Southern Java Research Articles

New Chilopoda from the Chagos Archipelago

ABSTRACT The single published record of centipedes from the Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory, is for the scolopendrid Rhysida longipes Newport, 1845, from Eagle Island. Recent collections from Diego Garcia atoll include new records of R. longipes as well as four other centipede species, including the first records of the orders Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha. A new species of the lithobiid Australobius Chamberlin, 1920, A. chagosensis sp. n., is closely allied to species described from southern India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. The henicopid Lamyctes is represented by two geographically widespread species, L. mauriesi Demange, 1981 and L. tristani (Pocock, 1893), from which sequence data for the COI barcode marker are presented and analysed phylogenetically. The types of Lamyctes albipes (Pocock, 1894), and L. tristani, from Java and Tristan da Cunha, respectively, are illustrated for the first time to facilitate taxonomic comparisons with Chagos material. Specimens of Mecistocephalus are identified as Mecistocephalus lohmanderi Verhoeff, 1939, closely resembling specimens from the Seychelles. Collections from the archipelago in 1971–1972 also included Mecistocephalus angusticeps (Ribaut, 1914), and Nycternyssa dekania dekania (Verhoeff, 1938). The Chagos centipede fauna reveals affinities to those of the southern Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, Madagascar, the Maldives, the Seychelles, and Java. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:52337A1E-95DF-46C5-9D9A-8F294968A89D

Model of Tsunami Mitigation and Evacuation Routes in Pancer Banyuwangi

Banyuwangi has the largest tsunami disaster risk in East Java, about 45,305 affected people, Rp. 160,886,000,- for the risk of physical losses, Rp. 106,414,000,- for the risk of economic losses and 84 ha of environmental losses (BNPB, 2023). In addition, according to historical data, Banyuwangi was hit by tsunami on June 9, 1994 with magnitude of 7.8 which caused a maximum run up of 14.0 m and killed 238 lives (BNPB, 2023). Also based on Undang- undang No. 24 Tahun 2007 concerning Disaster Management, Indonesia should have preventive and mitigation measures for tsunami disasters both before and after as an effort to reduce the disaster risk (Putra, 2009) . Tsunami modeling in southern Java using COMCOT v1.7 as tsunami worst case scenario in Banyuwangi is the first step for mitigation. The initial results of COMCOT were then used for preparing tsunami disaster evacuation route planning based on the Tsunami Natural Disaster Evacuation Route Planning Guidelines, Dirjen Bina Marga, 2023. The final step is validation/routing survey of the 8 (eight) routes that have been determined. 2 (two) of the 8 (eight) routes fulfill the guidelines for planning tsunami mitigation routes. However, all routes can be considered due to the distribution of settlements, the number of affected residents and the number of routes needed

Monitoring Mining Impact for Geosites Using Time Series NDVI and Run-off in the Eastern Part of Southern Java Mountains, Indonesia

Several geosites in the Eastern Part of the Southern Mountains of Java which are currently being mined are important geosites because they have recorded tectonic processes in the tertiary period. However, mining activities without environmental monitoring could be lead loss of rock outcrops and alteration of mineralscontained in the geosite. This study aims to monitor the vegetation index and run off in karst geosites and gold mined hills. We used Sentinel 2A Imagery on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) to get the vegetation index (NDVI) and run off values temporally. The Sentinel 2A data acquisition pro-cess in both 2018 and 2022 was carried out on the Google Earth Engine with specific steps consisting import data from cloud collection, cloud masking, and customing date acquistion. The results show that there has been a decrease in the vegetation index in the period 2018-2022 which is indicated by the decrease in the vegetation index value in the mined area. Another impact found is that there has been an increase in the run-off value in 2022 in both the Karst Puger Hills and the Tumpang Pitu Hills. The NDVI pattern on mined geosites has also changed significantly due to increasingly intense mining activities. The NDVI fluctuation pattern in the Karst Hills in 2018-2020 ranges from 0.41 to 0.74, while in 2021-2022 the fluctuation pattern is only in the range 0.05 to 0.4, respectively. The NDVI fluctuation pattern in the Tumpang Pitu Gold Hills in 2018-2019 is in the range 0.6 to 0.8, while in 2020-2022 it is in the range 0.38 to 0.52, respectively. Google Earth Engine is able to map the vegeta-tion index more efficiently by using a time series approach. These advancement is different compare to previous studies, where our study shows rapid acquisition during pre-processing, performing NDVI with rapid temporal analysis, and shows numerous degraded land in southern java mountains. There-fore, it can be concluded that there has been a decrease in the vegetation index and an increase in run off which can threaten the rock outcrop on the geosite. Furthermore, this study suggest that GEE should be considered as a main tool to identified degraded land, particularly for geosite conservation.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Amphidromous Goby (Stiphodon semoni) in Western Part of Southern Java Waters

