Soviet Periodicals Research Articles

Corrections to: “The Holocaust Propaganda Machine in Soviet Periodicals, 1941–1945”

Corrections to: “The Holocaust Propaganda Machine in Soviet Periodicals, 1941–1945”

The Holocaust Propaganda Machine in Soviet Periodicals, 1941–1945

Abstract The USSR entered the Second World War with the world’s most powerful propaganda apparatus, having twenty years of experience and a state monopoly on truth.1 All publications were subjected to a three-tiered system of censorship: personal, editorial, and official, with the common line of censorship determined at the highest level. In the Soviet Union, there were five primary sources of official information: (a) periodical publications, (b) fictional literature, (c) journalistic writing, (d) films, and (e) radio broadcasts. The author examines the Russian language periodical press, which was the most widely available print material in the USSR. These sources were entirely aimed at Soviet readers, as opposed to Yiddish-language publications, which were in part intended to arouse sympathy in readers abroad.2 Verification of casualty statistics and authenticating the facts of this published information is not the purpose of this article, but rather the author seeks to challenge the assumption that the USSR suppressed or censored reporting on the Holocaust during the Second World War.

Історіографічні рефлексії опонентів Р. Конквеста: суб’єктивна і об’єктивна критика

The purpose of the article is to reveal the contradictory historiographic reflections of the opponents of the famous American researcher of Stalinist political terror and the Holodomor Robert Conquest, subjective assessments and scientific criticism. The research methodology consists of the principle of historicism and an interdisciplinary approach, methods of comparative historiographical analysis of sources, as well as elements of the "theory of reflections". General scientific methods (deductions, inductions), concrete-historical (chronological, problem-thematic), textology and scientific biographical methods are used. The applied task of the article is to resolve the conflicting assessments of the role and place of the Ukrainian scientific community in America and Conquest personally in the study of the Holodomor, refuting the scientist's subjective criticism. The scientific novelty is due to the goal and task of the analytical article, the formulation of the problem in the context of historiographical reflection, that is, the identification of subjective criticism of the scientific work of the Conquest, especially its interpretation of the causes and consequences of the Holodomor. Western literature has many works, the authors of which expressed a critical attitude to the scientific-historical interpretation of the scientist's Soviet political system, Stalin's regime, and mass terror. Our task was to establish the signs of motivated criticism of key problems: the causes of Stalin's terror, the concept and phenomenon of famine-genocide, the historiographic origin of the term "terror by hunger." The subject focus, rather than a descriptive and bibliographic review of the Scientist's works, seemed more constructive to us. The Conclusions emphasize Conquest's significant contribution to the historiography of the Holodomor, the presence in its approaches of elements of self-reflection, a restrained and balanced assessment of the historical forms of genocide, the avoidance of any ideological dependence, and a tolerant attitude to other opinions. The opponents' arguments turned out to be unconvincing, sometimes subjective and biased. They related to specific historical facts and events that revealed the worldview and political preferences of the opponents themselves. Conquest recognized objective criticism, especially regarding the number of victims of Stalin's terror. His calculations were not "random", but academically weighted, based on official statistics, historical literature, memoirs, and Soviet periodicals. The publication of his works in Soviet scientific journalism magazines of the late 1980s meant "objective" recognition of his merits, refutation of "subjective" criticism and accusations of "falsification".

The journalistic activity of M. A. Bulgakov in Rabochy newspaper. Bulgakov as a newspaper reporter

The article examines the journalistic activity of M. A. Bulgakov in Rabochy newspaper as a newspaper reporter in the period from March 1 to September 1922. The author explores the initial period of M. A. Bulgakov’s journalistic activity in the Bolshevik press before collaborating with Gudok and The Day Before newspapers. In his article, the author focuses on the fact that the beginning of Bulgakov’s journalistic activity in Soviet periodicals was associated with the genre of newspaper reporting. The author’s research is based on the fundamental works of the main biographers of the writer and dissertations on similar topics, Bulgakov’s diary entries and personal studies of the original files of Rabochy newspaper from the period of 1922.

