Southern Brazil Research Articles

Rare Pleurotus species with veiled basidiomata from the Neotropics: neotypification of Pleurotus magnificus and epityfication of Pleurotus rickii

Knowledge of Pleurotus in Brazil dates back to the 19th century, when European mycologists studied and described numerous Neotropical taxa. Some of these long-described species remain poorly known, mostly due to the lack of recent records, detailed morphological descriptions, and molecular data. During field surveys in Southeast and Southern Brazil, specimens of two rare Pleurotus species with veiled basidiomata, i.e. P. magnificus and P. rickii, were collected. These species are recorded for the first time in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and P. magnificus for the first time in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraná and São Paulo. Updated and detailed morphological descriptions are provided. DNA sequences of the ITS and nLSU molecular markers were obtained for both species, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to explore their relationships within Pleurotus. A neotype is designated for P. magnificus, and a lectotype and epitype are designated for P. rickii.

Transformação sustentável

The objective of the research was to apply composting techniques and social technology to treat food waste in a low -income condominium in southern Brazil, with the joint participation of university researchers and residents. The purpose was not only to reduce the environmental impact caused by waste, but also generate organic compounds of environmental and agronomic value. The project started with an observational visit to the condominium to identify appropriate spaces for the execution of the work. Then the researchers promoted the project through posters and direct conversations with the residents. After this interaction, training workshops were held for participating residents, totaling 40 families and 122 people. The workshops addressed topics such as the impacts of food waste, segregation at source, the composting process and social technology. Educational materials were distributed to assist in the learning process, and visual resources, such as workshops and educational videos, were used. Finally, the composting process was implemented. Social technology played a significant role throughout the process. During workshops and interactions with residents, participants became active learning agents, sharing traditional knowledge and integrating them with scientific knowledge. Educational materials have represented an important tool for social technology, providing information in an accessible and motivational way. The active participation of researchers and residents was also a positive aspect of this investigation, as it strengthened the condominium community, created social bonds and promoted awareness of environmental responsibility.

New records of endoparasites and ectoparasites in free-living road-killed wild animals in the Pampa biome, Southern Brazil.

Wild animals host a wide variety of parasites, and the disorders caused by these parasites are among the most prevalent and significant infectious diseases affecting wildlife. The investigation of parasitic fauna is crucial for the conservation of wild animals, domestic populations, and humans. Therefore, the aim of the study was to survey endo- and ectoparasites in free-living wildlife in southern Brazil. Carcasses of road-killed wildlife were collected from highways in the Pelotas microregion, Rio Grande do Sul. All carcasses were necropsied, and endo- and ectoparasites were collected and identified. A total of 82 animals were examined; 87.80% were infected by helminths, 51.21% infested by ectoparasites, and 48.78% were affected by both types of parasites. This study presents the first records of parasitism by Rhipicephalus microplus in Ozotoceros bezoarticus in southern Brazil, and by Ancylostoma caninum in Leopardus geoffroyi worldwide. The study contributes to the knowledge about the parasitic fauna in wild animals of the Pampa biome. The presence of parasites in these threatened species underscores the need for further research into parasitism, which is crucial for their effective management and conservation.

Melissopalynological study of Melipona (Eomelipona) torrida Friese, 1916: a native stingless bee from southern Brazil

Few data are on bee–plant interactions for the Melipona torrida bee in southern Brazil. This is a native bee vulnerable to extinction that pollinates native plants and produces honey that is especially appreciated by local populations. Aiming to evaluate the floral sources visited by Melipona torrida bee in southern Brazil a palynology investigation on honeys of this bee were carried out. Honeys were extracted each month from March 2020 to November 2021 of hives from two locations of Rio Grande do Sul (Cachoeirinha and Canoas). The 34 samples were analysed with a light microscope. In the honey samples of the Melipona torrida bee were identified 39 pollen types, principally tree plants. Melipona torrida bee visited frequently the plants of Myrcia type, Eucalyptus sp., Schinus terebenthifolia, Mimosa bimucronata, Parapiptadenia rigida, Morus nigra and Solanum sisymbrifolium. The pollen diagram show differences in pollen percentages throughout the year and CONISS grouped the samples in five groups (MT-1–MT-5). Richness of pollen types of samples was low in the months of winter and March and high in the honeys of months of Spring and Summer. The honeys were monofloral and heterofloral, and native plants were more visited than exotic species. The 33 pollen types from honey of Melipona torrida bee from southern Brazil can help in the knowledge of the bee–plant interaction of this native bee and propose appropriate plant management around the hives.