Graphical Abstract Research Highlight The genetic diversity of Stiphodon semoni is high. All populations have high haplotype diversity except for Cimaja. No genetic structure is observed within the populations of semoni. The population of semoni has undergone demographic expansion. Cibareno River has the potential to be a protected area. Abstract Fishing activities negatively impact fish populations, potentially causing a decline in fish stocks. Nevertheless, ensuring diversity and connectivity among populations can mitigate these adverse effects. To evaluate the connectivity of river mouths in the western part of Southern Java waters, we sequenced forty Stiphodon semoni individuals from five populations using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 as molecular markers. The study revealed that S. semoni populations showed high diversity (0.821), with the population in Cimaja displaying the lowest diversity (0.464). Furthermore, the result of the analysis of molecular variance was a Fst value of 0.0630 with a p-value of 0.22. These results along with the result of the haplotype network indicated no significant genetic differences among these populations. This implies that the river mouths in the western part of Southern Java waters are interconnected. The distribution of mismatches showed a single peak, indicating that the populations have undergone demographic expansion. This information could be valuable for the conservation and management of S. semoni in the western part of the Southern Java waters.

Evaluating stock status of shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) in southern Java and West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, using length-based approach

Evaluating stock status of shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) in southern Java and West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, using length-based approach

Extreme Marine Heatwaves in the Southern Java during 2016

Abstract In this manuscript, we investigated the characteristics of marine heatwaves (MHWs) in southern Java and the effect of local (air-sea heat flux) and remote forcing (El Niño–Southern Oscillation/ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole/IOD) on the formation of MHWs. We utilized remote sensing data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature V2.1 dataset and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis, covering the period 01 January 1982 to 31 December 2021. The datasets were processed by statistical analysis using MATLAB. We found that the most prolonged durations and the highest cumulative intensities of MHWs in southern Java were recorded during 2016, spanning approximately 255 days and 419.28 °C, respectively. During 2016, the combination of El Niño decay and negative IOD led to optimal warm conditions for long-lasting MHWs and hit southern Java throughout the year. Furthermore, this research highlighted a stronger correlation between ENSO and MHWs in southern Java compared to the IOD, with a 5–8 months lag time. We suggest that long-lasting MHW events may have serious implications for social and ecological systems. Therefore, an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of MHWs due to ongoing climate change becomes an urgent matter to predict such extreme events.

Cross-shelf transport of high chlorophyll-a coastal waters by frontal eddies in the south of Java sea

Intense mesoscale eddy activity has been observed off the southern Java coast (SJC), yet its impact on local ecosystems remains largely unknown. To investigate this, we examined remotely sensed altimetry, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and sea surface temperature (SST) data, focusing on their response to eddies in the region. Our eddy detection and tracking analysis revealed a unique cyclonic frontal eddy near the SJC coast and a large anticyclonic eddy offshore, active from July to September 2019. The cyclonic frontal eddy induced water transport through eddy filaments, upwelled subsurface cold water, and enhanced Chl-a concentrations by horizontally entraining Chl-a-rich shelf water offshore. The anticyclonic eddy then contributed to further distributing this enriched water southward. The mean cross-shelf transport associated with the frontal eddy was estimated at 1.80–2.33 Sv offshore, exporting approximately 1.87–2.40 × 103 tons of Chl-a to the Indian Ocean during its lifetime. Additionally, the spatial cross-correlation analysis of zonal and meridional wind stress with Chl-a revealed relatively high correlation values (0.6–1) and short lag times (<5 days) in offshore areas, indicating that the role of wind in the Chl-a advection cannot be ignored. We propose a three-stage mechanism to explain the presence of high Chl-a offshore:1) Wind-driven upwelling intensifies coastal nutrients, elevating Chl-a concentrations in coastal waters, 2) Frontal cyclonic eddy facilitates the retention and offshore export of these upwelling-enriched waters. and 3) Anticyclonic eddy advects these nutrient-rich waters further south. The combination of enhanced coastal upwelling and eddies can explain nutrient-rich coastal waters in offshore regions.

