Trade In Southeast Asia Research Articles

Making a Case for Trade: Shi Shipiao’s Map of the Eastern and Southern Oceans

Abstract In the early eighteenth century, the Kangxi emperor was presented with two maps in Chinese, one each from the officials Gioro Mamboo and Shi Shipiao. The maps showed southern China and Southeast Asia and were based on Dutch charts. The officials presented the maps at a time when the emperor had recently issued a law restricting Chinese trade in Southeast Asia. The map presented by Shi Shipiao adds information about sailing routes and export goods that were subject to the trade restrictions imposed by the emperor. This article argues that rather than being intended to provide a representation of seafaring knowledge, Shi aimed to use the map he presented to convince the emperor to lift the restrictions he had imposed on trade. This therefore provides an example of how maps could be used for political ends. In contrast to many other Chinese maps influenced by European sciences, these two maps show no Jesuit involvement but resemble the Selden Map as well as Japanese and Buginese charts, representing a maritime perspective in the history of knowledge exchange.

Southeast Asia's dynamic sand trade and the need for better data

Sand is a vital resource for modern structures but there is limited information on the scale of sand mining or what happens to the sand after it was mined. Here, we focus on Southeast Asia (SEA) as rising affluence and population growth has turned the region into a global sand mining hotspot. We estimated the sand extraction budget in each Southeast Asian country and quantified the volume sand that was exported and imported. In addition, the destinations in which the sand was exported to were detailed and we also clarified the origins of the imported sand. Our analysis revealed that locally mined sand was mostly consumed domestically, and sand was imported if supply was insufficient. In addition, the sand trade in SEA was also predominantly regional. Unfortunately, our understanding of the sand trade in SEA was hampered by limited and inconsistent data. For example, missing data meant that production and trade flows were unavailable for some years. The volume of sand traded between each country was also uncertain due to the mismatch of trade data. Additional information on the type of sand traded was also lacking. The reliability and credibility of existing data should be strengthened to improve material accounting.

Transnational Crime of Illicit Drugs in Southeast Asia

The cooperation of the actors in harmonizing their views on the drug phenomenon is needed. Over the last decade, the dynamics that define the regional security environment in Southeast Asia have changed dramatically. In this study, a descriptive qualitative methodological approach was adopted to explore an in-depth understanding of cross-border crime in the illegal drug trade in Southeast Asia. The conclusions of this analysis will help enrich our understanding of cross-border illegal drug transactions in the region, as well as provide a basis for formulating better policy recommendations to effectively address this challenge. ASEAN needs to strengthen its commitment of cooperation and continuously make efforts were tireless in the fight against drugs.

Торговельна політика України в Азії в умовах багатополярної глобалізації

The article defines the directions of Ukraine’s trade policy under multipolar globalization, which assumes that the centers of development and trade are concentrated both among developed and developing economies. The article analyzes the development of Ukraine's trade with the leading economies of Asia - China, India, Japan and the Republic of Korea, which have created a powerful pole of world trade in Southeast Asia. However, domestic exports to these countries are developing unevenly and at a moderate pace. The latter is explained by the specific features of the trade regime of these countries, primarily the high level of non-tariff market protection. Domestic exports to Asian countries remain extremely undiversified with the predominance of one or two goods in the structure: mainly ores and corn are exported to China, to India - sunflower oil, to Japan - ores and tobacco products, and to Korea - corn and wheat. Estimates of the volume of trade in domestic goods after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine show that in the first half of 2022 alone, the exports to Asian countries decreased by 49%, and the imports decreased by 20%. It is assumed that by the end of 2022, the volume of foreign trade turnover between Ukraine and the People’s Republic of China may decrease by an average of 32.9% compared to 2021, India – by 41.9%, Japan – by 26, 6%, and Korea – by 28,5%. Diversification of commodity exports with an emphasis on goods with a higher share of value added is defined as an important direction of trade policy in relation to the leading countries of Asia. In particular, prospective agricultural export products to Asian countries are honey, chicken, dairy products, etc. Prospective industrial goods include inorganic chemical products, fertilizers, wood products, nuclear reactors, etc. Recommendations for improving Ukraine’s trade policy have been developed, and the need is substantiated to conclude free trade agreements in order to further develop Ukraine’s trade with leading Asian countries. Also, the need to abandon the idea of negotiating a free trade agreement and investment agreement with China has been proven. The article analyzes the policy of economic patriotism pursued by the Indian government, in particular as a response to the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine. The authors note India’s disagreement on issues of opening markets for sensitive agricultural products, which causes the complexity and delay in the negotiations on free trade with this country. Access to the markets of Japan and the Republic of Korea is complicated by the high level of tariff and non-tariff barriers. However, the analysis of the trade policy of these countries shows that a significant part of markets of both agricultural and industrial goods in these countries were opened due to the numerous FTAs. It is recommended to initiate negotiations on free trade with Japan and the Republic of Korea in order to improve Ukraine’s competitive position in the markets of these countries.