ПРАВОПИСНА ТА ЛЕКСИЧНА ВАРІЯНТНІСТЬ У ПУБЛІЦИСТИЦІ ПЕРІОДУ ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ (НА МАТЕРІЯЛІ ГРАКУ)

The article examines the cases of correlation between language standardization and ideology. The theoretical part of the study explores the history of the Ukranian spelling establishment. Then, the subcorpora of German, Soviet and underground periodicals have been created in General Regionally Annotated Corpus of the Ukrainian Language. In the practical part of the paper, an analysis of language norm variation in newspapers of different political orientation published during the Second World War in the General Regionally Annotated Corpus of the Ukrainian Language has been carried out, and the influence of ideology on the formation of language norms has been traced. The analysis concerns some phonetic and morphological peculiarities of the Ukrainian language. It was found that the German occupation newspapers and underground newspapers of OUN-UPA gravitate towards the Spelling of 1928, although some variability can be traced, and the Soviet ones gravitate towards the Spelling of 1933. It was established that the choice of a variant depended on the political orientation of the publication. At the lexical level, Soviet periodicals gravitate towards foreign words, while German and underground periodicals again show different tendencies.

The rhetoric of war on the pages of the magazine “Vitchyzna” in the 1940s

The subject of the study is the military rhetoric on the pages of the “Vitchyzna” magazine of the 1940s. The author processed two issues of the magazines “Soviet Literature” and “Ukrainian Literature” from 1941, researched and analyzed the content of each periodical according to chronology. The novelty lies in the use of a different toolkit for the analysis of Soviet periodicals, in particular, the less-studied magazine “Vitchyzna” and the determination of its leading role both in publishing and in the literary and artistic space of the 40s of the 20th century. The goal is to analyze the magazine’s system-typological features with the help of the historical context; to determine the specifics of military rhetoric at all its structural levels. The main methods of the study were comparative and systematic-typological, which were used to identify and interpret rhetorical features in the structure of texts and the literary and artistic context of the “Vitchyzna” magazine of the pre-war and war periods. The scholar traced the history of the creation and development of the magazine in the 1940s, which during the studied period had three titles: “Soviet Literature”, “Ukrainian Literature”, “Vitchyzna”. The researcher focused on the constant changes in the editorial staff, chief editors (I. Kulyk, I. Le, I. Stebun and Yu. Yanovsky) and their influence on the magazine’s rhetoric. Having singled out the most important structural and semantic features of both individual artistic texts and various headings (Poetry, Prose, Criticism, Literary and Artistic Chronicle, Bibliography) that unite these texts, she offered to consider the selected material through the prism of war rhetoric. The results of the research confirmed that war narratives were an integral part of Soviet society both before and during World War II. To reproduce a complete picture of the narratives of the Soviet government, the scholar in the study turns to 1939, which marks the beginning of the full-scale German invasion of Poland (September 1) and the “Winter” Soviet-Finnish War (November 30). Literary characters in poetry and prose from the content of magazines are characterized by excessive heroism and pathos. The system of figurative and poetic expression of the authors of the texts is diversified by rhetorical devices: metaphor, alliteration, anaphora, hyperbolization, juxtaposition of enemies / fighters of the Red Army, humor, identification with the audience (use of the pronoun “we”), appeal to authority. All works are designed for the Soviet reader of the time and are written according to the appropriate Soviet methods.

Conquered by the North: creative trips of the artist V.A. Igoshev of the 1950s and 1960s

The northern creative trips of the People's Artist of the USSR Vladimir Alexandrovich Igoshev (1921-2007) represent important and vivid pages in his creative biography. The object of this research is the creative heritage of the artist V.A. Igoshev. The subject of the study is the creative trips of the artist V.A. Igoshev to the North (Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions) of the 1950s and 1960s. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the overall picture of the northern creative trips of the artist V.A. Igoshev of the 1950s–1960s on the basis of paintings and graphic works of the early "northern cycle", archival materials, exhibition catalogues, Soviet periodicals, individual scientific articles and information from informants. The novelty of the research lies in the most complete and detailed consideration at the moment of the issue of the northern creative trips of the artist V.A. Igoshev in the 1950s and 1960s. Previously, this topic has not received special coverage. Modern researchers of the creative heritage of the artist V.A. Igoshev in their review articles practically did not touch on this problem, limiting themselves to mentioning individual episodes from the creative biography of the master. The author of the study provides historical facts related to specific dates of trips, introduces a list of paintings and graphic works, with all the circumstances of their creation and further exposure at major art exhibitions of the 1950s and 1960s.