Diplomonorchis fallax n. sp. (Digenea: Monorchiidae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico with evaluation of sympatric congeners.

Diplomonorchis micropogoni Nahhas & Cable, 1964 was considered a junior subjective synonym of Diplomonorchis leiostomi Hopkins, 1941 in 1969. Diplomonorchis leiostomi has since been widely reported from the coastal Western Atlantic between Delaware Bay and southern Brazil. Until now, taxonomically verifiable DNA sequence data for D. leiostomi has been available from an individual worm collected from the northern Gulf of Mexico. We generated a partial sequence of the 28S rRNA gene from D. leiostomi from the spot croaker, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepède (type-host) from Beaufort, North Carolina, USA (type-locality) that differed at 31 of 1,246 bases from the available 28S sequence. This prompted a reevaluation of Diplomonorchis spp. identities from the northern Gulf of Mexico. We found D. leiostomi and D. micropogoni distinguishable by testes shape and size, and to a lesser degree by relative caecal length. Museum specimens of D. leiostomi, identified from the Gulf of Mexico represent a species complex containing D. leiostomi, D. cf. micropogoni and, a new species of Diplomonorchis. The sequences previously identified as D. leiostomi in GenBank (AY222137 & AY222252) are herein identified as D. cf. micropogoni. The new species is described from newly collected material herein. Phylogenetic analysis of 28S rRNA sequences from the species complex plus 46 species from the Monorchioidea Odhner, 1911 indicated all three Diplomonorchis spp. are closely related and form a clade with some species of Lasiotocus Looss, 1907. With the addition of the new species, and acceptance of D. micropogoni, there are currently 14 valid species in Diplomonorchis.

Recent dispersion routes between freshwater ecoregions evidence headwater captures in southern Brazil: a case study using cryptic species of the neotropical freshwater fish genus Cambeva (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Recent dispersion routes between freshwater ecoregions evidence headwater captures in southern Brazil: a case study using cryptic species of the neotropical freshwater fish genus Cambeva (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Economic Impact of Droughts in Southern Brazil, a Duration Analysis

Hydrometeorological hazards are currently a cause for great concern worldwide. Droughts are among the most recurrent events, causing significant losses. This article presents a study on the duration of droughts in the southernmost state of Brazil, which has a large agricultural sector and experiences frequent drought events. The approach focuses on the economic recovery time of municipalities affected by the drought in 2020, 2022 and 2023, using the total value of invoices issued within each municipality between companies and from companies to consumers. The Kaplan–Meier estimator and Cox regression models are applied, incorporating covariates such as the size of the municipality, geographic location, and primary economic activity sector. The results show that the longest recovery period is concentrated in small cities, particularly in those where agriculture or livestock is the primary economic activity. The greatest resilience is observed in cities within the metropolitan region, where economic activity is more concentrated in services and industry and where populations are generally larger. The study identifies that after each drought event, at least 75% of municipalities achieve economic recovery within 3 months. These findings support better planning for both drought prevention and impact reduction and they are relevant for the development of economic and social policies.

A sintaxe espacial como ferramenta de análise de ocupação urbana

The lack of planning and effective housing policies has encouraged the search for housing in informal settlements, generally located on the outskirts of cities and segregated by urban sprawl. Space syntax is an important tool for analyzing urban configuration, allowing us to understand the geographical space as a whole, with its limitations and potential, capable of understanding the levels of integration and segregation, improving its flow and connectivity possible. This article analyzes connectivity and integration, using the spatial syntax of vulnerable occupation areas in the city of Erechim/RS (southern Brazil). This study was divided into five stages: a) bibliographical research; b) identification of the areas of occupation in Erechim; c) preparation of an axial map of the city; d) axial analysis using the Detphtamp 0.50 software and, finally; e) cross-referencing the information using the Qgis software. We identified the presence of occupations in green areas, mostly on the outskirts of the city, segregated to the other regions of the city, with a general average integration of 1.514 pixels, where the areas with the best economic value (between 1,720.01 and 5,231.01 reais) have the best connectivity.