Geotourism of Telomoyo Volcano complex: an in-depth analysis for future development

Indonesia is located between the three world tectonic plates, the Eurasian Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate. The collision of these three plates creates a series of volcanoes and tectonics activity in various regions, especially the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate in southern Java. This subduction forming a row of tertiary-aged volcanoes in the south of the island of Java and quaternary in the central part of the island of Java. One of the Quaternary Volcanoes on the island of Java that is extends in a northwest-southeast, the volcanoes are Ungaran - Telomoyo - Merbabu - Merapi. The use of the geotourism analysis method is used to develop the existing geotourism potential in the Telomoyo Volcano Complex by carrying out a geodiversity inventory carried out through field activities to collect geological component data in the research area. The data collected is minerals, rocks, geological and morphological structures or landscapes that include several stages of work include categorization, assessment, evaluation, clustering and determination of geodiversity. This work is accomplished by identifying geoheritage to increase geological diversity into geological heritage through the stages of determining geodiversity and then classified to determine the status, value, meaning and function of geoheritage. The score ranking carried out to determine the geoheritage ranking by comparing the geotourism of the research location with the geotourism of other locations. The Telomoyo Volcano Complex holds a variety of unique and interesting geological phenomena so it had a promising geological conservation-based tourism potential. However, the lack of public knowledge about the potential for geology-based tourism or geotourism has caused the development of this tourism potential to be less than optimal and less desirable. Education, development and good management of the tourism sector are needed so that the potential of geotourism can be recognized by the wider community and can have a good impact, especially for the surrounding community, especially in the economic field.

The Identification of Upwelling in the Occurrence of Tropical Cyclone Charlotte in the Waters of Southern Java (Case Study: March 17-28, 2022)

Tropical cyclones are one of the meteorological phenomena that can have negative impacts on humans. These impacts can include heavy rainfall leading to floods and even storm surges. However, tropical cyclones can also have positive effects as they can trigger upwelling. Upwelling affects the fisheries aspect because in areas where upwelling occurs, sea surface temperatures are lower, and nutrients (such as phosphate and nitrate) are lifted from deeper layers of the ocean, which can affect the growth of phytoplankton. The objective of this research is to identify and analyze the upwelling phenomenon in the waters south of Java Island during the occurrence of Tropical Cyclone Charlotte. The data used in this research includes the intensity and movement direction of Tropical Cyclone Charlotte from the zoom.earth website and sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, mixed layer depth (MLD), and sea level anomaly data from the E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS)-Global Monitoring and Forecasting Center during March 17-28, 2022. The results of this research indicate that upwelling was not identified during the period before or after the cyclone, as evidenced by sea surface temperatures between 28.5-29.5°C, chlorophyll-α concentration of &lt;0.15 mg/m3, and a sea level rise of 0.1 m

Globalization, welfare, and inequality: Evidence from transoceanic market integration, 1815–1913

Abstract This article contributes to the growing historical literature on the ‘first globalization’ (1815–1913) and income inequality in countries that exported agricultural products. International market integration is expected to increase the demand for exports and therefore their prices. We estimate the effects of increased prices from international market integration on national welfare and income inequality between and within regions in three major exporters of agricultural products—British India, Colonial Indonesia, and the United States—using the prices of eleven key primary commodities. Market integration significantly increased aggregate welfare, but the gains were unevenly distributed. Producing regions gained up to nearly 6% of their GDP. Since the regions that made most welfare gains were also the poorest in their countries, market integration mitigated inequality between regions. Within the southern United States and Java, plantation owners obtained most gains, causing a substantial increase in inequality between persons.

