Soviet Urban Planning Research Articles

The evolution of a post-socialist satellite city in Central Europe. A historical and socio- spatial case study of Luboń near Poznań (Poland)

The aim of the article: The evolution of a post-socialist satellite city in Central Europe. A historical and socio-spatial case study of Luboń near Poznań (Poland) is a socio-economic and spatial analysis of the development process of a satellite city with an industrial and agricultural core located in Central Europe. Luboń is a city founded in 1954, which allows to trace the entire process of its development, based on the research methods used, including statistical data on changes in, among others, population numbers, as well as spatial data based on georeferencing of photographic images of archival maps of the City of Luboń. The methods used as the way of describing and analyzing the history of the city were inscribed in the philosophy of the evolutionary approach referring to the dynamics of change and the complexity of development processes and their imbalance. The authors of the article formulate answers of three research questions: (1) how did the industrialization origins and socio-spatial alterations shape satellite city contemporary form? (2) how was its spatial form affected by the de-industrialization process of the first decade after 1989? (3) how has the city changed under the demographic and suburbanization pressure of its larger neighbour over the years? The article also contains elements of historical analysis, reconstructing urban dynamics. It also includes elements of conceptualisation based both on genetic studies of the concept of “new cities”, but also on assumptions present in Soviet urban planning thought, which was a direct inspiration for the solutions of the 1950s. The generalizations, after answering the research questions, proposed in the conclusion indicate the existence of the state of crisis and invite to discuss the dynamics of the phenomena of metropolisation from the point of view of peripheral participants of the process.

Architecture, Planning, and Policy Around Two Spanish Trips to the Soviet Union: I Réunions Internationales des Architectes (1932) and V International Union of Architects Congress (1958)

The aim of this article is to explore the diffusion of the USSR housing, planning, and architecture related to Spain in the transnational networks through the development of two international congress. The French magazine L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui organized a trip to the Stalinist Soviet Union in 1932. The aims were to stage the I Réunions Internationales d’Architectes (RIA) and to discover the progress of Soviet urban planning and housing after the First Five-Year Plan. At the time, Spain was a newly declared republic that was eyeing the situation in the international context as a reference for development. In 1948, the RIA was transformed into the International Union of Architects (IUA) and organized the second meeting in Moscow, the V IUA Congress, under the support of the Khrushchev regime in 1958. Spain was then a dictatorship attempting to overcome the international isolation of the Franco regime. The chronicles of these meetings show the contradictions and similarities of ideas at two very different points in time for both countries.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ЗЕЛЕНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ ЖИТЛОВОГО РАЙОНУ ТАЇРОВА, М. ОДЕСА, УКРАЇНА

The article examines the historical formation of Odesa and the Tairov residential area, as well as architectural and urban planning solutions for green infrastructure of the Soviet period, and demonstrates a project proposal for a functional and planning system of green spaces of Soviet urban planning in the Tairov area. The current state and transformation of green spaces and how they affect the social aspect of residents are revealed. The analysis of the planned master plans and existing buildings allows us to conclude that, unlike the Cheremushky district, many of the plans were not implemented during the construction of the Tairova settlement, namely: green boulevards within microdistricts, courtyard solutions and landscaping, series and configurations of residential buildings on individual plots. The main feature of a high-quality green space system is the creation of comfortable living and recreational conditions for the population. The basis for obtaining a high-quality living environment is compliance with established architectural, planning, sanitary and engineering recommendations and standards that regulate the general functional and compositional solutions, location of green, blue, transport and pedestrian, and social infrastructure. In the process of urban development, green areas have traditionally been aimed at improving sanitary conditions for residents. They helped clean the air from harmful substances and provided places for recreation. Properly planned green areas make an important contribution to the aesthetic appearance of the neighborhood and create psychological comfort for residents. The main problems of the green network, which were identified in the process of transformation of the Tairova district, are outlined.