FEATHERS IN THE PRESS: HOW MEDIA COVERAGE SHAPES BIRD CONSERVATION

<p><strong><em>The purpose </em></strong><em>of this study is to analyze the media coverage and impact of five different bird conservation cases, namely Recovery of the California Condor population, Bird collisions with buildings, Plastic pollution in oceans affecting seabirds, Illegal bird trade in Southeast Asia, and the conservation of the Spoon-billed Sandpiper.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research Methodology</em></strong><em>. For this study, we conducted a literature review of relevant articles, news reports, and scientific papers on the five selected cases. We analyzed the media coverage and impact of these cases using a table format, which included information such as the research data, case description, media coverage, media impact, and suggestions for future coverage.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results</em></strong><em>. Our analysis revealed that the media plays a crucial role in raising awareness and driving action on bird conservation issues. For example, in the case of the Recovery of the California Condor population, the media coverage helped to create public support for conservation efforts. Similarly, in the case of the Illegal bird trade in Southeast Asia, media coverage raised public awareness, leading to policy changes and stricter law enforcement. However, our analysis also revealed that some cases received less media coverage than others. For instance, the issue of Bird collisions with buildings received less attention, despite being a significant threat to bird populations globally. We suggest that the media can use interactive techniques, such as virtual reality experiences, to increase public awareness of this issue and drive action towards reducing bird collisions.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty</em></strong><em>. This study’s novelty lies in its comprehensive analysis of media coverage and impact across five different bird conservation cases. We provide suggestions for future coverage and highlight the importance of media engagement in driving conservation efforts.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical Importance</em></strong><em>. Our analysis provides insights into the media’s role in bird conservation and suggests strategies for effective coverage of these issues. This study’s practical importance lies in its potential to drive action and create public support for bird conservation efforts globally.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> Bird conservation, Media coverage, Media impact, California Condor, Bird collisions, Plastic pollution, Illegal bird trade, Spoon-billed Sandpiper.</em></p>

VOC and Chinese in Java: Identifying the Migration Motives in the Seventeenth Century

The presence of Chinese abroad in the seventeenth century is regarded as the early modern period by many scholars. The seventeenth century was also marked by the increasing seaborne trade in Southeast Asia, which was significantly more intense than before. Chinese merchants were one of the dominant traders within the region. As the result, the Chinese massive migration in the seventeenth century witnessed unprecedented occasions regarding many issues which encouraged the enthusiasm of the Chinese diaspora to Java in the seventeenth century. This chapter emerges from the observation that the current literature on migration motives are lacking. This study aims to enrich the literature about the motives and how they drove the Chinese to migrate. Few literatures that adequately appreciate transnational migration motivation to Southeast Asia, especially Java. The previous research tends to discuss the events, background, and consequences of Chinese migration to Java. This chapter addresses some points, namely (1) investigating the Chinese motives to migrate to Java in the 17th century; (2) formulating well-established analytical tools on how these Chinese migrants were perceived by the Dutch East Indies as well as by indigenous Javanese traders. Also how Chinese migrants portrayed themselves in Javanese society in the seventeenth century; (3) underscoring that the main factor of Chinese migration to Java relates to VOC policy which started with the establishment of the new city of Batavia in 1619. This chapter also tries to complete the reference and research about the Chinese migration phenomenon all over the world.

Empire, Bureaucracy, and the Opium Trade in Southeast Asia

Empire, Bureaucracy, and the Opium Trade in Southeast Asia

Cosmopolitanism of the Sultanate of Banten: An Overview of Settlement and Social Structure of the 15th Century

This study aims to examine the cosmopolitanism of settlements and social structures in the Sultanate Banten in the 15th century which became one of the centers of the pepper trade in Southeast Asia. Using the historical method, this study reveals the findings that geographical and economic factors that trade through maritime have brought the Sultanate of Banten to become a cosmopolitan city with various cultures from and outside the archipelago that interact with each other. In this study, identification on economic background, occupation, status, and religion of the community in the Sultanate Banten. In addition, the structure or social layer became the basic policy of the sultan to implement the distribution of settlements for the people living in the center of the Sultanate of Banten.

Сучасний стан зовнішньоторговельних відносин Сінгапуру, Республіки Індонезія та Малайзії

The article is aimed at determining the current state of foreign trade relations between Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia. The modern development of trade in Southeast Asia, namely in Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia, allowed them to take an important place in world-wide trade. The government’s policy of openness of the economy of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia, resulted in an active development of foreign trade of countries that joined the World Trade Organization, which had a positive influence on the development of their own trade. In recent years, these countries have achieved a high level of macroeconomic indicators. There was an increase in GDP, GDP per capita, etc. Significant fluctuations in economic development were associated with the global COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a decrease in the main indicators of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia and a significant increase in the unemployment rate in the countries under study. The article defines that the main partners of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia for export-import operations are Asian countries, which is due to close geographical location, close cooperation within the framework of the АСЕАН association and historically formed ties. The commodity structure of exports and imports of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia in 2020 is analyzed. It is noted that the main export items of these countries are: electric machines and related equipment, mineral fuel, mineral oils and their distillation products, etc. The place of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia in international rankings is analyzed. Thus, in the Competitiveness Ranking and Economic Freedom Ranking, Singapore ranks first and is the country with the freest economy among the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. The Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia need to continue reforming their sectors of the national economy to improve their place in the rankings.