Influence of Anomalous Upwelling on the Water Mass of South Java during Two Positive Indian Ocean Dipole in 2015 and 2019

Upwelling is a phenomenon that often occurs in the ocean. Upwelling can be interpreted as the process of rising sea water masses from below the surface to the surface due to the vacancy of sea water masses at the surface. The upwelling phenomenon will cause many anomalies that have a direct impact on ocean dynamics, one of which is the dynamics that occur in the waters south of Java. The formation of the coastal upwelling phenomenon in the waters south of Java in 2015 and 2019 was the cause of the active Positive IOD in both years. By carrying out time series analysis and spatial data visualization processes as well as correlation methods to determine the relationship between parameters, this research aims to discuss and find out about the influence of coastal upwelling dynamics on the waters of southern Java in 2015 and 2019. The results obtained from this research show that the coastal upwelling phenomenon formed in 2015 and 2019 along the waters of southern Java resulted anomalies in dynamic patterns in the form of decreasing sea surface temperatures and increasing chlorophyll-a concentrations

Current deformation in eastern part of Java derived from GPS observation 2017-2022

The eastern part of Java Island is a prone area with high seismic potential. Geologically, the seismicity in this area is dominated by the subduction zone in southern Java, reverse faults structure in the north extending along east to west part of Java Islands, and normal faults in Pasuruan and Probolinggo. Several studies have indicated the potential of earthquakes associated with these sources. The geodetic technique is employed to monitor the deformation activity in the eastern part of Java to understand the characteristics. We utilized the continuous GPS stations operated by Geospatial Agency of Indonesia (BIG) and processed them using the GAMIT/GLOBK software. The processing incorporates the IGS stations surrounding Indonesia. We also used precise orbit and 2nd-order ionospheric correction. The processing produces the velocity in the ITRF2014 reference frame, which generally indicates the south-eastward velocity up to 29 mm/year, mainly influenced by block rotation. Velocity referenced to the Sunda block shows a distinguished pattern between southern Java and northern Java. The velocity pattern in the southern part of Java tends to move northwest with a velocity variation of 3-6 mm/year, while several north stations show a velocity pattern to the south with a variation of 2-4 mm/yr. The strain analysis shows different patterns between eastern and western regions and different characteristics of southern and northern regions. Mainly the deformation is dominated by the compression due to the subduction in the south. Meanwhile, near to the central Java the deformation patterns significantly change due to the appearance of the east-west extension. The result indicates the different distinguished characteristics of the deformation source in the eastern part of Java. This result will have implications for seismic hazard analysis as a contribution to disaster risk reduction in the future.

Microplastic pollution profile in the Indian Ocean of the Southern Java Island, Indonesia

The emergence and proliferation of vast quantities of microplastics (MPs) in the marine environment has sparked significant scientific concern. However, there is scant evidence on the pollution profile of MPs in Indonesia. In this study, the MP profile combining land source-based data of the southern Java Island was studied. Seventeen sampling points across West Java, Central Java, and East Java provinces were studied. The abundance of MPs in sand, water, and sediment were in the range of 177–805 particles/m2, 75–1013 particles, and 124–961 particles/100 g, respectively. The color, shape, and physicochemical properties of the collected samples were characterized using a photomicroscope, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a scanning electron microscope, respectively. From the study, it was found that the most abundant MP category was fragments, followed by fiber, film, foam, and pellet. The most common MP colors observed in the three provinces were black (64 %), transparent (55.74 %), and red (34.27 %). Fifteen types of MP were identified, with Tencel, Bemberg, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene contributing more than 75 % of the chemical composition. The spatial variation of detected MPs for all three provinces is quite significant, which can serve as a foundation for developing successful national marine pollution management policies, as outlined in Indonesia's National Strategy for Combating Marine Debris for 2025, as well as potentially develop inventories in the marine environment.