PROBLEMS OF POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION M. ЕNERGODAR

The article examines a number of problems of the post-war reconstruction of Energodar - the only satellite city of the NPP in Ukraine that was under occupation. The restoration of the city depends entirely on the wartime events at the Zaporizhia NPP, which became the subject of blackmail and a nuclear threat from the Russian Federation to the whole world. The satellite city reconstruction program is closely related to the restoration of the NPP, which is possible only with the de-occupation of the station itself and the surrounding area. The future of the station will depend on the trends in the use of nuclear power in the world and the reform of the energy base of Ukraine. 
 The stages of formation and development of the city of Energodar are analyzed, the peculiarities of its functioning and the rhythm of life depending on the industrial production base are shown. The architectural and planning organization of the city built according to the established principles of Soviet urban planning, as well as other satellite cities of the NPP in Ukraine, is considered. The role of the nuclear power plant in achieving high social standards of the city of Energodar in its pre-war state is shown. 
 The theoretical and methodological basis of the development of urban planning systems as a basis for the development of strategic plans for the post-war recovery of the city, as well as the factors that will be the guarantee of such recovery, are considered. 
 The material of the article includes references to a number of program documents regarding various scenarios of the future development of the city and highlights the problems associated with the work of the ZNPP, taking into account the changes in the social sphere of the post-war period. A number of proposals have been put forward regarding the post-war reconstruction and further development of the city, relating to: honoring the memory of our soldiers and residents, their resilience and courage in resisting the invaders; a new look at the organization of the functional planning structure of the city, residential environment, purpose and location of public buildings, landscape and recreation areas; the specified problem of migration policy and the levers of the return of the population to the city and regional and state relations. 
 The latest events at the Kakhovsky Reservoir, which are closely related to the ZNPP and, accordingly, to the city itself, show that the restoration process of Energodar is not fixed in time and will change and adjust along with the rapid development of wartime events.

АНАЛИЗ КРИТИКИ СОВЕТСКОЙ ЗАСТРОЙКИ: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article is addressed to the historical aspects of residential buildings architecture in the USSR of 1960s and 70s.The authors draw attention to the incompetent criticism of housing construction of that period; they restore and explain the historical reasons and social-economic factors underlying the Soviet urban planning.

Factory Forecourts: Peculiarities in Construction and Cultural and Historical Semantics during Industrialisation

This article analyses the architectural complexes of industrial forecourts that emerged in the USSR between the late 1920s and early 1940s and their cultural and symbolic role. The author evaluates the phenomenon of the pre-factory entrance area in a global context, showing that the organisation of the contact zone between the factory and the city had been used in the Russian tradition of the eighteenth – early nineteenth centuries and, more recently, in the US and Western Europe in the early twentieth century. The author analyses 45 cases of Soviet urban planning during industrialisation and distinguishes three main types of contact zones, i. e. arterial, junction, and isolated. The rarest variety of the junction type is a welldeveloped factory forecourt, which comprises different facilities of administrative, social, and cultural infrastructure, and, in addition, possesses special symbolic and memorial significance. Only six out of 45 meet this definition, namely, in Makeevka, Saratov, Volgograd, Magnitogorsk, Yekaterinburg, and Novokuznetsk. Considering these cases, the author demonstrates that it was the landscape of these squares that stimulated the formation of cultural mythology, with the emergence of cultural artifacts, like the tank monument in the square of the Volgograd Tractor Plant or A. P. Bannikov’s mausoleum in the square of the Ural Heavy Machine-Building Plant. In four cases (Volgograd, Magnitogorsk, Yekaterinburg, Novokuznetsk), these factory forecourts were turned into places for rallies and meetings and became elements of the visual standard of representation for these locations, and acquired the status of places of historical memory. These townplanning ensembles, which manifest threefold architectural, social, and symbolic uniqueness, ought to be considered extremely valuable, therefore requiring a cautious policy of cultural heritage preservation, which is especially important in the context of partial deindustrialisation of Russian cities.

From home to work to shop to home: the planned retail chain in Soviet Lithuania, 1960s–1980s

ABSTRACT A radical vision for city planning in Soviet Lithuania, starting in the 1960s, was controlled by Soviet authorities, legislation, and plans. The concept was to divide cities into mikrorayons (microdistricts) to be serviced by shopping centres with different purposes. This article reveals the significant hurdles Soviet Lithuania experienced in implementing these Soviet urban and retail models. Because of long-term planning issues and delays, the construction of shopping centres and even entire residential areas failed to meet the rapidly changing needs of society. How did the principles of Soviet urban planning influence or hinder the development of retail centres in Soviet Lithuania? Archival sources identify how these centres were reflected in urban planning documents and which rules governing the centres and their structure were applicable. This article details how a Soviet shopping centre compared ‘on paper’ to reality.

