Southwest Yunnan Research Articles

Study on The Transport and Transformation of Heavy Metal Lead from Agricultural Land in An Abandoned Mining Area in Southwestern Yunnan

In this paper, the heavy metals in the agricultural land around an abandoned mine in southwest Yunnan Province were taken as the object of study, 15 samples of topsoil, middle soil and deep soil were collected, and 5 maize plants were randomly selected in the soil sampling points to study the migration and transformation of heavy metal lead in the soil-maize system in the agricultural land around the abandoned mine. The results showed that the soils in the study area were enriched with heavy metal Pb, which was generally expressed as surface soil > middle soil > deep soil; the migration capacity of heavy metal Pb in different organs of maize: roots > leaves > stems and kernels. The results of the study can be used as a basis for judging the migration and transformation of heavy metals in soil-crop systems, providing new theoretical support for the migration of heavy metals in soils around abandoned mining areas, and promoting the ecological remediation of heavy metal pollution in agricultural land.

A New Species of the Genus Pseudocalotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from Southwest Yunnan, China.

In this study, a new species of the genus Pseudocalotes is described from Yingjiang County, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, based on four female specimens. It can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) interoculabials 3 or 4; (2) canthals 5-7; (3) cicrcumorbitals 8-11; (4) 1 scale between rostral and nasal; (5) interparietal 1; (6) superciliaries 4-6; (7) supralabials 6-7, the 1st in contact with the nasal; (8) infralabials 6-8; (9) transverse gular fold and antehumeral fold present; (10) 2-3 enlarged scales between eye and ear; (11) nuchal crest single, consists of 3-5 erected spines; (12) dorsal crest row single, discontinuous and low, located between two keeled, parallel and enlarged scale rows; (13) enlarged postrictals absent; (14) scales around midbody 53-62, dorsal body scales heterogenous in size and shape; (15) midventrals smaller than dorsals; (16) subdigital scales on the 4th finger 20-26, and on the 4th toe 24-29; (17) dorsal background coloration light taupe with four irregular brown patches along the middle of dorsal; (18) inner lips wathet, tongue aurantiacus, throat bluish black. The population from Yingjiang County was nested within a highly supported lineage, formed a sister taxon with P. kakhienensis (SH 97/UFB 100) and according to the p-distance, the new species differed from its congeners by 14.5% to 35.2% for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and 15.5% to 25.0% for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4).

A new species of Hemiphyllodactylus (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from southwest Yunnan, China.

A new species of gekkonid, Hemiphyllodactylusgengmaensissp. nov., is described based on six specimens from Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County, Yunnan, China. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a significant genetic divergence of greater than 9.7% in the mitochondrial ND2 gene and a combination of the following characters: a maximum SVL of 43.24mm; 8 or 9 chin scales; six circumnasal scales; 2 or 3 internasal scales; 9-11 supralabial scales; 8 or 9 infralabial scales; 11-18 dorsal scales; 8-10 ventral scales; a manual lamellar formula of 5-5-5-4 or 5-6-5-4 and a pedal lamellar formula of 5-5-6-5; 20-25 precloacal and femoral pore-bearing scales contiguous in males; dark postorbital stripes or striping on body; dark dorsal transverse blotches present; and a brown postsacral mark bearing anteriorly projecting arms. The discovery of this new species brings the number of Hemiphyllodactylus species in China to 15.

Soil microbial community structure and soil fertility jointly regulate soil microbial residue carbon during the conversion from subtropical primary forest to plantations

Soil microbes mediate soil organic carbon (SOC) storage by affecting microbial residue carbon (C) in terrestrial ecosystems, a main source of SOC. However, how microbial residue C accumulation changes during the conversion of subtropical primary forest to plantations and the role of soil microbial community structure in regulating these changes remain unclear. Here, effects of conversion from forest on microbial residue C accumulation in three plantations, including tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), walnut (Juglans regia), and macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia). We assessed amino sugars content and the relative importance of soil microbial community structure, soil fertility, and aboveground biomass in four forest types in southwest Yunnan province, China. Our results show that total microbial residue C accounted for 27.8 % of SOC on average across all forest types, and fungal residue C contributed more to SOC than bacterial residue C across different forest types. Conversion from primary forest decreased fungal, bacterial, and total microbial residue C content in all plantation types except tea. Microbial residue C contents was significantly lower in the macadamia plantation than in the primary forest and the tea plantation. Fungal and total microbial residue C content increased with increasing soil microbial community composition, soil fungal abundance, and soil fertility. Soil fertility regulated fungal, bacterial, and total microbial residue C accumulation, which was major determinant of microbial residue C via its influence on soil fungal and bacterial abundance. Overall, we found that soil fungal abundance contributed more to microbial residue C accumulation than change in soil microbial community composition. We also found that soil bacterial abundance was negatively correlated with fungal and microbial residue C, while soil fungal abundance was positively related to microbial residue C accumulation. Ascomycota was most important phylum regulating microbial residue C. These findings suggest that soil fungal and bacterial abundance and soil fertility are the principal regulators of microbial residue C accumulation during the conversion from primary forest to different plantations.