Mechanisms and drivers controlling spatio-temporal evolution of pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the southern Java coastal upwelling system

Upwelling systems are known for their complex dynamic processes spanning a wide variety of spatio-temporal scales, due to strong coupling between the ocean and atmosphere. One such upwelling system is found at the eastern boundary of the Indian Ocean along the southern coast of Java during the southeast monsoon (SM). This study examines the mechanisms and drivers involved in the spatial and temporal evolutions of surface pCO2 in this upwelling system over seasonal to inter-annual timescales using a coupled, high-resolution regional model. A decomposition analysis was used to quantify the changes in pCO2 in response to changes in surface-temperature (T), surface-salinity (S), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and total alkalinity (ALK). The upwelling of deeper, cooler waters decreases the surface pCO2 by 50 ± 1.48 μatm from June to September. However, the presence of DIC-rich waters at significantly shallower depths increases the surface pCO2 by 27 ± 0.9 μatm. The surface pCO2 increases by 5 ± 0.50 μatm due to changes in salinity, which exerts less control than T-driven changes. Biological changes increase the surface pCO2 by 17.54 ± 2.74 μatm. The maximum seasonal amplitudes of the variations in pCO2 caused by seawater solubility and biology are in counterbalance during the SM. Therefore, the upwelling-driven combined effect of physical mechanisms dominates the effect of biological mechanisms in reducing surface pCO2 under these conditions. During the SM, the southern coast of Java acts as a seasonal CO2 sink (−1.36 ± 6.48 g C m−2 year−1), although consideration of the mean flux over 2006–2017 shows that the region acts as a source of CO2 (1.31 ± 5.03 g C m−2 year−1). Furthermore, following a negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) year, a strong sink of atmospheric CO2 is observed during the SM.

Strong Negative Indian Ocean Dipole Phenomenon in 2016 Reduce the Upwelling Intensity along the Seas of Southern Java

Strong Negative Indian Ocean Dipole Phenomenon in 2016 Reduce the Upwelling Intensity along the Seas of Southern Java

Comparison Between Liquefaction Potential Index And Liquefaction Risk Index In Solo – Yogyakarta – YIA Kulon Progo Toll Road (STA. 07+500 – STA. 16+700)

The construction of Solo – Yogyakarta – YIA Kulon Progo Toll Road aims to facilitate community economic connectivity from various sectors and increase the accessibility of tourism around southern Java. This research area has geological conditions consisting of tuff (volcanic ash sand) and shallow groundwater, which can trigger liquefaction. Historical earthquake data from The IRIS Earthquake Browser showed that an earthquake with Mw 5.2 occurred in Klaten Regency. This study investigated the index of potential liquefaction and the risk of ground failure potential due to liquefaction. The potential liquefaction analysis uses 10 SPT points at STA. 07+500 – STA. 16+700. The calculation safety factor of liquefaction analysis uses the method of Idriss-Boulanger. The index of liquefaction potential uses the LPI method, and the risk of ground failure potential due to liquefaction uses the LRI method. The result of this study shows the index of potential liquefaction and risk of ground failure potential due to liquefaction from low to very high. The correlation between the index of liquefaction potential and the risk of ground failure due to liquefaction is linear. Based on this study, further research is needed regarding liquefaction mitigation to be carried out in this study area.

Relationship Between Leadership Function of Gapoktan and Success Rate of Rural Agribusiness Business Development Program (PUAP)

The purpose of this study is to determine the efforts to improve infrastructure in services and economic growth as well as to determine the impact of increased infrastructure on services and economic growth. The results showed that efforts to improve infrastructure in services and economic growth one of them is the realization of the construction of the Southern Cross Line (JLS). JLS is included in one of the efforts to improve infrastructure in services and economic growth, especially in the southern part of Java. JLS development is a national project. JLS is part of the construction of the south coast of Java Road (Pansela), starting from Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung Blitar, Malang, Lumajang, Jember and Banyuwangi. The results also show that through the construction of the Southern Cross Line (JLS) is expected to improve services and economic growth, especially economic growth in the southern part of Java considering the income and economic inequality between Southern and Northern Java. The southern part of Java can be categorized as poor, given the limited access to infrastructure.

The Study of Air Pressure System and Extreme Rain in The Southern Java Island

Extreme rain can trigger other natural phenomena that can interfere with human activities. Rain phenomenon extremes are common in tropical cyclones. This study aims to characterize the occurrence of extreme rain events concerning the air pressure system on Java Island. This study uses rainfall data from GSMAP MVK Product and Sea Level Pressure (SLP) from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis. The identification of extreme rain is carried out with pixel detection of the GSMAP precipitation data from 2015 to 2019. The most extreme rain events were then ranked, and ten events with the highest rain rate were selected. The SLP data at the selected extreme rain event was analyzed and plotted as a map. The principal result shows that in the 10 highest extreme rain events, 4 of them occurred due to the influence of low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones. The rest are associated with other climatic phenomena. In conclusion, this study shows that extreme rainfall tends to be associated with low-pressure anomalies over the Indian ocean. However, not all of the low-pressure anomalies were intensified as a tropical cyclone. Therefore, extreme rainfall in Southern Java Island can be developed due to small air pressure differences.