МІСТОБУДІВНИЙ АСПЕКТ ПРАВА ЛЮДИНИ НА БЕЗПЕКУ

Research in many fields of modern science is devoted to issues of human safety and security. The human right to security is undeniably fundamental and inalienable. Human security and the human right to security are interdisciplinary, even general scientific concepts. But today there is no more or less established definition of these concepts, so more and more researchers are studying this issue. Human existence takes place in a certain environment: natural and anthropogenic. Urban planning activity is the activity thanks to which the environment of human life is created. For the survival and effective development of a person, this environment must first of all be safe, that is, one in which a person will have the opportunity to exercise his rights, fulfill his duties and effectively satisfy his needs. That is why the study of the issue of the human right to security in this sphere of social relations becomes particularly relevant. Also taking into account the entire burden of the Soviet urban planning heritage, the need to restructure the economic base, stabilize the man-made burden of the regions, improve the settlement system, develop social and engineering transport networks, ensure the rational use of land, form a national ecological network, implement rational water use, preserve historical and cultural heritage and the prospect of post-war reconstruction of the country, the issue of ensuring the human right to security can be called fundamental in the field of solving these problems. The study of this problem, the development of a conceptual apparatus will provide an opportunity to substantiate the need to reformat the state urban planning policy and shift its focus to the needs of modern man, especially to his need to create a safe, full- fledged living space, and to propose making the necessary changes to the current legislation.

Город как коллективное жилище: миссия профессора М.Д. Загряцкова. 1930-е годы

В статье освещаются работы одного из крупных специали­стов в области развития городов, чьи взгляды сформировались в начале ХХ века. Выдающийся юрист, убеждённый сторонник идей «муниципального социализма», отвергаемых советской властью, М.Д. Загряцков в значительной степени был лишён возможности полной профессиональной реализации, а его фундаментальные монографии оставались неизданными. Автор статьи анализирует особенности работ М.Д. Загряцкова, посвящённых городу, опубликованных в профессиональной пе­чати в 1930-е годы. Раскрывается особый характер этих публи­каций, не характерный для этого времени: при насыщенности информацией о зарубежном градостроительстве, они не были нацелены на конкретную прагматику проектирования; при сво­ём критическом отношении к зарубежному опыту, основания для критики М.Д. Загряцков видел не в идеологии, а в недо­статочном использовании возможностей системы городского самоуправления. Развитие этой системы в России было пре­рвано после Октябрьской революции, а местные Советы в силу ряда причин не обладали достаточными полномочиями, чтобы реально влиять на состояние городского дела. В рамках нэпа М.Д. Загряцков вносил много практических предложений для улучшения такого положения, оставшихся не реализованными. С изменением государственной политики учёный был вынуж­ден ограничиться своеобразной «просветительской миссией». Показано, что глубокий научный анализ зарубежной практики с экономической, юридической, организационной, историче­ской точек зрения давал М.Д. Загряцкову возможность вести скрытый диалог с реалиями советского градостроительства, указывать на общность многих проблем. Раскрываются слож­ные обстоятельства жизни и научного пути учёного, своими трудами много сделавшего для развития административного и финансового права, но остававшегося «неблагонадёжным» вплоть до своей смерти в 1950-е годы. Высказывается мысль, что без изучения научных взглядов и человеческих судеб вы­дающихся специалистов самого широкого спектра, влиявших на градостроительный процесс в СССР, вряд ли может быть написана его полноценная история[1].
 
 [1] Исследование выполнено за счет средств Государственной программы РФ «Развитие науки и технологий» на 2013-2020 гг. в рамках Плана фундамен­тальных научных исследований Минстроя России и РААСН на 2020 г. Тема 1.2.1.

The influence of Moscow and Leningrad on the compositional organization of residential quarters in Yaroslavl in the 1920s and 1930s

Introduction. The article shows the relevance of studying compositional techniques applied to residential areas in provincial cities in relation to the unfolding program of housing renovation and reconstruction of historical centres of cities. Despite a significant amount of research on various aspects of Soviet urban planning and domestic architecture of the period under review, the local research, focused on the development of particular cities in comparison with the architectural practice of the capital is in demand in both domestic and foreign architectural studies.
 Materials and methods. The step-by-step comparison of the Yaroslavl domestic architecture, dating back to the 20ies and 30ies of the 20th century, is compared with the one of Moscow and Leningrad to identify the features characterizing the formation of compositional techniques applied to residential areas in Yaroslavl.
 Results. The study highlights several stages in the evolution of residential development in Yaroslavl. It is shown that the first stage gravitated towards the Moscow practice characterized by a somewhat mechanistic approach to filling the territory of a quarter. The second stage, which dates back to the end of the first five-year plan, was characterized by a new function of domestic architecture as a limiting controller of central urban spaces. Further stages are focused on the task of developing approaches to the preservation of the valuable historical legacy in the context of reconstruction of central neighbourhoods.
 Conclusions. The article shows the features of the Yaroslavl architecture at each stage, and conclusions are made about the extent and nature of influence produced by the Moscow and Leningrad schools. There are unique approaches to the compositional organization of residential quarters built both on vacant land plots and in the central neighbourhoods of the city that accommodates a valuable historical heritage.