What Soviet Periodicals Can Tell Us About the Propaganda on the Women’s Service in the USSR’s Armed Forces (1941-1945)

The materials of Soviet newspapers are an important source for studying the policy of the regime regarding the service of women in the armed forces of the USSR. Based on the frequency of publication of these materials, the date of their publication, and the content, it is possible to make assumptions about the need for female personnel in the armed forces during a particular period of war, as well as to highlight and evaluate the government’s propaganda concerning female soldiers in general. However, the thematic articles contained almost no specifics about the service of women in the armed forces of the USSR as a mass phenomenon – they did not provide data on the establishment of women’s military units, general statistics on the presence of women in the Army, conscription data, etc. The totalitarian regime kept this information secret, unlike other members of the anti-Hitler coalition

Освещение идеи трудового перевоспитания преступников в советской периодической печати (журнал «Еженедельник советской юстиции» и газета «Советская Сибирь») в 1922 и 1928 годах

Освещение идеи трудового перевоспитания преступников в советской периодической печати (журнал «Еженедельник советской юстиции» и газета «Советская Сибирь») в 1922 и 1928 годах

Black Garden Aflame: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in the Soviet and Russian Press by Artyom Tonoyan (review)

Reviewed by: Black Garden Aflame: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in the Soviet and Russian Press by Artyom Tonoyan Konstantin Yumatov (bio) and Timur Logunov (bio) Artyom Tonoyan (Ed.), Black Garden Aflame: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in the Soviet and Russian Press (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2021). 483 pp., ill. Index. ISBN: 978-1-879944-55-8. This book – a collection of newspaper articles published in the USSR and Russia in English translation – will be of interest to many readers for several reasons. First, it presents the history of the confrontation over Nagorno-Karabakh through the prism of print media publications in the Russian language from the start of open hostilities in February 1988 to June 2021. Readers can thus observe the development of the conflict simultaneously with contemporaries who covered it in their publications. Second, despite the obvious Russocentrism of the book's perspective, many publications selected by the author concern the activities of regional and international organizations, thus placing the conflict in the broader contexts of international law and foreign policy relations. Third, the book is a study of periodicals as a historical source, and discusses their semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects. In his introduction to the book, Artyom Tonoyan, a research associate at the University of Minnesota, substantiates the need to include Soviet and Russian periodicals in the study sources based on the fact that "the South Caucasus is not the center of the attention of Western media, … the Russian media's footprint in the region has been far larger and far deeper, if not more storied. The point made here does not mean that it was better, but that it was more. Infinitely more" (P. xxiii). This claim seems questionable, since the American press, for example, has covered the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict quite extensively. Just the four major papers – the Los Angeles Times, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post – have each published on average about eight hundred articles on the topic during the period covered in the book. About half of these articles appeared in 1988–1991, which is similar to the distribution of publications in Tonoyan's sampling. The author starts with a truly simple question: "What is so special about Soviet and Russian press coverage of the conflict?" (P. xxiii). In answering it, he defines his goal as introducing "to readers the most comprehensive press coverage of the conflict apart from the press in the conflicting countries" (P. xxiv). It should have been added, however, that the texts he assembled cannot be taken at face value as neutral sources of information. First, it is necessary [End Page 312] to assess the role and political stance of periodicals featuring articles on such a complex topic, which can evolve over time. Unfortunately, both the Introduction and the Publisher's Preface to the book lack this important information. The structure of the book seems quite clear and logical, and as explicated in detail in the Introduction, the volume is divided thematically into four parts consisting of fourteen chapters, each of which is structured chronologically. Part 1 outlines the roots of the conflict during the late Soviet period starting with the rise of the Karabakh movement. Part 2 covers the period following the USSR's disintegration when the conflict acquired international dimensions involving a set of sovereign states with clashing interests. In addition, this part focuses on the international diplomatic efforts led by the OSCE Minsk Group. Part 3 concentrates on the role of four "external regional actors," Turkey, Russia, Iran, and the United States, in shaping the conflict's dynamics, "thus situating the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the broader context of regional power play. Lastly, Part Four provides extensive coverage of the prelude to the 2020 Karabakh conflict ('Karabakh War 2.0'), concluding with reportage of the war itself and the aftermath" (P. xxiv). The logic of this structure is easy to understand, as it follows the logic of the available sources – Russian newspaper publications. However, the author's original selection of sources, which vary significantly from one part to another, is nowhere explained and substantiated. For example, part 1 is largely based on publications in periodicals such as Bakinskii rabochii (19...