Ancient tea gardens play important role on in situ conservation of epiphytic orchids in southwest Yunnan, China

Southwest Yunnan of China is the homeland of famous Pu’er tea and preserved the largest area of ancient tea gardens in the world. The ancient tea gardens keeping a large number of shade trees have prevailed for hundreds of years persist and formed typical agroforestry systems. To assess the potential of the ancient tea gardens for in situ orchid conservation, in this study, three typical ancient tea gardens located at different elevations, JiNuo Mountain ancient tea garden (JNM, 1150 m asl.), JingMai Mountain ancient tea garden (JMM, 1345 m asl.), and LaoBanZhang ancient tea garden (LBZ, 1787 m asl.), were selected to investigate species diversity and composition, and conservation status of all orchids. Floral visitors, reproductive success, and seedling recruitment of selected epiphytic orchids were also investigated from 2019 to 2021. We identified 88 orchid species (85 epiphytic and 3 terrestrial orchids) in 33 genera in the three ancient tea gardens, including one critically endangered species (CR), four endangered species (EN) and 16 vulnerable species (VU). Although the orchid species diversity was not significantly different, the species composition varied greatly among the three ancient tea gardens. For the randomly selected 40 epiphytic orchid species, all species could set fruits naturally, and the natural fruit-sets ranged from 1.11 ± 6.0% to 62.07 ± 15.4% with great variations among species and years. For 60 epiphytic orchid species observed, seedling recruitment for 26 species (43.3%) were observed and confirmed. Among 42 insect visitors observed, 21 species including bees, flies and ants, were confirmed as effective pollinators to 16 epiphytic orchids. These results revealed that the ancient tea gardens maintained high species diversity of epiphytic orchids and provided pollinator services for reproductive success and suitable micro-environment for seed germination and seedling recruitment. We strongly suggested that the ancient tea gardens in the area could serve as important supplements for in situ conservation of epiphytic orchids.

Sowing crop affects soil microbial necromass carbon via altering soil fungal community structure in a macadamia-based agroforestry system

Agroforestry management practices governed soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial community structure in terrestrial ecosystems, yet the effect of these practices on microbial necromass carbon (C) remain poorly understood in a subtropical region. Here, we compared the differences in fungal, bacterial, and microbial necromass C (indicated by amino sugars) and their contributions to SOC among different forest types including macadamia monoculture plantation (MMP) and macadamia-based agroforestry systems intercropping with dasheen (MDAS), konjac (MKAS), and maize (MMAS) in the Lincang city, southwest Yunnan province, China, and assessed the impact of aboveground biomass, soil fertility, and soil microbial community structure on microbial necromass C and its contribution to SOC. Compared with monoculture plantation, macadamia-based agroforestry decreased SOC, and changed significantly soil microbial α diversity, β diversity, and microbial necromass C and its contribution to SOC (P < 0.01). Microbial necromass C and its contribution to SOC were no significant difference between MMP and MMAS. MDAS and MKAS had lower microbial necromass C than MMP (35.11 % and 63.62 %, respectively). SOC increased with increasing soil fungal and microbial necromass C among the agroforestry systems. Soil fertility was the most important factor affecting fungal (41.45 %), bacterial (33.84 %), and microbial necromass C (40.63 %). Importantly, soil fertility and fungal β diversity directly negatively affected soil fungal and microbial necromass C and their contributions to SOC. Furthermore, woody aboveground biomass affected microbial necromass C directly or indirectly via soil fungal β diversity. Overall, our findings suggest that soil fungal β diversity drove microbial necromass C accumulation and its contribution to SOC in a macadamia-based agroforestry systems, which reveal that sowing crop may be key considerations in mitigating climate change.