Upwelling in Marginal Seas and Its Association with Climate Change Scenario—A Comparative Review

After Bakun proposed his hypothesis in 1990 regarding upwelling under climate change, researchers conducted intensive studies to obtain the trends, current status, and future predictions of upwelling. Numerous studies have mainly focused on four major upwelling areas, which are part of the Eastern Boundary Upwelling System (EBUS). However, despite its importance, little attention has been given to the marginal seas upwelling areas such as the South China Sea (SCS), Arabian Sea, Baltic Sea, and other small-scale upwelling locations. Here, we combined several published studies to develop a new synthesis describing climate change impacts on these areas. There had been uncertainty regarding the intensification of upwelling, depending on the locations, data type, and method used. For the SCS, Vietnam and the northern SCS showed intensifying upwelling trends, while the Taiwan Strait showed a decreasing trend. Separate studies in eastern Hainan and the Arabian Sea (Somali and Oman) showed contrasting results, where both increasing and decreasing trends of upwelling had been recorded. Like the SCS, the Baltic Sea showed different results for different areas as they found negative trends along the Polish, Latvian and Estonian, and positive trends along the Swedish coast of the Baltic Sea and the Finnish coast of the Gulf of Finland. While small scales upwelling in La Guajira and southern Java showed increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. All of these limited studies suggest that researchers need to conduct a lot more studies, including the future projection of upwelling, by using climate models to develop a new understanding of how the upwelling in the SCS responds to climate change.

Wave climate characteristics and effects of tropical cyclones on high wave occurrences in Indonesian waters: Strengthening sea transportation safety management

Tropical cyclones can cause bad weather and high waves that can endanger maritime activities, especially in the waters of Indonesia, which is a maritime country. Understanding ocean wave climate characteristics and the effect of Tropical Cyclones (TCs) on high wave occurrences is important, particularly to ensure the safety of fisheries activities in Indonesian seas. We aim to do so by focusing on Indonesia's 11 Fisheries Management Areas (IFMAs) using descriptive and inferential statistics. Wind and wave data were taken from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), namely ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) within the range of 42 years (1979–2020), whereas the TC data were from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS). We found that significant wave heights (SWHs) in the inner seas are strongly related to monsoonal wind fields. The maximum SWH occurred in northern Indonesian seas during December–February (DJF), while occurring in southern and inner seas between June–August (JJA). The highest extreme SWH and probability of exceedance (PE) for SWH >2 m were found in IFMAs facing the open ocean, such as Malacca Strait, Western Sumatra waters, Southern Java waters, Natuna Sea, Sulawesi Sea, and Northern Papua waters. We found that TCs activity in adjacent Indonesian waters could increase anomalous SWH occurrences. Positive SWH anomalies ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 m and varied depending on TC location and season. TC that forms in the following areas increase the PE for SWH >2 m: (1) Bay of Bengal: Western Sumatra waters (March–May, MAM) around 20%; (2) Western Pacific Ocean: Northern Papua waters (DJF) around 5%; (3) Northeastern Indian Ocean: Western Sumatra waters (DJF) about 3%; and (4) Western and Northern Australian waters: Southern Java waters (DJF) about 20%. The results of this study can serve as an early assessment for investigating wave climate characteristics and identifying the areas in Indonesian waters that are most susceptible to the impact of TCs, particularly in IFMAs. These findings hold significant value for managers and policy authorities, such as the Ministry of Transportation and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia. They can utilize this information to develop measures aimed at reducing vulnerabilities among marine resource users, specifically fishers, and improving fishing vessel safety. Additionally, these findings can be utilized to enhance advance warnings and forecasts, enabling marine managers to implement strategies that minimize the impact of extreme events and increase resilience in the face of ocean and coastal disasters.