«Вольфрам» Сесара Вальехо: 90 лет спустя (Fernández, Carlos, and Gianuzzi, Valentino. Sobre “El Tungsteno” de César Vallejo. Manchester: Trafalgar Square, 2021. 170 p.)

The review focuses on the book On “El Tungsteno” by César Vallejo (Sobre “El Tungsteno” de César Vallejo) by Carlos Fernández and Valentino Gianuzzi, published in 2021 in honor of the 90th anniversary of the publication of the novel in Spain. César Vallejo at the turn of the 1920s–1930s collaborated with the USSR, and his novel El Tungsteno became one of the key texts of his creative biography, especially its Soviet page. The book reconstructs the history of the writer's work on the text, identifies possible sources of the novel’s idea, and studies the book's reception in Spain, Latin America and the USSR. The novel El Tungsteno is considered in the context of César Vallejo’s literary contacts with the Soviet Union, his activities in Spain, and interaction with publishers. The second part of the book contains reviews of the novel from Latin American, Spanish and Soviet periodicals, as well as prefaces to the Soviet and Ukrainian editions translated into Spanish. The book by C. Fernández and V. Gianuzzi makes a significant contribution to the study of the work of C. Vallejo, to the study of his Soviet literary connections, outlines further trajectories of development of César Vallejo studies and fills many gaps in Latin American literary studies in Latin America, Europe and Russia.

«Открывая эпоху»: к 100-летию создания советского еженедельника «Огонек»

Introduction. One of the modern directions of historical science is the study of the transformation of public consciousness in the conditions of a transitional state of society, a reflection of which is the periodical press. The illustrated socio-political and literary and artistic weekly magazine of universal content “Ogonyok”, discussed in the article, on the one hand, can serve as an indicator of public consciousness, and on the other, acts as an instrument of its formation in the conditions of the formation of the official ideology of the Soviet state in the 1920s. A little studied period in the history of the magazine is the 1920s. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct, on the basis of various historical sources, the history of the creation and functioning of the Soviet weekly Ogonyok in the first post-revolutionary decade, to consider its role and place in the system of Soviet periodicals. Materials and methods. The study is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and comprehensiveness, the consistent application of which made it possible to analyze the history of the emergence and development of the Ogonyok magazine and determine its role in the socio-cultural life of the country. Historical-comparative methods of historical research were used, which made it possible to consider the magazine “Ogonyok” in comparison with other periodicals of the era; historical and genetic, trace changes in the content of the Ogonyok magazine at different stages of its existence. Historical and typological methods aimed at identifying the main genres of the magazine’s publications revealed the features of their evolution and the degree of influence on society as practices of transmitting new values. Sources of personal origin and critical reviews of contemporaries dedicated to the magazine “Ogonyok” are introduced into scientific circulation. Analysis. The article examines the stages of development of the mass Soviet weekly in the first post-revolutionary decade, analyzes its transformation into the largest publishing house of mass periodicals at the turn of the 1920s-1930s. The magazine "Ogonyok", revived during the NEP period, on the initiative of the Soviet journalist M.E. Koltsov combined the features of a daily newspaper and a thick monthly. This determined a special style and methods of work, requiring a change in the forms of presenting materials, genre and thematic diversity. All this was reflected in a carefully thought-out journal strategy, which consisted of searching for forms of presenting material and high demands on the genre characteristics of publications. “Ogonyok” became the first weekly publication on which pages a new genre appeared - photo essay. Visual genres were actively used, namely a photo report, a photogram, a photo note, a photo cover and a photo collage. Using a variety of text and visual genres, Ogonyok conveyed the new values of the Soviet state (patriotism, collectivism, atheism, social optimism, the cult of work, the cult of a healthy body) with the help of which a new model of human relations was formed. An integral feature of the magazine was the constant search for operational forms and methods of organizational and mass work of the editorial team, improvement of the publication distribution system (book supplements, libraries, contractors and distributors, communication with the editorial offices of local newspapers, etc.). Results. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that during the NEP period, the editorial board of the magazine was able, using legal and financial instruments, to carry out organizational changes, which resulted in the formation of the JointStock Publishing Company Ogonyok. The magazine became the basis for a new publishing house, whose differentiated approach was expressed in the production of accessible mass editions for various reader groups. The renaming of the Joint-Stock Publishing Company Ogonyok into Magazine and Newspaper Association in 1931 completed the long-standing process of expanding the publishing activities of Ogonyok, and also met the objectives of creating information and propaganda potential in the country.