Perceptions of nurses from Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) about practices performed during home visits

OBJECTIVE: Investigate perceptions about the practices performed by nurses during home visits carried out with patients treated at Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS). METHOD: This exploratory research with a qualitative approach was carried out with six nurses at CAPS in a countryside city of Southern Brazil. Sociodemographic questionnaires and a semi-structured interview were applied, and the data were analyzed through Content Analysis. RESULTS: Results were organized into three categories: 1) Insufficient training of nursing professionals to work in CAPS; 2) Challenges faced by the nursing team during home visits; and 3) Impacts of the support network on the recovery process of patients. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The nurses participating in the study reported not having received adequate training during their undergraduate studies, making it necessary to seek knowledge by their own means. In addition, several challenges were noted during visits, such as patients' resistance to receiving the multidisciplinary team, incomplete or incorrect addresses, patients' absence during home visits, and the difficulty in reaching patients' families. Finally, the importance of family assistance as a support network for users with mental disorders was noted.

Avian Responses to Different Grazing Management Practices in Neotropical Temperate Grasslands: A Meta-Analysis

Bird populations inhabiting the Rio de la Plata Grasslands in southern Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay are known to be affected by livestock grazing practices. Cattle grazing can lead to changes in bird assemblages by affecting the heterogeneity of vegetation structures. We conducted a meta-analysis using studies that reported bird richness and abundance under different grazing management practices. We compared ranches under continuous grazing management (control, CGM) to (1) ranches under technological inputs management (TIM, herbicides and exotic pastures) and (2) ranches under ecological process-based management (EPM), which include ranches that utilise controlled and rotational grazing. We used random effects multilevel linear models to evaluate grazing regimen impacts. Our results indicate a negative impact of TIM on both bird abundance and richness (mean ± SE: −0.25 ± 0.07 and −0.92 ± 0.10, respectively) since the use of inputs simplifies vegetation structure and results in the loss of ecological niches. Compared to CGM, the influence of EPM on total bird abundance appears to be more dependent on grassland height, as evidenced by a decline in short grasses and increase in tall grasses. Our meta-analysis suggests that EPM practices may be beneficial for the conservation of endangered tall-grass birds.

Parental obesity, health determinants, and cardiometabolic risk according to sleep duration in schoolchildren: analysis through structural equations

Backgroundthe independent association between parental obesity, sleep and lifestyle habits with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents has been widely explored in the literature. Our study represents a novel approach to comprehensively investigate a complex model encompassing various aspects associated with cardiometabolic risk in youth. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify the relationship between parental obesity and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents, considering the mediator role of health indicators according to sleep time.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,973 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years attending public and private schools in a city located in Southern Brazil. Sleep duration, lifestyle, physical activity, natural food consumption, and parental obesity were evaluated through self-reported questionnaires. Physical fitness was evaluated according to the protocols of Projeto Esporte Brasil. The body fat percentage was evaluated through the measures of tricipital and subscapular folds, and the body mass index was calculated. The clustered metabolic risk score (cMetS) considered the summing z-scores of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and fasting glucose, divided by five. A structural equation model was applied for statistical analysis. Results: The relationship between parental obesity and cardiometabolic risk was observed in children and adolescents with adequate sleep, being significant (p < 0.05) mediated by physical activity, natural food, physical fitness, and lifestyle. This was also observed when parental education was included in the inadequate sleep cluster model. Conclusion: Present findings underscore the importance of sufficient sleep duration as a critical factor in understanding the complex interplay between parental obesity and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents.