Genetic characteristics of P. falciparum parasites collected from 2012 to 2016 and anti-malaria resistance along the China-Myanmar border.

The therapeutic efficacy studies of DHA-PIP for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum patients were implemented from 2012 to 2016 along China (Yunnan province)-Myanmar border, which verified the high efficacy of DHA-PIP. With the samples collected in these studies, the genetic characteristics of P. falciparum parasites based on in vivo parasite clearance time (PCT) was investigated to explore if these parasites had developed resistance to DHA and PIP at molecular level. The genetic characteristics were investigated based on K13 genotypes, copy numbers of genes pfpm2 and pfmdr1, and nine microsatellite loci (Short Tandem Repeats, STR) flanking the K13 gene on chromosome 13. The PCT 50s were compared based on different K13 genotypes, sites, periods and copy numbers. In the NW (North-West Yunnan province bordering with Myanmar) region, F446I was the main K13 genotype. No significant differences for PCT 50s presented among three K13 genotypes. In SW (South-West Yunnan province bordering with Myanmar) region, only wild K13 genotype was detected in all parasite isolates whose PCT 50s was significantly longer than those in NW region. For the copy numbers of genes, parasite isolates containing multiple copies of pfmdr1 gene were found in both regions, but only single copy of pfpm2 gene was detected. Though the prevalence of parasite isolates with multiple copies of pfmdr1 gene in SW region was higher than that in NW region, no difference in PCT 50s were presented between isolates with single and multiple copies of pfmdr1 gene. The median He values of F446I group and Others (Non-F446I K13 mutation) group were 0.08 and 0.41 respectively. The mean He values of ML group (Menglian County in SW) and W (wild K13 genotype in NW) group were 0 and 0.69 respectively. The mean Fst values between ML and W groups were significantly higher than the other two K13 groups. P. falciparum isolates in NW and SW regions had very different genetic characteristics. The F446I was hypothesized to have independently appeared and spread in NW region from 2012 and 2016. The high susceptibility of PIP had ensured the efficacy of DHA-PIP in vivo. Multiple copy numbers of pfmdr1 gene might be a potential cause of prolonged clearance time of ACTs drugs along China-Myanmar border. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN 11775446. Registered 17 April 2020-Retrospectively registered, the registered name was Investigating resistance to DHA-PIP for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and chloroquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Yunnan, China. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11775446.

Tethyan evolution from early Paleozoic to early Mesozoic in southwest Yunnan

Tethyan evolution from early Paleozoic to early Mesozoic in southwest Yunnan

Petrogenesis of the Yunling Sn-rich magma in the Baoshan Block, SW China: Constraints from mineral and whole-rock geochemistry

Southwest Yunnan is one of the most important tin (Sn) metallogenic belts in China. The Sn mineralization is mainly linked with the Cretaceous and Cenozoic magmatism. Triassic granitoids are also widely developed in this region, where the Yunling granitoids are considered to represent an essential target for the localization of Sn mineralization. However, the source characteristics of these ore-related granitoids are still unclear. Here we present geochronology, petrology, and mineral geochemistry to reveal the petrogenesis of Sn-rich magma. Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the Yunling samples were emplaced at 220–209 Ma, suggesting that the Late Triassic magmatism in the Yunling district along the S–N trending Changning-Menglian suture zone (CMSZ) was generated at the post-collisional stage. Samples from the Yunling pluton exhibit a variable SiO2 content of 54.8–68.5 wt% and are characterized by a high normative corundum content (>1 wt%) and aluminum saturation index (A/CNK = 0.84–1.17). Systemic zircon geochemistry suggests that these samples belong to S-type granite. Moreover, the granitoids have extremely enriched Nd-Hf isotopic signatures with εNd(t) values of −11.5 to −10.7 and εHf(t) values of −21.6 to −10.6. These findings, together with the elevated Ba/Pb ratios and high zircon Ti temperatures (≥800 °C), indicate that the Yunling S-type granitoids were likely to have been derived from the dehydrating partial melting of biotite in the metasedimentary rocks at high temperatures. In addition, the magmatic oxygen fugacity obtained from the magmatic accessory minerals suggests that the ore-related granitic magmas are highly reduced, with the estimated ΔFMQ (fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer) generally ranging from −5.45 to −0.22 (-3.48 on average). Based on these results, we conclude that the decomposition of biotite in the source effectively extracted Sn, thus forming initial Sn-rich melts which crystallized and differentiated at a low oxygen fugacity and were eventually deposited in the shallow crust to form the Yunling Sn-bearing granitoids.