ГОЛОСА ЯПОНСКИХ ДЕТЕЙ В СОВЕТСКОЙ ДЕТСКОЙ ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКОЙ ПЕЧАТИ

The article reviews the history of publications in the Soviet children’s periodicals (Pionerskaya Pravda (“Pioneer Truth”), Pioneer (“Pioneer”), Koster (“Bonfire”), etc.) of drawings, letters and artistic texts created by Japanese children. Mention is made of articles by Japanese specialists in children’s art education published in the journal Detskaya literatura (“Children’s Literature”). The main body of publications is identified; letters, stories and poems are cited, drawings and engravings are described. The materials are covered in chronological order and considered in the context of Soviet-Japanese relations. Their themes are compared with the image of Japan that was relevant in the USSR in the corresponding period. The material makes it possible to trace how the ideological factor influenced the formation of the image of Japan in Soviet periodicals for children. During Thaw, the letters contain elements of the image of Japan that are inherent in the official Soviet Cold War discourse: social problems after World War II, remilitarization, US military aggression, the tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, anti-nuclear and anti-American struggle, Japanese national identity. Since the 1970s, these topics have disappeared from the letters of Japanese children, replaced by a benevolent interest in the USSR, almost devoid of an ideological component.

“A Threat to the Childhood”: Civil War in the Pyrenees in the Coverage of Soviet Periodicals for Children

In 1936–1939, the Spanish Civil War was a hot topic used for military-patriotic upbringing and political socialization of children. This article shows has the events in Spain were portrayed in periodicals for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren, including texts and visualizations. While the official perspective of the Spanish events in the USSR was dictated by the Party, children’s optics was tuned using its own means and methods, customized to the psychology of this age group. The article discloses the goals of exploiting this topic in the Soviet child-targeting discourse, reveals the most common plotlines, pinpoints the specific emotion-inciting tricks. In propaganda work with children, the extreme polarization of good and evil was used, embodied in two political forces — fascists and republicans. The theme was adapted for children through the extensive use of peer images, central among which were child heroes and child martyrs. The image of the Spanish child-hero corresponded to the Soviet concept of a child walking in the forefront of society. At the same time, attention was focused on the difficulties experienced by the children of Spain, who experienced a “threat to childhood”, which fed the ideologeme of “happy Soviet childhood”, the exclusivity of Soviet children. The participation of powerful artistic forces in the information campaign resulted in the construction of a sublimely romantic image of Spain and the Spaniards with an aura of inflexibility and fortitude, corresponding to the ideal of a Soviet person. There was a feeling of connection between the Soviet and Spanish loci of heroism and people of heroic professions, among which pilots and border guards came to the fore. The figures selected to create the pantheon of Civil War heroes and the ways to fit the images of Franco and Stalin into the context are demonstrated.

