Southern Sung Research Articles

關於南宋時代南渡人的貢獻硏究 -以對兩浙文化和風俗的影響中心

關於南宋時代南渡人的貢獻硏究 -以對兩浙文化和風俗的影響中心

關於南宋時代南渡人的考察 - 以對兩浙路經濟上的影響中心 -

南宋時代에는 北方에 거주하고 있던 사람들 중 상당수가 대규모로 고향을 버리고 江을 건너 남쪽으로 이주하였다. 이런 사람들을 南渡人이라고 부른다. 남송시대 北人의 南渡는 南宋 초기 宋 皇室이 南渡할 당시, 南宋과 金이 대치하던 시기 그리고 金이 망하고 南宋과 蒙古가 대치하던 시기에 집중적으로 이루어졌는데 그 중에서 규모가 가장 컸던 시기는 남송 초기였다. 北方의 移住民들이 南渡한 후 定着한 곳은 廣東 · 廣西 · 福建 · 江西 · 湖南 · 湖北 · 兩浙 등의 南方 각지였다. 그러나 정치 · 경제 · 지리적인 요인 때문에 兩浙에 가장 많은 수가 정착하였다. 南渡人들은 兩浙의 정치 · 경제 · 문화 등 각 방면에 커다란 영향을 미쳤다. 특히 경제의 발전에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 즉 南渡人들의 流入으로 兩浙은 農業 · 手工業 · 商業 · 飲食業 등이 전례를 찾아 볼 수 없을 정도로 발전하였고, 建築業과 運輸業 등도 그러하였으며, 도시 또한 크게 번영하였다. 南渡人들의 流入은 양절의 경제를 한 단계 발전시키는 요인이었지만 사회 질서를 파괴시키는 요인으로도 작용하였다.

Exchange between Japan and Southern Sung, and the formation of Risshu’s doctrine during the Kamakura period

Exchange between Japan and Southern Sung, and the formation of Risshu’s doctrine during the Kamakura period

Actual Conditions of Woman’s Bringing Property Possession in Southern Sung Era

Actual Conditions of Woman’s Bringing Property Possession in Southern Sung Era

Sung Tz'u (1186-1249) and medical jurisprudence in ancient China.

The evolution of medical jurisprudence in ancient China is discussed in relation to Sung Tz'u (1186-1249), a district judge in the Southern Sung Dynasty. His work represents some of the earliest on the subject.

The Compilation of the Works of the Ch'eng Brothers and its Significance for the Learning of the Right Way of the Southern Sung Period

The Compilation of the Works of the Ch'eng Brothers and its Significance for the Learning of the Right Way of the Southern Sung Period

WALTON (Linda A.), Academies and Society in Southern Sung China

WALTON (Linda A.), Academies and Society in Southern Sung China

Academies and Society in Southern Sung China

Academies and Society in Southern Sung China

Academies and Society in Southern Sung China

Academies and Society in Southern Sung China

The Lyric Journey: Poetic Painting in China and Japan (review)

Reviews 79 though those concerned with public policy can find useful insight in the some of the discussions, particularly those addressing determinants ofChinese and Japanese security policy, EastAsian Securityis clearly more analytical in tone than policy-oriented. Third, the final essay (a translation ofa Japanese article on "The Glorification ofWar in Japanese Education" by Saburo Ienaga) seemed a little out ofsync with the rest ofthe book. Perhaps it should have been inserted earlier in the text where its uniqueness would not be so noticeable. This chapter also (in my copy) is missing two pages (pp. 348 and 350) with accompanying footnotes (numbers 47, 48, 49, 50, and 55). Overall, this is an excellent book: thoughtful, conveniendy organized, and containing diverse but well-argued perspectives from several highly respected scholars. It is intended to be simply a reader—a collection ofessays—but there is sufficient focus on many ofthe key issues ofEast Asian security to provide a sense of cohesion. Because ofits balanced and clear presentations, the book is both informative and a pleasure to read. It can be highly recommended to East Asian specialists as well as to undergraduate and graduate students in the fields ofinternational relations and national security studies. Martin L. Lasater The Adantic Council of the United States, Washington, D.C. Martin Lasater is a seniorfellow specializing in Sino-American relations and U.S. strategy andpolicy toward the Asia-Pacific region. mi James Cahül. The Lyric Journey: Poetic Painting in China and Japan. Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Press, 1996. x, 251 pp. Hardcover $45.00, isbn 0-674-53970-2. A glance at the table ofcontents might cause a bookstore browser to wonder what strand interweaves three chapters on painted evocations oflyric journeys: "In Southern Sung Hangchou," "In Late Ming Suchou," and "In Edo-Period Japan." James Cahill has set himselfthe challenge ofaddressing complex interactions of y mversity pamtulg an¿ poetry in two distinctbut culturallylinked countries, in part to meet the terms ofthe Edwin O. Reischauer Lectures, which specify that the theme of each series encompass at least two cultures of East Asia. As a prolific author on Chinese painting who also has contributed to the study ofthe Japanese Nanga ofHawai'i Press 8o China Review International: Vol. 5, No. i, Spring 1998 School, Cahill was an excellent choice to share his reflections in 1993 with audiences at Harvard University. Here, in the resulting book, he notes the conditions in both countries that fostered the popularity of a thematic type that he defines as the lyric journey. In each case, he argues, a key role is played by urbanités, including wealthy merchants, who long nostalgically for a simpler, more rural lifestyle, even as they contribute to its demise. Many well-to-do commoners identified themselves with the prestigious culture ofofficialdom by reading, publishing, and writing poetry, thus expanding the influence of this literary form. Whether linked explicitly or implicitly with a poetic text, painted versions of the ideal lyric journey create a poetic mood. The "longings these people conventionally but nonetheless poignantly felt toward the ideals ofwithdrawal from human society" (p. 71) were reinforced by artists who provided paintings in which a highly cultured person, or a designated rustic counterpart, makes lyric journeys—excursions to and from a beautifully sited hermitage. Whereas Cahill might have characterized the urbanités' identification with poor fisherfolk or true recluses as mere posturing, by assuming that conventionality does not necessarily equate with insincerity or superficiality, he encourages readers to approach the paintings with a sensibility attuned to poetic imagery. This is the third time Cahill has produced books based on lectures he has given as the invited speaker in a distinguished lecture series.' Such a format is particularly conducive to encouraging senior scholars to explore distinct but interrelated themes. In this book Cahill continues to consider socioeconomic aspects involved in the production and reception of paintings, but here this serves primarily as a briefly sketched contextual framework. To articulate his vision of a certain type of poetic painting Cahill devotes considerable space to the interpretation of specific works. Among the illustrations are ones that have rarely if ever been published before and many that provide extremely apt...