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the early Paleozoic granites in the Lincang granitic batholith, southwestern China: Constraints from geochronology, geochemistry and Hf isotopes

This study presents the recently discovered Wulao Shan Ordovician granite within the Lincang granitic batholith, discusses its geochemical affinity, genesis, and tectonic significance, and interprets the proto-Tethys orogenic model in southwest Yunnan. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analyses indicate a crystalline age of 473.0 ± 2.9 Ma for the Wulaoshan gneissic granite. Geochemical analyses show that the Wulaoshan granite exhibits relatively high SiO2 concentrations (73.4–77.3 wt.%), strong peraluminous properties (ASI > 1.1), strongly Eu-negative anomalies, light and heavy rare earth fractionation, and relative Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, P, and Ti depletion. SiO2 and P2O5 exhibit a strong negative correlation, whereas Rb and Y-Th with a positive correlation. The magmatic zircons have negative εHf(t) values of -5.47∼2.74. Petrographic observations and whole-rock geochemical and isotopic analyses imply no aluminum-rich minerals such as cordierite, indicating that the Wulaoshan granite is a highly fractionated, high-temperature I-type granite, which may have formed via partial melting of the magnesian-iron igneous crust. Additionally, K-feldspar, plagioclase, and biotite within the granite samples may have undergone intense fractional crystallization. The Wulao Shan gneissic granite is an arc granite associated with subduction, indicating that the Lincang Block underwent proto-Tethys subduction. This finding provides evidence for proto-Tethys subduction down to the Lincang-Simao block and further supports the bidirectional subduction model of the proto-Tethys.

Determination of the early Paleozoic accretionary complex in Southwestern Yunnan, China: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean

Accretionary complex study provides important knowledge on the subduction and the geodynamic processes of the oceanic plate, which represents the ancient ocean basin extinction location. Nevertheless, there exist many disputes on the age, material source, and tectonic attribute of the Lancang group, located in Southwest Yunnan, China. In this paper, the LA-ICP-MS detrital zircon U-Pb chronology of nine metamorphic rocks in the Lancang group was carried out. The U-Pb ages of the three detrital zircons mainly range from 590–550 Ma, 980–910 Ma, and 1150–1490 Ma, with the youngest detrital zircons having a peak age of about 560 Ma. The U-Pb ages of the six detrital zircons mainly range from 440–460 Ma and 980–910 Ma, and the youngest detrital zircon has a peak age of about 445 Ma. In the Lancang group, metamorphic acidic volcanic rock, basic volcanic rocks, intermediate-acid intrusive rocks, and high-pressure metamorphic rocks are exposed in the form of tectonic lens in schist, rendering typical melange structural characteristics of “block + matrix”. Considering regional deformation and chronology, material composition characteristics, and the previous data, this study thinks the Lancang group may be an early Paleozoic tectonic accretionary complex formed by the eastward subduction of the Changning-Menglian Proto-Tethys Ocean, which provides an important constraint for the Tethys evolution.

Evaluation on the adaptability of Yunnan karst ecosystems based on “rock-soil-water-vegetation”

