73.75%, palmitoleic acid C16:1 – 0.31%, 11-eicosenoic acid C19:1 – 0.15%). These results will be further used in the development of regulatory documents (draft monograph for the Pharmacopoeia) on the Crescentia cujete L. oil.

FÓSSEIS MOLECULARES DA MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA SILURIANA DA FORMAÇÃO TIANGUÁ (BACIA DO PARNAÍBA), NORDESTE DO BRASIL: IMPLICAÇÕES PALEOAMBIENTAIS E MATURAÇÃO TÉRMICA

MOLECULAR FOSSILS FROM SILURIAN ORGANIC MATTER OF THE TIANGUÁ FORMATION (PARNAÍBA BASIN), NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS AND THERMAL MATURATION. The Parnaíba Basin covers an area of 665,888 km2 between the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil. It is completely made up of siliciclastic sedimentary and volcanic rocks with ages varying between the Silurian and the Cretaceous. Among the formations of the Basin, the Tianguá Formation is considered a potential source rock. However, there are few geochemical and/or geological studies and no research work on the molecular parameters of the organic matter (OM) present in its outcropping rocks (OR). Thus, the objective of the present work is to characterize the OM, concerning the depositional paleoenvironment and the degree of thermal evolution, through molecular parameters and OM content. The OM was extracted using the Soxhlet system, chromatographed by classical methods, and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS. The samples exhibited low total organic carbon values (TOC <1) and the molecular parameters of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons suggested a marine depositional environment, with algae, bacteria, and terrestrial plants input. The C30 biomarkers (24-n-propylcholestane), identified using synthetic standards and usually associated with the Chrysophyte algae, corroborated the marine origin of the depositional environment. In addition, some molecular parameters suggested little thermal evolution.

Influence of Light Intensity and Photoperiod on the Photoautotrophic Growth and Lipid Content of the Microalgae Verrucodesmus verrucosus in a Photobioreactor

Microalgal biomass has the capacity to accumulate relatively large quantities of triacylglycerides (TAG) for the conversion of methyl esters of fatty acids (FAME) which has made microalgae a desirable alternative for the production of biofuels. In the present work Verrucodesmus verrucosus was evaluated under autotrophic growth conditions as a suitable source of oil for biodiesel production. For this purpose BG11 media were evaluated in three different light:dark photoperiods (L:D; 16:08; 12:12; 24:0) and light intensities (1000, 2000 and 3000 Lux) in a photobioreactor with a capacity of three liters; the evaluation of the microalgal biomass was carried out through the cell count with the use of the Neubauer chamber followed by the evaluation of the kinetic growth parameters. So, the lipid accumulation was determined through the lipid extraction with a Soxhlet system. Finally, the fatty acid profile of the total pooled lipids was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results demonstrate that the best conditions are a photoperiod of 12 light hours and 12 dark hours with BG11 medium in a 3 L tubular photobioreactor with 0.3% CO2, 25 °C and 2000 Lux, allowing a lipid accumulation of 50.42%. Palmitic acid is identified as the most abundant fatty acid at 44.90%.

Oil Quality and Yield of Different Carthamus tinctorius Cultivars: Promising Oilseeds for Biodiesel in Semi‐Arid Regions

AbstractIn this study, seed productivity and oil content of three safflower genotypes (IMAMT 1750, IMAMT 946 and IMAMT 894) cultivated in the Brazilian semi‐arid region were evaluated to identify which genotype has the best in‐field performance. The acidity and saponification index were evaluated, as well as the efficiency of lipid extraction through thermal analysis, aiming to estimate the species' potential for biofuel production in semi‐arid regions. Field cultivation under semi‐arid conditions lasted for ~75 days and no herbivory were observed on the plants. The IMAMT 894 genotype presented higher seed yield than the other genotypes, IMAMT 1750 presented 34% oil, and IMAMT 946 and IMAMT 894 presented 32% oil with efficient extraction in the Soxhlet system and high oil content and quality; higher than traditionally used crops such as soybean and cotton. The IMAMT 894 genotype showed higher seed productivity, but all three genotypes presented good oil yield and quality for biodiesel production. Oil extraction in the Soxhlet system was efficient since the thermogravimetric analysis showed no oil in the residual biomass after oil extraction.