China under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History (review)

Reviews 547© 1997 by University ofHawai'i Press Hoyt Cleveland Tillman and Stephen H. West, editors. China under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History. Foreword by Herbert Franke. SUNY series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture. Albany: State University ofNew York Press, 1995. xxi, 385 pp. Hardcover $59.50, isbn 0-7914-2273-9. Paperback $17.95, ISBN 0-7914-2274-7. As "a pioneering work" that encourages further research on the Chin period (1115-1234) (p. 19), this volume is certainly a welcome contribution to the ongoing study of China's conquest dynasties. The Foreword by Herbert Franke and the Introduction by the two editors highlight its "outstanding achievement" (p. xxi), not only in examining a period between the Sung and the Yuan, but also in placing "the culture of the Chin era in Chinese cultural history" (p. 19). A corrective to the old notion that the cultural life of the Chin was "barbarous," a "void," or an "unproductive transitional phase" (pp. xx-xxi), this is even more ofan achievement considering the scarcity of Chin sources, a fact that owes mainly to the destruction and general disruption of civil culture as a result ofwarfare between the forces ofthe Chin and the Sung and die Mongols, and the disempowerment of the Chin literati. Throughout the volume, Chin culture is discussed in terms of two kinds of cultural relations. The first kind, between the Jurchens and their Chinese contemporaries , is examined in terms of the sinicization ofthe Jurchens along with "elements ofJurchen tribal organization and lifestyle," which, throughout the century ofJurchen dominance in North China, helped the Chin to maintain "a mixed system ofrelatively pluralistic and polyethnic character" (p. 24). Second, a discussion ofJurchen-Khitan and Jurchen-Mongol relations and a briefcomparison of the Chin with the Manchu Ch'ing address the issue ofmutual influence ofpreceding and subsequent dynasties. Efforts are made to integrate the Chin into the Chinese society and culture with which it coexisted, to evaluate the conquest dynasty in the context ofmainstream Chinese history, to recognize the legitimacy of a nonHan dynasty, and to make use of scanty primary source materials to construct a cultural history of a people for whom (as with many other non-Han peoples) a written historical record in their own language is incomplete. All ofthese discussions , although specific to Chin culture, offer valuable general theories and methodological approaches to the study ofall of China's conquest dynasties. Well-organized, the volume's three essays in part 1 survey the cultural and institutional history ofthe Chin in the context of Chinese history overall; three essays in part 2 examine the Chin religion and Confucian thought, and four essays in part 3 discuss literature and art in relation to sociopolitical and cultural developments. 548 China Review International: Vol. 4, No. 2, Fall 1997 In chapter 1, Hoyt Tillman traces the evolution of the Chin away from Jurchen tribal practices and toward Chinese imperial institutions. Claiming that "Jurchen interaction with Chinese institutions is indicative of their attitudes and policies toward Chinese culture, and institutional changes are often more concrete and better documented than cultural interaction" (p. 23), Tillman uses the institutions of the Jurchens to study their cultural history. Moving away from the T'ang political culture, which the Liao had inherited, the Chin made a shift "in cultural judgement to adopt Sung models" (p. 38), and there were further significant institutional differences arising largely from the Chin tribal heritage. As for the Mongols, Tillman found, the Chin dealt with them "in much the same way that Chinese regimes had brought steppe tribes into the Chinese political order as vassals" (p. 24). In chapter 2, James Liu introduces a new explanation for the rise of neoConfucianism in the Southern Sung in context of the alien invasion. He declares that "invaders from the northern borderlands had never set their eyes on the Yangtze until the Jurchen," who became, in the early twelfth century, "the first steppe or pastoral-nomadic nationality in Chinese history to cross the Yangtze" (p. 39). The Jurchen confrontation with the Southern Sung "had long-range effects on the Southern Sung government." The most important was the rise of "neo" Confucianism. The...