Because of its fragile nature, the karst ecosystem is prone to instability and gradual degradation of the key elements with “rock-soil-water-vegetation” under the continuous interference of human unreasonable activity, resulting in the final formation of the rocky desertification landscape. Based on the research of the structure of karst critical zone, it was proposed to establish the concept of karst ecosystem adaptability with the evaluation system of “rock-soil-water-vegetation”. At the same time, the analysis of the stress and coupling relationship was conducted in combination with the analysis of human activity intensity in Yunnan karst rocky desertification areas. The results showed that: (1) On the county scale, the karst ecosystem adaptability mainly fell into Level 2–3 (0.10 < Ake ≤ 0.30). The contribution degree of indicators followed the order of annual precipitation > proportion of waterbody area, biological abundance index > rock outcrop rate > wetness index, vegetation cover > soil erosion index. (2) The synergistic relationship between karst ecosystem adaptability and human activity intensity was mainly characterized by ecological priority type (S ≥ 1.20), which was mainly found in West, Northwest and Southwest Yunnan. The development priority type (0 < S ≤ 0.80) was mainly centered around Kunming City, extending eastward to Qilin District of Qujing City, southward to Hongta District of Yuxi City, and further to Gejiu-Mengzi-Kaiyuan of Honghe Prefecture and Wenshan City of Wenshan Prefecture. (3) The coupling relationship between the karst ecosystem adaptability and human activity intensity was mainly in the running-in coupling state (0.50 < C ≤ 0.80). The coupling centers were mainly in Kunming City, Yuxi City, Qujing City and Honghe Prefecture (a high-level coupling, 0.80 < C < 1.00). (4) The coordination relationship between the karst ecosystem adaptability and human activity intensity mainly fell into the imbalanced development category, mostly moderately and mildly imbalanced development (0.20 ≤ D < 0.40). The coordinated development center was mainly centered in Kunming City of Central Yunnan (a coordinated development, D ≥ 0.5), which widely extended southward to Hongta-Jiangchuan-Chengjiang -Tonghai in Yuxi City and slightly spread eastward to Qilin District in Qujing City. The research results can provide effective ways and evaluation basis for enhancing the resilience and stability of the karst ecosystem and repairing damaged links, and also provide theoretical support for further studies on sustainable development of karst rocky desertification areas.

Coupled and Coordinated Development of the Tourism Industry and Urbanization in Marginal and Less Developed Regions—Taking the Mountainous Border Areas of Western Yunnan as a Case Study

Promoting the coupled and coordinated development of China’s tourism industry and urbanization is of great significance for its marginal and less developed regions. Taking a typical marginal and less developed region, the mountainous border areas of Western Yunnan as the research object, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of the coupling coordination degree of the tourism industry and urbanization, as well as their influencing factors, in this region from 2010 to 2019 using the coupling coordination model, spatial gravity model, and panel Tobit model. The study results show the following. (1) The development level of the tourism industry and urbanization in the study region had significantly increased, but there was an obvious polarization phenomenon in its spatial distribution. (2) The coupling coordination degree of the tourism industry and urbanization showed a good development trend of steady growth, and the areas were ranked according to the average annual growth rate as follows: West Yunnan &gt; Southwest Yunnan &gt; Northwest Yunnan. (3) The regional differences in the coupling coordination degree had expanded, reflecting an “agglomeration phenomenon” and “distance decay effect”, and the tourism industry lagging (obstructed) subtype was dominant. (4) The industrial structure, transportation accessibility, capital effect, consumption capacity, and talent support had significant positive effects on the coupling coordination degree, but the role of openness to the outside world was not obvious. This study can provide a useful reference for further studies on the marginal and less developed regions of China.

The formation mechanism of landslides in typical fault zones and protective countermeasures: A case study of the Nanpeng River fault zone

Landslides are frequent in the Nanpeng River fault zone in southwest Yunnan. Based on a Zhen Qing Expressway survey, the geological conditions and characteristics of landslides in this area were studied. The conclusions are as follows: 1) the geological background was the internal cause of local highly steep slopes and broken rock masses. The main landslide types in study area are fault-type and accumulation landslides. 2) The formation of fault-type landslides is related to endogenous causes, such as tectonic movements, but they are less easily triggered than accumulation landslides. Accumulation landslides are related to broken rock masses and are sensitive to external factors such as rainfall and artificial unloading. 3) The coordinated control of permanent support engineering, local deformation control, and overall support reinforcement should be considered as preventive measures.

National park classification and spatial identification: A case of Yunnan Province, China.

National park is a major institutional innovation to promote the construction of ecological civilization in China. How to scientifically classify types and identify spaces is a fundamental task in the layout and construction of national parks, which is critically needed in practice. Based on the national conditions of China and related international experience, we classified national parks into wilderness oriented, ecological priority, recreation oriented, and heritage oriented types, and constructed a relatively complete national park classification scheme. With Yunnan Province as a case, which has a high degree of natural and human diversity, we established a set of index and zoning rules based on "dual evaluation". The artificial neural networks were used to establish a land use evolution learning algorithm. The meta-cellular automata incorporating an adaptive inertia mechanism was used for spatio-temporal simulation. Spatial identification of different types of national parks was performed for the whole province under high resolution. The contraction-expansion principle was applied to compare, correct, and optimize the identified areas. A comprehensive plan for the future layout of Yunnan National Park was proposed. The results showed that national parks in Yunnan Province were mainly concentrated in the Sanjiang region and the Hengduan Mountains, the west and southwest Yunnan. Those three types of areas could be used as key areas for future natio-nal park planning and protection. The general and worth popularizing research paradigm for national park typology and spatial identification established here could be served as a reference for national application.