Quality characteristics of caper seed oils—The impact of extraction: Soxhlet versus cold pressing

Caper seed oil obtained by the soxhlet extraction had significantly (p < .05) higher acidity, peroxide content, viscosity, unsaponifiable matter, total phenolics, and antioxidant values than those of oils extracted by the cold-press for all tested varieties. Cold-pressed oil had significantly (p < .05) higher iodine and saponification values compared to oil extracted by the Soxhlet system. The oil obtained by cold-press resulted in higher fatty acid levels for all samples as compared to Soxhlet extracts. The tocopherol contents of the oils extracted by cold pressing were higher than those of Soxhlet extracts, except γ-tocopherol, which was significantly (p < .05) higher in the Soxhlet-extracted oils for Capparis spinosa. For all varieties, the level of phenolic compounds was significantly (p < .05) reduced when the oil was extracted by the cold-pressing system. In general and regardless of the extraction system, the type of variety was found to have a significant effect on all parameters measured. Practical applications Caper plant grows at the most countries of Africa, Asia, and South European. Capers have very important roles for beneficial natural components in the food industry. Capers have very important roles for beneficial natural components in the food industry. There are a significant increase in the interest of bioactive compounds from plant products. Cold-pressing procedure involves no heat or chemical treatments. Cold-press technique is simple and environment-friendly method. Solvent extraction, on the contrary, is a cost-effective and fast method of oil extraction.

Assessing the impact of quercetin isolated from Ammi majus seeds upon Candida spp. isolants isolated from different sources

Quercetin has been extracted from Ammi majus plant using ethanol via soxhlet system. Further, the substance was diagnosed by three binary and mono-layered chromatographical devices beside chronographical quantitative separation. Total of 45 patients was inflicted with mouth infections and urinary tract in both genders. The momentary vaginal infections among different ages of people settled in different regions of Nineveh district / Iraq were considered for the study. The study patients were identified using microscopic testing, selective differential medium (CHROM candida agar) and Vitek system. The isolation results inferred that the mouth infection is caused by most yeasts such as Candida parapsilosis (the most frequent),. The urinary tract infection is concerned, and most of the infections were reportedly caused by C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. albicans. with regards to the vaginal infections cases, C. albicans fungus has been the most frequent. Bio chemical tests were conducted using Vitek for the isolants studied, in which there were differences in the study results. Quercetin was extracted from Candid spp. The increase in the inhibition of quercetin is noted, whenever its concentration is increased. With regards to the anti-fungals Nystantin, for the concentration of 100IU/ml.and Clotrimazole 30mg/ml had inhibited the yeast Candid spp.

Arsenic speciation in fish on the market

Arsenic speciation in fish samples on the market was analyzed using gradient anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) detection. Freeze-dried samples were extracted by methanol and water mixture (8:2v/v) with a high-speed Soxhlet system; the concentration of arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA), arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) in the extract were then determined using HPLC-ICPMS. The method for determining arsenobetaine concentration was confirmed using standard reference material (SRM) of BCR 627 (tuna fish) and DORM-2 (dogfish muscle); recovery rates were 95 and 90%, respectively. The arsenic compounds in 60 market-ready fish muscle samples were investigated. The predominant arsenic compound found in samples was AsB. Arsenate was detected in low concentrations (ranged in 0.02-0.34 mg/kg As for fresh weight), whereas DMAA, MMAA and arsenite content were undetectable. Average AsB content in cephalopods, small fish and large fish were 5.42, 1.57 and 1.54 mg/kg As (fresh weight), respectively. The weekly intake of As was calculated based on the consumption of fish by Taiwanese residents. The calculated results demonstrated that the intake is 30.6 μg/kg (total As) body weight/week, higher than the acceptable weekly intake of 15 μg/kg body weight/week for inorganic arsenic that was suggested by WHO. However, around 87% of As in fish muscle was AsB. AsB is non-toxic and non-carcinogenic to humans, and is rapidly excreted after ingestion. Therefore, intake of fish muscle is low risk based on investigation results.