Geological screening of onshore saline aquifers for CO2 storage: Paraná and Espírito Santo basins, Brazil

Abstract. ​​​​​​​To meet the global goal of net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050, many governments are turning to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as a critical technology. Brazil is the largest CO2 emitter in South America and the 7th largest globally, yet it is in the early stages of CCS development. Using publicly available geological and infrastructure data, this study evaluates the feasibility and suitability of saline aquifers for CO2 storage in onshore intracratonic basins in southern Brazil. Saline aquifers deemed suitable for CO2 sequestration are those below 800 m deep, with a thickness greater than 20 m, and in areas with regionally extensive caprock at least 10 m thick. Using these criteria, we classify areas within the Rio Bonito Formation of the Paraná Basin and the Mucuri Member in the onshore extent of the Espírito Santo Basin into potential and exclusion areas for CO2 storage. The Rio Bonito Formation is present in the central-southern Paraná Basin and ranges from outcrop exposures to over 3900 m depth. The formation ranges in thickness from 25–350 m, and sandstone intervals within the formation have a cumulative thickness between 13 and 150 m. Caprocks consist mainly of shale and siltstone. Based on the criteria used, CO2 sequestration in the Rio Bonito Formation is optimal in two zones of the Paraná Basin that extend over ca. 27 700 km2 (northern zone) and ca. 38 100 km2 (southern zone). The Mucuri Member is present in almost the entire onshore extent of the Espírito Santo Basin and ranges in depth from 500 to 2650 m. The unit reaches 400 m thick with a cumulative thickness of sandstone layers ranging from 0 to 320 m. Caprocks consist mainly of evaporites, but shale and sandstone intervals are also present. CO2 sequestration in the Mucuri Member is optimal in one zone of the onshore Espírito Santo Basin, which extends over ca. 630 km2. Together, these zones have the capacity to store &gt; 6.1 Gt CO2 providing Brazil with suitable capacity for reducing its CO2 emissions over the short- to medium-term.

Cu Concentration in Vegetable-Cultivated Soil: Comparison Between Open Fields and Protected Environments in Brazil

High copper (Cu) concentration in soils used for vegetable production is an agricultural, social and environmental issue. The excess of Cu in soil can cause toxicity in plants, reducing growth and yields. Moreover, Cu can also be absorbed and accumulated in edible organs, increasing risks for human health. This study aimed to compare Cu fractions in soils: (1) non-cultivated, natural soil (NC), (2) soils cultivated with open field crops (FCs) and (3) soils cultivated in controlled environments (CEs). The survey was carried out on 25 sites in Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Brazil), with each site containing the three types of soils described above. From these sites, the four with the highest soil Cu concentrations were selected to compare soluble (Cu-CaCl2), available (Cu-EDTA) and total (Cu-EPA) Cu. Both total and available soil Cu concentration in soil solution, in CE and FC areas were higher than in NC. At sites 23R1 (Oxisol) and 11R1 (Molisol) the soluble and available Cu content was higher in the FC environment than in CEs, and the same was observed for the total Cu content at sites 23R1 (Oxisol) and 9R1 (Molisol). Some FC soils showed total Cu concentrations higher than the limits established by Brazilian environmental legislation, being, as a consequence, potentially contaminated. Soil monitoring and cropping practices must be adopted to reduce the Cu content in soils of vegetable crops in this region.

In splendid isolation: a new cloud forest species expands the distribution of Myrceugenia (Myrtaceae) into Las Yungas and adds a new genus to the flora of Bolivia

Myrceugenia is a temperate or subtropical genus of c. 50 species with a disjunct distribution across South America. The ‘western’ species occur in central Chile and north-western Argentina with one species in the Juan Fernández Islands. The ‘eastern’ species occur in Uruguay, southern Brazil, and marginal regions of Argentina and Paraguay, reaching montane eastern Brazil (two isolated taxa in Central Brazil). It is hypothesized that Myrceugenia once grew across the temperate forests of southern South America, but that oceanic transgressions and the elevation of the Andes during the Miocene divided its populations as the forests retracted from the centre of the continent. The Las Yungas floristic province is a strip of cool, temperate forest that runs along the eastern slopes of the Andes from Venezuela to northern Argentina; Myrceugenia was not known to occur there. We report the discovery of a new species of Myrceugenia in southern Las Yungas (Bosque Tucumano Boliviano). It is distinct from all other species of the genus by the combination of solitary flowers, sub-ancipitate hypanthium, bilocular locules, and 12-13 clustered ovules. The phylogeny of Myrceugenia shows geographic structuring with three basal western clades and one derived eastern clade. The isolated taxa of Myrceugenia from Central Brazil were sisters, respectively, to the rest of the eastern clade and to one of its two subclades, suggesting that isolated taxa are relictual. The discovery of this species has made Myrceugenia the only genus of Myrtaceae to grow in the three cool, humid forests of southern South America.