Drinking water behavior and willingness to use filters by middle-aged and elderly residents in rural areas: A cross-sectional study in Tengchong, China.

Access to safe drinking water is critical to health and development issues, and residents' drinking behavior reflects their awareness of health and water hygiene. Random sampling and face-to-face questionnaires were used to investigate the drinking water behavior, sanitation and perceptions of drinking water among middle-aged and elderly residents in Tengchong, southwest Yunnan from July 1 to July 28, 2021. Differences between groups were assessed using the Chi-square test and t-test. Two binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the influencing factors of drinking unboiled tap water and willingness to use filters. Results show that 35% of residents drink unboiled tap water, and 29.8% of respondents indicated a willingness to use filters. The model results showed a strong correlation between 60 and 79 years old (OR: 0.510, 95% CI: 0.303–0.858), 80 and above years old (OR: 0.118, 95% CI: 0.038–0.365), drinking water at a regular interval (OR: 0.397, 95% CI: 0.257–0.612), wanting to gain knowledge about drinking water (OR: 0.198, 95% CI: 0.099–0.395), Perceived health risks (PHR) (OR: 0.847, 95% CI: 0.771–0.929), having kidney stones (OR: 2.975, 95% CI: 1.708–5.253) and drinking unboiled tap water (p < 0.05). 60–79 years old (OR: 0.446, 95% CI: 0.244–0.815), 80 and above years old (OR: 0.228, 95% CI: 0.064–0.812), water storage (OR: 0.088, 95% CI: 0.026–0.300), middle school and above (OR: 2.238, 95% CI: 1.289–3.883), household water treatment (HWT) (OR: 33.704, 95% CI: 9.726–116.791), Perceived health risks (PHR) (OR:1.106, 95% CI: 1.009–1.213), water authority satisfaction (WAT) (OR:0.857, 95% CI: 0.769–0.956) and willingness to use filters were correlated (p < 0.05). Our findings suggested that a certain proportion of permanent middle-aged and elderly residents in rural areas still drink unboiled tap water, and residents are less willing to use filters. Residents' perception of drinking water can reflect residents' drinking water behavior and willingness to a certain extent. It is recommended that the government and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) should strengthen relevant measures such as knowledge popularization and health education, and regulate the water use behavior of middle-aged and elderly residents. Promote safe, economical and effective household water filtration facilities to ensure public health safety.

Prototethyan orogenesis in southwest Yunnan and Southeast Asia

Prototethyan orogenesis in southwest Yunnan and Southeast Asia

Ethnomycological study on wild mushrooms in Pu’er Prefecture, Southwest Yunnan, China

BackgroundYunnan is rich in fungal diversity and cultural diversity, but there are few researches on ethnomycology. In addition, extensive utilization of wild edible fungi (WEF), especially the ectomycorrhizal fungi, threatens the fungal diversity. Hence, this study aims to contribute to the ethnomycological knowledge in Pu’er Prefecture, Yunnan, China, including information on the fungal taxa presented in markets and natural habitats, with emphasis in ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF).MethodsSemi-structured interviews with mushroom vendors in markets and with mushroom collectors in natural habitats were conducted. Information related to local names, habitat, fruiting time, species identification, price, cooking methods and preservation methods of wild edible mushrooms were recorded. Wild edible fungi were collected from forests, and morphological and molecular techniques were used to identify fungal species.ResultsA total of 11 markets were visited during this study. The 101 species collected in the markets belonged to 22 families and 39 genera, and about 76% of them were EMF. A wealth of ethnomycological knowledge was recorded, and we found that participants in the 45–65 age group were able to judge mushroom species more accurately. Additionally, men usually had a deepest mushroom knowledge than women. A total of 283 species, varieties and undescribed species were collected from natural habitats, and about 70% of them were EMF. Mushroom species and recorded amounts showed correspondence between markets and the natural habitats on different months.ConclusionThe present study shows that Pu’er Prefecture is rich in local mycological knowledge and fungal diversity. However, it is necessary to continue the research of ethnomycological studies and to design and conduct dissemination of local knowledge in order to preserve it, since it currently remains mainly among the elderly population.