EINGORN’S AND SHELEIKHOVSKY’S SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION IN THE CREATION AND FOR-MATION METHODOLOGY OF «DIPROMISTO» INSTITUTE

The article describes the origin and formation of the «Dipromisto» Institute. The peculiarities of the project approach and methodological findings of the institute at the beginning of 1930s are considered.. The realism and pragmatism of Ukrainian specialists in the field of urban planning are noted. A necessary component in the devel-opment of the master plan of the new city, or the reconstruction of the existing one, was the technical and econom-ic studying of the city and more detailed analytical work. Only after that the sketch project was made and devel-opment of the final project of planning and drawing up in detail of the partial project of planning of the first turn was carried out. The Institute's development has consistently attempted to make the city aware and practical, not only as a supplement to industrial production, but as a self-sufficient facility designed to ensure all aspects of people's lives. The same approach was used in the process of developing the master plan of Kharkov (1933-1938). Thanks to the Institute, several dozen master plans of cities and about a hundred master plans of industrial settlements of the Ukrainian SSR were designed, and a master plan of Kharkov was developed. The school of complex urban planning was formed thanks to the work of many talented specialists: O. Eingorn, G. Sheleikhovsky and P. Alyoshin, as well as D. Bogorad, M. Davidovich, I. Malozyomov, O. Marzeev, P. Khaustov and other specialists. Eingorn was the undisputed ideological leader of the Institute. Thanks to his leadership, a methodology for designing cities was developed. First of all, the design process was divided into four stages: technical and eco-nomic studying of the city; drawing up a draft planning plan; development of the final planning project; drawing up a detailed partial draft of the first stage planning. Eingorn paid great attention to the architecture of the city and work with the landscape and another important implementation of O. Eingorn is a reorganization of the de-sign process and the work of the architect-designer and associates. Another prominent specialist – G. Sheleikhovsky. He co-authored and engineered and designed two large ur-ban projects, the master plan of Kharkiv and Big Zaporizhia. He was also a scientist who laid the foundations of urban climatology, which in the 1930s was just beginning to develop. Keywords: Dipromisto Institute, school of urban planning, Soviet urban planning, urban planning of the Ukrainian SSR, Kharkiv metropolitan period.

The Role of Retail in the Transformation of the Microdistrict Organization of the Urban Environment

The microdistrict principle of urban environment organization, developed in Soviet urban planning, formed a certain configuration of the placement of trade and services. However, the market transformations of the 1990s dramatically affected both the number of retail facilities and their location. The purpose of this research was to identify the effects of retail development for the functions and morphology of the microdistricts of Soviet construction. The work is based on empirical materials on St. Petersburg, where research was conducted based on the study of telephone books in the late 1980s, and field mapping of selected areas of the city. It was found that at the moment there was a rapprochement of the retail functions of the areas of mass housing construction and the historical center. The number and density of everyday demand objects in microdistricts increased many-fold, while goods and services of periodic demand came out on top in terms of the number of objects. Retail of episodic demand has ceased to obey the center-peripheral principle in placement. The Soviet principle of spatial monopoly was replaced by the principle of spatial competition, which significantly transformed the morphology of urban space.

“NEW KHARKIV” AND “GREAT ZAPORIZHZHIA” PROJECTS AS REPRESENTATION OF THE URBAN PLANNING SEARCHES DURING THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