Ultrasound-assisted packed-bed extraction of hypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. and optimization by response surface methodology

This paper presents the successful application of ultrasound-assisted packed-bed (UAE-PB) method for the extraction of hypericin from the Hypericum perfuratum L. The Soxhlet system was utilized for the determination of suitable solvent from ethanol, methanol or from the mixture of different proportions of ethanol-methanol. The mixture of 50:50 v/v ethanol-methanol was obtained to be the most suitable solvent since it led to the highest extraction amount of hypericin. The extraction amount of hypericin increased by 13.6% and 21.4% when the solvent changed from pure methanol to the mixture of 50:50 v/v ethanol-methanol for the extraction time of 3 and 8 h, respectively. Subsequently, the extraction was conducted through the UAE-PB, and the effects of temperature, time, and the ratio of solvent to the dried plant were studied. The response surface method (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of parameters on the extraction in the UAE-PB system. At the temperature of 60 °C, extraction time of 105 min, and the solvent to plant ratio of 15.3, the maximum extraction yield of hypericin was achieved. In the optimal conditions, the amount of extraction was 0.112 mg hypericin/g dried plant, which was in accordance with the optimized predicted value (0.111 mg hypericin/g dried plant) from Design-Expert software.

Estudo Analítico Aplicado ao Procedimento de Isolamento do Querogênio em Amostras de Rochas com Potencial Gerador de Hidrocarbonetos

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir com a otimizacao da tecnica para o isolamento do querogenio em rochas sedimentares com altos teores de materia orgânica soluvel, por meio de testes experimentais visando a limpeza das amostras. As amostras de rocha utilizadas foram folhelhos negros da Formacao Irati, ricos em materia orgânica e com potencial para geracao de hidrocarbonetos. Um planejamento experimental do tipo fatorial foi proposto, para a lavagem das amostras de rocha com a utilizacao de um solvente orgânico (diclorometano) em sistema Soxhlet. Foram estabelecidas relacoes quimiometricas com dois niveis de interacao entre as variaveis (22): massa da amostra da rocha (variando de 20 a 40 g) e tempo de lavagem no diclorometano (variando de 0 a 56 h). O planejamento experimental adotado gerou resultados qualitativos, obtidos por meio de uma avaliacao visual, relacionada a formacao de um anel de querogenio e a fluorescencia observada nas lâminas palinofaciologicas. Os resultados dos testes confirmaram a eficiencia da eliminacao de hidrocarbonetos livres utilizando o sistema Soxhlet, quando amostras com teores altos de hidrocarbonetos livres (ate 4 mg HC/g rocha, aproximadamente) foram submetidas ao valor minimo de massa (20 g) e ao tempo maximo de lavagem (56 h), nos quais o anel de querogenio foi formado em todas as amostras. Com essa mesma configuracao de massa e tempo, as lâminas palinofaciologicas nao apresentaram interferencia dos hidrocarbonetos na fluorescencia dos componentes orgânicos. Portanto, concluiu-se que quanto maior o tempo de lavagem e menor a massa utilizada das amostras, melhores foram os resultados obtidos.

Effect of different extraction solvents on phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of hop flowers (Humulus lupulus L.)