Integrating CVOR-GWLR-Circuit model into construction of ecological security pattern in Yunnan Province, China.

In the traditional construction of ecological security pattern, the minimum cost path is extracted as the ecological corridor based on the minimum cumulative resistance model, and the ecological nodes are identified manually. This method lacks the consideration of the exchange process of energy flow and information flow in the ecological process, resulting in a certain lack of ecological security pattern in structure and function. Therefore, an ecological security pattern construction method integrating CVOR-GWLR-Circuit model is proposed to solve the above problems by transforming natural background data into localized correction variables and adding them to the ecological security pattern evaluation model. Taking Yunnan Province as an example, firstly, the ecological security evaluation system of "Contribution, Vigor, Organization, Resilience" (CVOR) is constructed based on the importance of ecosystem services and ecosystem health, and the ecological security of Yunnan Province in 2020 is evaluated, and the ecological source areas are identified combined with nature reserves. Then, the ecological resistance surface was constructed by considering land use data and topographic factors, and the landslide sensitivity evaluation model was constructed based on geographically weighted logistic regression model (GWLR) to correct the basic resistance surface. Finally, the circuit theory model is used to extract the ecological corridor and construct the ecological security pattern in Yunnan Province. The ecological pinch points and barriers in the ecological corridor are diagnosed by the current density, so as to identify the width of the ecological corridor and identify the key areas of ecological protection and restoration. The results showed that the ecological sources area of Yunnan Province was about 69,417.78 km2, accounting for 17.6% of the total area of the study area, mainly distributed in Dehong Prefecture, southwest Yunnan, Diqing Prefecture and Nujiang Prefecture in northwest Yunnan. A total of 780 ecological corridors were generated between the ecological sources, with a total length of about 197,598.2km, an average length of 253.3km, and the longest path length of 932.1km. The ecological corridors are "spider web", linking southwest, northwest, northeast, central and southeast Yunnan Province. 36 ecological pinch points and 42 ecological barriers were identified. The research results verify that the ecological security pattern constructed by integrated CVOR-GWLR-Circuit model is more reasonable, which can provide scientific basis for regional ecological protection planning and ecological corridors design.

Construction and application of comprehensive drought monitoring model considering the influence of terrain factors: a case study of southwest Yunnan, China.

Droughts in winter and spring are one of the most prominent natural disasters in the Yunnan Province in China. They occur frequently, with long durations and have a wide range of damage, which has a serious impact on social and economic development, as well as agricultural production and, therefore, strongly impacts the lives of the people living in the region. The traditional drought monitoring model does not take terrain into consideration, thereby affecting the comparative nature of results, as baseline conditions are not the same. Therefore, this study proposed a comprehensive drought monitoring model considering the influence of terrain factors to improve the evaluation effect. Firstly, based on NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM 3B43) data, vegetation condition index (VCI), temperature condition index (TCI), precipitation condition index (TRCI), and three terrain factors ground elevation (DEM), slope (SLOPE), aspect (ASPECT) were selected as model parameters. Then, a comprehensive drought monitoring model without considering terrain factors (Model A) and a comprehensive drought monitoring model of considering terrain factors (Model B) were constructed by using multiple linear regression models. Finally, the effects of the two models were evaluated by using standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in southwest Yunnan Province, China, and model B was used to analyze the drought in winter and spring in the study area from 2008 to 2019. The results showed that (1) the correlation coefficient of model B was higher than that of model A in winter and spring and the standard error of model B was lower than that of model A. (2) The grade consistency rate of Model A and SPEI was 0.92 in winter and 0.33 in spring; the grade consistency between model B and SPEI was 0.83 in winter and 0.75 in spring, and therefore the monitoring effect of model B was more stable. (3) There were periodic droughts during the study period, and the degree of drought in spring was less than in winter. Medium and severe droughts were observed in winter. Thus, this study concluded that the effect of terrain has an important influence on the evaluation of droughts. The comprehensive drought monitoring model which considers topographic factors can effectively identify the occurrence of drought, and therefore provide significant input with regards to disaster prevention and mitigation policies in southwest Yunnan.