In 1929 there was launched an all-Union public campaign to discuss the prospects for the development of Soviet urban planning, known as the Socialist Settlement Discussion, in the USSR. Its main participants were not only the leading architects and urban planners of the time, but also the highest party and state figures. Under the influence of the urban development ideas arose during the discussion on the problems of socialist displacement, Ukrainian constructive architects have developed master plans for the reconstruction and expansion of residential infrastructure of two industrial centers – Kharkiv and Zaporizhzhia. However, the construction projects of “Great Zaporizhzhia” and “New Kharkiv” by I. Malozemov, P. Khaustov and P. Aloshyn were not fully realised as their planning decisions undercut the basic provisions of the existing urban planning policy of the Stalinist leadership. 
 There appeared the idea that the plans of “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” by Ukrainian architects were the implementation of author’s view of the ideal model of a socialist town. Based on the leading ideas of the Soviet avant-garde, the project authors proposed an original architectural and planning concept of development that had nothing to do with the urban planning experience of previous times. However, these architectural proposals were irrelevant in the USSR in the late 1920’s. In the context of Stalin's industrialization, the party apparatus attached secondary importance to housing. As a result, large-scale projects of "New Kharkiv" and "Great Zaporizhzhia" were declared "false". 
 Methodology. In the article we have used the historical and genetic method to determine the genesis of the concept of linear development, to find out the origin of the idea of a housing estate and to reveal the circumstances of the idea of unification of urban infrastructure, embodied by Ukrainian avant-gardists in architectural and planning decisions of “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” projects. The comparative method made it possible to determine the inconsistency of the content of the idealistic views of the Soviet constructors with the real essence of Stalin's urban policy. Thanks to the historical and systematic method, we have understood that the objects of urban infrastructure planned in the “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” projects had to enter into functional interaction, forming a single urban mechanism.
 Summary. The beginning of the 20s of the XX century was marked by the emergence of interesting scientific, artistic, architectural projects both in the history of Ukraine and in the history of the whole Soviet Union. The euphoria of belief in creating a “new” world, building a “just” society for the representatives of all social strata characterized the general sentiment and inspired intellectuals and artists to seek creative work. However, the period of “flirting” of Soviet authorities with the elites was short. Its authoritarian nature, with its actualization to the militarization of the country, left no room for creative initiative and development of individuality. At the beginning of the first five-year schedule, the government decided to abandon the massive construction of comfortable housing for workers. All resources were planned to focus on the construction of heavy industry facilities. Therefore, futuristic projects of “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” were rejected because of their inconsistency with the true state urbanistic doctrine of the industrialization period.

ПРЕДЫСТОРИЯ СОВЕТСКОГО ТИПА ЖИЛИЩА: ПРОЕКТЫ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the conditions for the formation of the new concepts of urban planning and the process of searching for new types of habitation in pre-revolutionary Russia. The author investigates the prerevolutionary theoretical and practical experience in the urban planning and housing policy of the first years of Soviet power. The article examines aspects of urbanization in Russia and analyzes the complex of problems that arose in the field of urban development and housing planning by the beginning of the XX century. In the context of the problem, the specificity of the living conditions of the urban population in the capital and provincial cities of the Russian Empire, types of housing and projects for solving the housing problem are investigated. The article touches upon the problems of the hierarchy of urban space and the revolutionary redistribution of housing in the first years of Soviet power. The article considers the key concepts that influenced the development of domestic urban planning ideas: the idea of a garden city, housing cooperatives, low-rise types of habitation, and communal houses. Based on specific examples from the history of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yaroslavl, the experience of the development and implementation of these concepts in pre-revolutionary Russia, as well as the experience of their transformation and adaptation in the soviet urban planning policy of the first years of Soviet power, is investigated. The experience of the domestic theory and practice of urban planning is studied in the aspect of socio-economic and socio-political factors that determine the trends and tasks of developing new forms of settlement, types of housing and methods for solving the housing problem in pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia in the first quarter of the XX century. The factors of the emergence of the phenomenon of a communal apartment as a type of housing specific for Soviet Russia and its relationship with sociocultural practices of the previous period are investigated.

Continuities and discontinuities of Russian urban housing: The Soviet housing experiment in historical long-term perspective

Did the socialist experiment disrupt continuity in Russian urban housing? Based on a unique collection of urban data covering several hundred Russian cities and spanning three regimes across more than a century, this paper gives a nuanced account of continuities and discontinuities of housing in post-Soviet cities. Three main housing characteristics are analysed: urban density (persons per building and living space per capita), ownership structure and the modernisation of stock (building material and provision with amenities). Although all Russian cities underwent a number of major shocks and regime changes during the course of the 20th century, their rankings with regard to these three key housing characteristics are still significantly correlated over time, whereas living space per capita is largely uncorrelated over time. This holds true despite significant convergence processes in almost all dimensions and also when including contemporary control variables. We hypothesise that local or regional building traditions, regional differentiation in Soviet urban planning as well as Soviet land use specificities could explain differential growth across cities. Going beyond existing late-Soviet-legacy timeframes, the long-term perspective reveals that even major regime shocks did not completely erase regionally shaped patterns in housing conditions.