We investigated the potential of wild hop and determined the effects of different solvent extractions on quality and quantity of hop extracts. Three different solvents - aqueous-ethanol (75%), methanol and acetone - were applied to elicit the secondary metabolites of Humulus lupulus L. cones by automatic Soxhlet system, and extraction yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity were compared. The antioxidant activity tests, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, were used to analyze the antioxidant capacity of extracts. The crude extract obtained by aqueous-ethanol, methanol and acetone extraction were 98.65±5.2, 61.39±3.25, 69.28±4.1 mg g‑1 dry matter, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) as well as the total flavonoid content (TFC) of aqueous extracts exhibited the highest values. Also the antioxidant activity of extracts was different: the acetone extract had the highest value of IC(50) in the DPPH test, while the methanol extract has the highest antioxidant activity (1.79±0.25 mM Fe2+ g(‑1)) in the FRAP test, and the best result of percent inhibitors of ABTS (58.12±0.48) was observed for the aqueous-ethanol extract. In addition, ABTS value in aqueous-ethanol extract was 6.45±0.33 mmol Trolox equivalent g‑1 sample, significantly higher than others. No significant correlation was found among antioxidant measurement methods. Overall, 75% ethanol is suggested for the extraction of phenolic compounds from hop flowers due to its polarization diversity. Finally, the wild hop flowers have high antioxidant activity and a remarkable amount of phenolic compounds. They could be applied in food industries as a rich source of antioxidant activity. Characterization of the genetic diversity of wild hops is underway.

Evaluation of Mango Peel Extracts on the in vitro Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Development

Aims: To evaluate the in vitro effect of mango peel extracts using different types of solvent and concentrations on the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides development.&#x0D; Study Design: Activities were aimed at evaluating the in vitro antifungal potential of mango peel extracts.&#x0D; Study Location and duration: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Post-Harvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables - State University of Montes Claros and Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry - Federal University of Lavras during October and December 2018.&#x0D; Methodology: ‘Palmer’ mango peel (Mangifera indica) was submitted to drying in oven and grinding. Subsequently, extracts were obtained in Soxhlet system, using methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane as solvents. The three extracts were tested in vitro at concentrations of 0.0; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL by adding them in culture medium against C. gloeosporioides, which was isolated from mango fruits with anthracnose symptoms. The effect of extracts and their respective concentrations on the mycelial growth rate and conidia production and germination was evaluated. The design was completely randomized in a 3 x 5 factorial arrangement with 5 replicates.&#x0D; Results: Increased extract concentrations caused reduction in the mycelial growth rate of the pathogen (R2 = 0.96). Both factors under study acted simultaneously in conidia production (P &lt; 0.05), and the hexane extract presented better results for this analyzed variable. There was total germination inhibition (P &lt; 0.05) when 1 mg/mL ethyl acetate extract and 2 mg/mL methanol and hexane extracts were used.&#x0D; Conclusion: Methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate mango peel extracts had inhibitory effect on the in vitro C. gloeosporioides development.

Identification of the highest potential human health and environmental hazard in contaminated sediment near the point sources in the northwest Persian Gulf

The overall goal of this work was to determine the concentration levels and the potential ecological risks of 30 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Persian Gulf sediments, Iran. The study also predicted the bioaccumulation of PAHs using the Monte Carlo simulation. For these goals, 68 surface sediment samples were collected from the Persian Gulf in January 2017. Then, the experiments were performed with Soxhlet system, chromatographic column and GC-MS instrument. According to the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines, 35.29% of sampling sites exhibited high potential adverse biological effects and 79.41% of samples have a low probability of toxicity. The mean bioaccumulated concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs in the Persian Gulf were predicted as 207.78 ± 262.23, 116.06 ± 146.47 and 69.26 ± 87.41 ng g–1 for mollusks, shrimps and crabs, respectively. The mean Toxic Equivalency and Mutagenic Equivalent Quotient for sediments was 702.06 ± 1012.37 and 500.37 ± 665.71 ng g−1, respectively. The 95th percentile carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks calculated for children and adults were lower than the threshold values of 10−6 and 1.0, respectively, revealing no potential health risk. The highest potential risks for toxicity were observed at sampling sites close to the Nowruz oil field and Mahshahr petrochemical economic zone based on the highest TEQcarc and MEQcarc values in this area.

Effects of Cold-Press and Soxhlet Extraction Systems on Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol Contents, Fatty Acids, and Tocopherol Contents of Walnut Kernel Oils.