‘Tea-trading Ship’ and the Tale of Shuang Chien and Su Little Lady

One of the great ‘lost’ stories of Chinese tradition concerned a magistrate, a courtesan, and a tea-smuggler. It was probably based on real-life events, and was one of the most popular tales during the Southern Sung (1127–1279) and Yüan (1280–1368) dynasties. Yet the piecing together of its outline has entailed much effort, much painstaking sifting and mooting. A tentative reconstruction of it runs as follows:

The Sung and Ming paper monies: Currency competition and currency bubbles

This paper shows that the collapse of the paper money system of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) was not due to a runway printing press but due to the existence of competing metallic currencies, which increased the interest elasticity of paper money demand and thus raised the possibility of self-generating hyperinflation. A leaning-with-the-wind feedback rule from prices to money supply followed by the Southern Sung government (1127–1279), however, seems to have prevented a self-generating inflation from arising.

Painter is of the Humbler's

Since T'ang (_??_) period, painting was regarded as a humble job in China. It is said that people would despise Yen Li-pên, (_??__??__??_) a higher government official, by calling him a painter. In Ming (_??_) period there were too many examples like this to enumerate.However, inTung-t'ing-ching-chi (_??__??__??__??__??_)which is considered to be written in late Southern Sung (_??__??_). there is a descripition such as“if you read many books, go through long distance, learn from great works of the former ages and produce a picture, painting is no longer a humble job.” This is from Shuofu (_??__??_) which was compiled in late Ming (_??_) period presuably to support as theory by Tung Ch'i-ch'ang (_??__??__??_) who would esteem Southern tsung paintings and despise Nothern tsung paintings. That is probably the reason why the article of Tung-t'ien-ching-chi was not compiled in Ssu-k'u Ch'üan-shu (_??__??__??__??_) by the Emperor Ch'ien Lung (_??__??_).

Ordering the World: Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China

These essays examine the relation of society and the state or, more broadly, the place of political action in society and in the history of Sung China. Connections between intellectual change and sociopolitical change are a consistent focus; attitudes toward history and problems of authority are a recurrent concern. The authors suggest new kinds of continuity between the disparate intellectual worlds of Northern and Southern Sung China. Their findings have important implications for our understanding of the neo-Confucian movement in Sung history and of the Sung in the history of Chinese ideas about politics and social action.

Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment

Inscriptions on excavated oracle bones and tortoise shells confirm that formal education existed in China as early as the Shang dynasty (roughly 1480-1066 B.C.). Historical data show that Emperor P'ing-ti of the Han dynasty established a countrywide government school system in 3 A.D., consisting of a central school in the capital and local schools in prefectures and counties.1 Over the next nineteen centuries, the school system developed gradually, sometimes damaged by war but soon restored, until the introduction of the modern Western system in the early twentieth century. Given the historical evidence, many scholars today believe that rulers in imperial China attached great importance to education. Yet that impression is incorrect. This essay examines the financing of local government schools in the Sung dynasty (960-1279 A.D.). Financial support is one of the best measures of rulers' attitudes toward education, and by this measure we can decide whether they valued education. The Sung dynasty was established by General Chao K'uang-yin in 960 through a coup. His family then ruled the country for more than three hundred years. Ironically, this dynasty, established by an army officer, was famous for its flourishing culture and a weak military. In the year 1127, the Jurchen army conquered the capital of the Sung dynasty in the North and took the emperor into captivity. One of the captive emperor's brothers made himself emperor and set up a new capital in the South. This event separates the dynasty into the Northern Sung period (960-1127) and the Southern Sung period (1127-1279). The Mongol army under Kublai Khan finally overthrew the Sung dynasty in 1279 and replaced it with the Yuan dynasty. In the Sung dynasty, the country was divided at different times into ten to twenty-six circuits (lu). Each circuit consisted of several prefectures

Beyond representation: Chinese painting and calligraphy, 8th-14th century

Of the human world - narrative representation of nature and art - monumental landscape the art of the scholar-officials Sung imperial art introspection and lyricism - southern Sung painting some Buddhist and Taoist themes the Yuan renaissance revival and synthesis - Yuan literati painting.

Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung

Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung

Statesmen and Gentlemen. The Elite of Fu-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung

Statesmen and Gentlemen. The Elite of Fu-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung

Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-chou, Chianghsi, in Northern and Southern Sung

Statesmen and Gentlemen is an important study of the way in which, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, China's ruling meritocracy was transformed into a locally-rooted elite whose principal aim was the consolidation of their power, wealth and influence on a local as opposed to a national and dynastic basis. Professor Hymes offers a remarkable picture of the institutional and social changes this process entailed, but he also examines in detail the subtle ways in which the elite's perception of itself and its social role changed and it came to offer powerful support to local self-defence, social welfare, religious cults and temple-building.