The role of retail in the transformation of the microdistrict organization of the urban environment

The microdistrict principle of urban environment organization, developed in Soviet urban planning, formed a certain configuration of the placement of trade and services. However, the market transformations of the 1990s dramatically affected both the number of retail facilities and their location. The purpose of this research was to identify the effects of retail development for the functions and morphology of the microdistricts of Soviet construction. The work is based on empirical materials on St. Petersburg, where research was conducted based on the study of telephone books in the late 1980s, and field mapping of selected areas of the city. It was found that at the moment there was a rapprochement of the retail functions of the areas of mass housing construction and the historical center. The number and density of everyday demand objects in microdistricts increased many-fold, while goods and services of periodic demand came out on top in terms of the number of objects. Retail of episodic demand has ceased to obey the center-peripheral principle in placement. The Soviet principle of spatial monopoly was replaced by the principle of spatial competition, which significantly transformed the morphology of urban space.

SOVIET MONOPROFILE CITIES: THE STORY BEHIND AND KEY FEATURES

The paper features the reasons, as well as the fundamental principles that led to the mass phenomenon of single-industry industrial cities – first, during the first (Stalin) wave of industrialization in the USSR, and then, during the second (Khrushchev) wave of Soviet industrialization. The goal is to prove that this type of settlements is a unique phenomenon, because the economic and political system was unique: they emerged within the framework of strictly specific programs for the implementation of industrial, resettlement, town-planning, housing, and migration policies. Moreover, the Soviet urbanization in itself was a very specific phenomenon of completely artificial nature, since there was nothing natural in settlements erected by order around newlybuilt industrial enterprises. The research employs the methods of comparative and critical analysis. The field of application is the Russian history, the history of Soviet urban planning, political science, and municipal government. Conclusions: Soviet mono-profile cities were the brainchild of the socio-political, industrial, economic, and command-administrative system shaped by the Soviet government. In the period of industrialization, they functioned as production and technological centers, as well as administrative and territorial areas, acting as key nuclei of the settlement system, and later in the 1970s, as elements of community systems within agglomerations.

Незавершенный проект как форма восприятия советского градостроительства 1920-1930-х гг.: опыт социалистических городов

Незавершенный проект как форма восприятия советского градостроительства 1920-1930-х гг.: опыт социалистических городов

Modeling of Wind Regime in Disturbed Areas Restorable for Urban Development

Territory is one of the main values of any nation. Its value is even higher as it is not renewable; meanwhile the growth of productive power, population and construction of cities all over the world keep developing at quick paces.Nowadays, the high level of scientific and technological progress, civil engineering and mineral production leads to the decreased balance of lands and recreation resources while there is a steady rise in demand for out-of-town vacations among big cities residents, and therefore the necessity to implement nature protection activities. These factors make the problems of ecodevelopment and utilization of disturbed areas more and more topical. Under the conditions of the Soviet development in 1961-1970, built-up areas of cities had increased by almost 30 %, principally as a result of alienation of farmlands. Under modern conditions, the expansion of urban areas solely by the account of farmlands becomes impossible.Therefore, one of the principal ways to reduce the territories alienated for housing development is their rational use. As a result of the Soviet urban planning policy in the CIS, the proportion of out-of-use urban territories in the boundaries of modern urbanized areas amounts to about 50 %. The disturbed areas are also considered unsuitable, because they are useless for public economic activities (considering the condition they are in), and also they have a negative impact on human life and activities.In this paper, the experimental results of the airflow process of technogenic relief forms in disturbed areas, in particular of a partially planned refuse heap and of a circular in plan terraced excavation, are given. The obtained results can be used while drawing maps of aeration mode, when the disturbed areas after field mining are used in urban development or for other purposes (housing construction, parks, leisure area etc.).

Tereny mieszkaniowe w krajobrazie Lwowa (w drugiej połowie XX i na początku XXI wieku)

Tereny mieszkaniowe w znacznej mierze kształtują krajobraz Lwowa. Zgodnie z ogólną tendencją koncentrycznego rozwoju miasta tereny mieszkaniowe drugiej połowy XX w. otoczyły pierścieniem obszar Lwowa XIV i z początku XX w. Ich formy przestrzenne zmieniały się w zależności od trendów panujących w tym czasie w architekturze i urbanistyce ZSRR, a potem Ukrainy: niewielkie kwartały, wielkie osiedla mieszkaniowe, odosobnione domy.