ПОЛЕМИКА О ДЖАЗЕ В СОВЕТСКОЙ ВОЕННОЙ ПЕРИОДИКЕ (1941-1945)

The controversy about jazz in the Soviet press is part of a large– scale scientific topic related to the perception of musical culture by Soviet society. The analysis of this controversy is important both for the history of the domestic media and for the analysis of public sentiment in the USSR. This article examines the reflection of jazz as a cultural phenomenon in the Soviet periodicals of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The object of the analysis was the performances of jazz orchestras at the front and in the rear and the reaction to these performances from the press. On the basis of military publications in the specially-art media, the author tries to identify the role of jazz music in the culture of wartime.

Влияние марксистско-ленинской идеологии сталинской лингвокультуры на школьные учебники истории СССР 1930–1950-х годов

The paper considers the formation and development of the USSR history education exposed to the 1930–1950s state policy and expressed in the resolutions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People’s Commissars. It analyses the origins of the widespread revolutionary terminology in the political, social and everyday life of the country. The paper focuses on the formation of a special linguistic culture of the Soviet society after the release of I. V. Stalin’s «Short course of the CPSU (b)». It updates the influence of the official documents language, party leaders’ and statesmen’s public speeches, the «Short Course of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks», 1930–1950s Soviet periodicals and dictionaries on the vocabulary of the school history books of that time. The educational publications of this period conducted the Marxist-Leninist understanding of history and served a tool for influencing the worldview of Soviet schoolchildren. The main textbooks of this period contain numerous examples of specific words, reflecting the interpretation of historical events and processes in line with Marxist-Leninist ideology. The paper provides brief information about the authors of educational publications and the results of textbook competitions initiated by the party and state bodies. The conclusion refers to the content adjustment of history textbooks depending on ideological attitudes.

Перестроечная периодическая печать как исторический источник по трансформации образа В. И. Ленина в 1987-1991 гг.

The article analyses the metamorphosis of Lenin's image in late Soviet periodicals. The method of socio-historical phenomenology has been applied in the study. The source base of the research includes materials from the newspaper Pravda, magazine Ogonyok, and newspaper of the Democratic Union Svobodnoe Slovo. The chronological framework of the research covers the period from November 1987 to June 1991. The focus is on the interaction of three discourses in press, which introduced different purport of Lenin's image into the readers’ minds. The first discourse contained positive description of Lenin's image and linked his teachings with the reforms, justifying the Perestroika transformation. The second discourse was based on ideological confrontation between Lenin and Stalin. The periodicals blamed the latter for all costs of Soviet power. Through criticism of Stalin's image, the second discourse urged to abandon shameful criminal past in favour of Leninist legacy endorsed by the society. Nevertheless, such imprudent tactics eventually widened the criticism, intensifying the political debate of more significant symbols of the Soviet system. Such was the content of the third discourse endorsing deconstruction of Lenin and other pillars of the Soviet system. The study constructs three time periods of domination of the aforementioned discourses. The first period was 1987–88, when the first and second discourses prevailed. The second period refers to 1989, when major ideological shifts took place. More articles defending Lenin’s image appeared in the pages of Pravda, indicating presence of legitimate criticism in the press. The Ogonyok magazine called for a condemnation of the results of the October Revolution of 1917. The newspaper Svobodnoe Slovo was published freely, encountering no resistance from the authorities. It openly denounced Lenin's image. The newspaper became the main vehicle for the third discourse. It could be argued that 1989 was a milestone in terms of the transition to the third discourse. In 1990–91 of the third interim period, the anti-Leninist discourse took over the pages of Ogonyok, the Pravda remaining the last mass media defending Lenin's image from criticism. As a result, Lenin's image was negatively reinterpreted in the eyes of the readers and gradually disappeared from the pages of late Soviet periodicals.