Highly resistant Salmonella Heidelberg circulating in broiler farms in southern Brazil.

Salmonella Heidelberg, a serotype commonly found in Southern Brazil, is characterized by its high resistance and persistence in the poultry production. This study aimed to characterize the antimicrobial resistance of S. Heidelberg strains. In total, 100 strains isolated from poultry between 2020 and 2022 were evaluated. Phenotypic analyses were performed to determine the susceptibility of 16 antimicrobial agents and detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains. Molecular analyses were performed to detect 11 antimicrobial resistance genes (using polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) and integron class 1 genes (using real-time PCR). A total of 98% of isolates was classified as multidrug-resistant. All isolates were resistant to penicillin and lincomycin. High resistance rates (> 85%) were observed for tetracycline, doxycycline, cephalexin, amoxicillin, and ceftiofur. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in antimicrobial resistance is observed for amoxicillin, cephalexin, and ceftiofur between 2020 and 2022. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in antimicrobial resistance with respect to the region of isolation, season, or company. In total, 25% of isolates were ESBL producers. Integron class 1 gene was detected in only one strain, whereas sul2 was detected in 99%, tet(A) in 66%, blaTEM in 37%, strB in 17%, cmlA in 15%, and tet(B) in 11% of the strains. Other genes were not detected or were detected in < 2% of the strains. The results showed a high overall resistance, which increased over the evaluated period. The high proportions of ESBL-producing and antimicrobial resistant strains represent a risk for highly-resistant S. Heidelberg dissemination across broiler flocks.

Trichomyia Haliday in Curtis (Diptera: Psychodidae) from southern Brazil: four new species and seven new records

The Neotropical region currently has the greatest richness of species in the genus Trichomyia Haliday in Curtis, but many regions, such as southern Brazil, have the fauna poorly explored. Here we describe four new species: Trichomyia brisolai sp. nov., T. aculeata sp. nov., T. marumbi sp. nov. and T. uncata sp. nov. and provide new records for seven brazilian species: T. inermis, T. brasiliensis, T. danieli, T. nocturna, T. riodocensis, T. truncata and T. mineira from the southern region of Brazil.

Prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in a city in southern Brazil

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic disease with symptoms and possible complications that can bring disability to the patient and trigger impairment in mental health such as depression and anxiety disorder. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Disorder in patients with IBD in the Inflammatory Bowel Disease outpatient clinic of UFPEL. Methodology: Applied socio-economic questionnaire, M.I.N.I. instrument and collection of data from the medical record during the medical consultation. In patients attending the FAMED-UFPEL outpatient clinic with a diagnosis of Inflammatory bowel disease and over 16 years of age in the period from 06/01/2021 to 02/28/2022. Results: During the exposed period, 59 patients diagnosed with IBD were evaluated, being 37 (62.7%) with Crohn's Disease and 22 (37.3%) with Ulcerative Colitis, the average age was 46 years. In the current study, disease activity was evaluated using the Mayo Score for patients with ulcerative colitis with a result with no statistical significance for depression (p:0,494) and anxiety disorder (p:0,484). The Harvey Bradshaw Score was used in patients with Crohn's Disease that also has no statistical relevance for depression (p:0.969) and anxiety disorder (p:0.380). In the present study, 29.4% of patients had Ulcerative Colitis and recurrent depressive episode and 54.2% of patients had generalized anxiety disorder. Conclusion: there is a high prevalence of mood disorders in the population studied, it is emphasized the need for the active search of these diagnoses in this population, offering adequate treatment of the pathologies found with a view to better quality of life.

Association between sleep timing and meal and snack patterns in schoolchildren in southern Brazil.