In this study, physico-chemical properties, fatty acid composition, and tocopherol contents of several walnut kernel oils obtained through cold-press and Soxhlet extractions were investigated. The acidity, peroxide, and unsaponifiable matter of oil samples extracted in the Soxhlet system were found higher. Total phenol contents of the oils obtained in cold press and Soxhlet extraction systems were 121.9 mg GAE/100g (Kaman-2) and 154.6 mg GAE/ 100g (Büyükoba), and between 135.9 mg GAE/100g (Kaman-2) and 163.8 mg GAE/100g (Büyükoba), respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, antioxidant activity valuesof walnut oils obtained in cold press and Soxhlet extractions varied between 17.3% (Kaman-2) and 19.7% (Kaman-5), and between 18.4% (Kaman-2) and 23.8% (Büyükoba), respectively (p < 0.05). Linoleic acid contents of the oil samples extracted in cold-press varied between 55.19% (Kaman-5) and 56.71% (Kaman-2), while that extracted from Soxhlet extraction system varied between 54.47% (Kaman-2) and 55.93% (Büyükoba). ɣ-Tocopherol contents of walnut oils extracted in cold press and Soxhlet extraction ranged between 9.41 mg/100g (Büyükoba) and 10.83 mg/100g (Kaman-2), and 8.76 mg/100g (Kaman-5) and 9.33 mg/100g (Kaman-2), respectively, and were statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Effect of cold press and soxhlet extraction systems on fatty acid, tocopherol contents, and phenolic compounds of various grape seed oils

In this study, fatty acids, tocopherol contents, and phenolic compounds of the grape seed oils obtained with cold-pressed and soxhlet extraction systems from several grape seeds were investigated. Linoleic acid contents of cold-pressed oils varied between 59.61 and 72.13%. In addition, linoleic acid contents of oils obtained with soxhlet system changed between 58.51 and 71.17%. While α-tocotrienol contents of oil samples extracted with cold-pressed change between 13.21 and 34.71 mg/100 g, α-tocotrienol contents of oils obtained by soxhlet system in all grape varieties varied between 8.89 and 33.89 mg/100 g. In addition, while ɣ-tocotrienol contents of cold-pressed oils range from 15.47 to 39.95 mg/100 g, ɣ-tocotrienol contents of soxhlet extraction oils in all grape varieties were determined between 13.47 and 35.75 mg/100 g. Both systems' oils are rich in catechin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid. While catechin contents of cold-pressed oils change between 427.80 and 847.14 mg/kg, catechin contents of soxhlet extraction oils in all grape seeds ranged from 537.11 to 836.88 mg/kg. Practical applications Cold-pressed grape seed oil stands out as a suitable alternative to other commonly used vegetable oils because of its higher amounts of essential fatty acid, and many others bioactive compounds. Grape seed oil is being used in various fields such as cosmetics and cooking. Because the cold-pressing does not need both heat and chemical treatments, cold-pressed oils are being preferred for natural and safe food products by consumer. The consumption of vegetable oils rather than solid fats is crucial to maintaining health. As known, grape seed oil is an environment friendly oil due to a by-product of wine and grape juice-making processes.

Composition and antimicrobial activity of two Capsicum extracts

Pathogenic bacteria, are responsible for most of the foodborne outbreaks. Bacteria became more resistant to antiobiotics throughout years and, nowadays, new and natural agents most be considered for controlling them. Pepper extracts were obtained by drying, cutting, and separating the different parts of the fruit and placing them into a Soxhlet system for further extraction with methanol. Evaluation of the composition, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory concentrations of a blend of Serrano and Habanero pepper extracts against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes was studied. Habanero whole fruit had the highest capsaicinoid content. Serrano whole fruit had the highest phenolic content and the most flavonoids of all extracts. Habanero seed had the highest antioxidant activity. It was observed that the Habanero whole fruit and its seeds had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations of E. coli and L. monocytogenes, respectively. It was also observed that there were synergistic and additive effects when extracts were combined against both bacteria; meaning that there is an increased antimicrobial effect when combined than when each extract was applied individually. The antimicrobial effect depends on the pepper species.