«…It was done by Soviet scientists»: Representations of scientific social practices in Soviet magazines for children (the 1980s)

The author explores the texts of Soviet periodicals for children and sets the task to reveal how science is represented in relation to state policy, as well as defining the semiotic resources that convey grown-ups’ social practices to children’s audience. Methodologically, the study builds on content analysis and discourse analysis of the publications drawn from the magazines “Pioneer” and “Kostyor”. It has been found that publications on science occupied an important place in the magazines, sections on science were regular, and most of them had exact and natural sciences as their subject. Specific features of representations have been discovered, including references to experts’ opinions, channeling of agonality, emotions and ideologies. The validity of scientific information provided was guaranteed by the expert status of the author or commentator: their professionalism and public recognition. The texts contained argumentation tactics that were typical of academic communication, and thus, grown-ups’ social practices were transferred to children’s magazines. The author claims that the rational sphere of science was discursively constructed as a source of emotional experience, specifically — the feeling of wonder. The factual component was complemented by the emotional modus and actualized through the lexical markers of wonder, evaluative elements and stylistic devices. The journals were used as an instrument of dialogue between the state and a younger generation, and the representations of scientific social practices contained markers of ideology. The author claims that convergence of scientific, media and political discourses is taking place in the process of representation of scientific practices. The resulting representations build axiological attitudes of a younger generation, maintain ideological guidelines, and determine a scientific and ideological worldview.

Дизайнер мебели Елена Бочарова: от модернизма к национальному стилю

The article is an overview of the biography and artistic career of Elena Sergeevna Bocharova (1929–2018), designer of the All-Union Furniture Design and Technology Institute (Vserossijskij Proektno-Konstruktorskij i Tekhnologicheskij Institut Mebeli, or VPKTIM). The primary sources the research is based on are mentions of Elena Bocharova in Soviet periodicals, Artem Dezhurko’s interview with her colleague and friend Zoya Vattel, and Zoya Vattel’s personal archive. The article includes three sections: Elena Bocharova’s biography, the overview of her projects, and a section about the survived furniture items that can be attributed to her. The author outlines the main periods of Elena Bocharova’s career in VPKTIM and the Institute of Trade and Consumer Services Buildings Design (CNIIEP torgovo-bytovyh zdanij), mentions 18 furniture projects designed in 1956–1986 which can be identified as her works according to primary sources, and characterizes her artistic progress. Elena Bocharova started with the modernist projects in the Thaw era but later became more interested in Russian folk tradition, both as a furniture designer and a master of indoor sculpture. In the final part of the article the author attributes some furniture items owned by the All-Russian Decorative Art Museum to Elena Bocharova.

WITH VASYL BLAKYTNYI AGAINST VALERIAN POLISHCHUK: FRAGMENTS OF THE SOCIAL AND LITERARY ACTIVITY OF YEVHEN KASIANENKO

The paper covers unknown pages of Yevhen Kasianenko’s creative activity. Yevhen Kasianenko (1889—1937) was one of the pioneers of Ukrainian aircraft construction, a translator, and an active participant in the socio-political and literary movement of the 1910s—1930s.
 The study reconstructs the literary and business relations between Yevhen Kasianenko, Vasyl
 Ellan-Blakytnyi, and Valerian Polishchuk. The author analyzes their views on organizational
 and conceptual forms of Ukrainian literature. The analysis of the projects and polemics initiated
 by the writers tackles the question of the cultural and historical origins of the ‘Red Renaissance’ and the specifi cal formation of the Ukrainian proletarian literature.
 This paper explores Yevhen Kasianenko’s involvement in the press of the Ukrainian People’s Republic period, his participation in the emergence of Ukrainian-language Soviet periodicals, the first associations of proletarian writers, and Ukrainian publishing houses, as well as his role in communication between Soviet writers and emigre artists. The study analyses for the first time the criminal case against Kasianenko and outlines his extensive connections within the Ukrainian literary environment. Kasianenko was one of those whose activity the Russian Communist Party leadership used for Sovietization policies in Ukraine as well as for the Ukrainization of the Bolshevik policy. He contributed to legitimizing the party’s political practices and symbolic images. Kasianenko’s biography shows that in ideological, scholarly, and cultural aspects, the Soviet civilization project was not radically innovative, largely existing in the orbit of the pre-revolutionary socio-cultural movement.