This study aimed to identify meal and snack patterns and assess their association with sleep timing in schoolchildren. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2018/2019 with 1333 schoolchildren aged 7-14 years from public and private schools in Florianópolis, Brazil. Previous-day dietary intake data for breakfast, mid-morning snack, lunch, mid-afternoon snack, dinner, and evening snack were collected using a validated online questionnaire. Sleep timing was measured by the midpoint of sleep and classified as quartiles (very early, early, late and very late). Latent Class Analysis was performed to identify meal and snack patterns, and multinomial logistic regression was used to assess associations. Students with very late sleep timing were less likely to consume the "Coffee with milk, bread and cheese" breakfast pattern compared with very early group (35.4%, 95%CI 27.2-43.6 vs. 56.0%, 95%CI 48.5-63.4). Also, the former were more likely to consume the "Mixed" breakfast pattern (healthy and unhealthy foods) compared with very early students (40.0%, 95%CI 32.4- 46.7 vs. 28.0%, 95%CI 23.8- 32.0). The latter were more likely to eat the "Brazilian traditional, processed meat, egg and fish" lunch pattern to the late students (35.4%, 95%CI 30.3- 40.5 vs. 21.5%, 95%CI 15.2- 27.8) and less likely to consume the "Pasta and cheese" lunch pattern compared to the students with later sleep timing (10.1%, 95%CI 8.4- 11.9 vs. 17.1%, 95%CI 13.0- 21.1). Students with later sleep timing were more likely to eat ultra-processed food at mid-afternoon snacks compared with early group (56.3%, 95%CI 52.4- 60.2 vs. 47.2%, 95%CI 43.5- 50.8). The study findings suggest that morning preference appears to promote healthier breakfast, lunch, and afternoon snack patterns, whereas later sleep timing may pose challenges in maintaining healthy patterns at these meals/snacks.

Assessing Mental Health During an Extreme Weather Event in Southern Brazil.

This study aimed to evaluate mental health factors in individuals affected by the floods in Rio Grande do Sul from May 10 to June 6, 2024. A real-time survey was conducted with 1,552 participants. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) symptom checklist were used to assess mental health outcomes. Sociodemographic factors, trauma exposure, rescue participation, and psychological support were evaluated. Statistical analyses included t-tests, ANOVA, linear regression, and MANCOVA. High rates of depressive and anxious symptoms were found, with over half of the individuals with moderate to severe symptoms reporting no prior history of these conditions. Participants directly affected by the floods, and those with close ones affected, had higher PHQ-9, GAD-7, and ASD scores compared to the unaffected group. Moreover, younger age, female sex, lower family income, participation in rescues, and unmet psychological support needs were correlated with worse mental health outcomes. Individuals who participated in rescues had significantly higher rates of suicide ideation. Notably, psychological support had the largest effect size in mitigating mental health symptoms, regardless of trauma exposure status, when controlled for age, sex, and income according to MANCOVA. The findings highlight the critical role of psychological support in disaster response and the importance of community resilience. Real-time data collection during crises can inform targeted interventions, emphasizing the need for robust mental health services and community support networks. These efforts are essential to reduce long-term psychological morbidity and foster recovery in vulnerable populations.

Characterizing the Namorado Sandstone in southern Brazil through the analysis of a multi-borehole database and utilizing a contemporary workflow

The petrophysical characterization of reservoirs requires the identification of sedimentary facies based on the integration of geophysical well logs and rock analyses in the laboratory, which is one of the significant challenges for the petroleum industry. In this work, laboratory analysis results were linked to quality controls of data pre-processing in a new workflow by integrating several techniques. The wells studied were zoned and laterally correlated based on electrofacies characteristic core analysis and petrographic descriptions. This integration resulted in a modeled geologic section for the Namorado Sandstone in the Campos Basin of southeastern Brazil, created based on various data from each well. The borehole NA2 was selected as the key wellbore after creating this section. The logs from this borehole were then analyzed to separate the permo-porous (reservoirs) and non-porous (non-reservoirs) horizons. The zones containing water and hydrocarbons in the permo-porous sections of interest were split along the wells. Subsequently, the identified sectors were interpreted using petrophysical techniques to confirm the preliminary categorization. After combining all quantitative products to quantify the porous layers capable of producing mobile oil, the cut-off factors were introduced. The next step was determining the parameters of the Archie equation, the amount of clay present, and the water saturation from core descriptions, which led to the discovery of deep laminated sandstones. The results strongly correlate with lithology, geological facies, borehole logs, and petrophysical laboratory data. Based on these findings, it is evident that the clay concentration is the primary factor influencing the oil saturation in this reservoir.