The Effect of Economic Digitization on Financial Inclusion and International Trade in Southeast Asia

The rapid development of information technology has made economic digitization a necessity throughout the world, including Southeast Asia. This study aims to analyze the effect of economic digitization on financial inclusion and international trade using the Vector Autoregression Model analysis tool for ten countries in ASEAN for the 2017-2019 period. The results showed that international trade and financial inclusion variables could respond quickly to shocks in the variable of economic digitization. Economic growth can respond quickly to shocks in global trade variables and financial inclusion variables. There is no causal relationship between economic growth and international trade. However, there is a one-way causality relationship between economic growth and financial inclusion, where inclusion affects economic growth but not vice versa.

The effect of legal retail price on legal cigarette demand and illicit trade in Southeast Asia

The effect of legal retail price on legal cigarette demand and illicit trade in Southeast Asia

Asymmetric Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Southeast Asian Rice Trade

AbstractAsian countries consume approximately 90% of the world’s rice supply. Between 2007 and 2014, Thailand, Vietnam, and India accounted for 60% of the world’s exports of rice. A nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) econometric model is utilized to estimate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on rice trade in Southeast Asia. Focusing on the largest importing countries and exporting country by volume, the analysis considers Malaysian, Indonesian, the Philippines, and Chinese rice imports from Thailand. Results show that importing countries’ state trading enterprises (STEs) generally do not follow profit-maximizing behavior in reacting to exchange rate volatility.

Effect of the development of the edible fungus industry on the circular economy of the beautiful new countryside based on the var3D regional model

As China’s accession to the World Trade Organization takes longer and longer, it has gained a place in the international market. At present, in the international market, China ranks first in the trading volume of agricultural and sideline products, especially in the development of foreign trade in Southeast Asia, Europe, and Africa. The development momentum of the edible fungus industry continues to increase in China, becoming a leader in the emerging agricultural industry. Based on the influence of the edible fungus industry in rural areas, according to the survey and record of data valuation, the specific index data content from 2005 to 2019 was taken as an example, and a three-tier research system was proposed using var3D model. Respectively, it is the relationship between the three types of rural basic indicators, economic indicators, and industrial development indicators, verifying the role of the edible fungus industry in driving the development of beautiful new rural construction and enhancing economic development. Results show that the targeted distribution of edible fungi across the country and the construction of beautiful villages have a high degree of direct correlation, and its steep performance trend is obvious. In the analysis of the equilibrium degree of the edible fungi industry driving the local rural economic development, the edible fungi continues to strengthen the advantages of local industries have used its industrial power to further improve the intensity and integrity of local rural construction and promote the development of beautiful new rural areas. The development of the edible fungus industry has also led to the enthusiasm and source power of the construction of beautiful new villages. The development of beautiful new villages will help to enhance the gain effect of the edible fungus industry and form a new model of the beautiful new rural circular economy.

COOPERATION BETWEEN INDONESIA-PHILIPPINES ON COMBATING DRUGS IN ASEAN [KERJA SAMA INDONESIA-FILIPINA TERHADAP PEREDARAN NARKOTIKA DI ASEAN

<p>The cooperation between the Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of the Philippines in regards to combating the illicit drug trade signed in 2015 was an extension to the 2010 bilateral agreement to combat transnational organized crime. So far, this cooperation with the Republic of the Philippines hasn’t been successful in reducing the number of drugs being trafficked to Indonesia. Instead, Indonesia has shifted from being a transit hub to a lucrative market for the international illicit drug industry. Thus, this research is aimed to identify and analyze the reasons behind Indonesia’s decision to extend the latter in 2015 and the implementation of this new agreement with the Philippines in regards to Indonesia’s effort on combating the illicit drug trade in Southeast Asia. This research applies the qualitative descriptive approach in this research, especially on the concepts foreign policy and bilateral security cooperation, achieved through both literature studies and interviews. Results of the research showed that the continuous rise of Indonesia’s drug trafficking numbers and the profits being used as funding for other transnational criminal activities such as but not limited to terrorist groups, serves as the foundation behind Indonesia’s decision in its bilateral agreement of intelligent and best practice exchanges with the Republic of the Philippines in regards to combat drug trafficking, which has positively impact Indonesia’s capability on combating the illicit drug trade in the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN).</p><p> </p><p><strong>Bahasa Indonesia Abstract:</strong> Kerja sama antara Republik Indonesia dengan Republik Filipina berkaitan dengan upaya melawan perdagangan narkotika ilegal yang ditandatangani pada 2015 merupakan kelanjutan dari kesepakatan bilateral untuk melawan kejahatan transnasional yang terorganisir pada 2010. Sejauh ini, kerja sama dengan Republik Filipina tersebut masih belum berhasil mengurangi jumlah narkotika yang diperdagangkan secara ilegal di Indonesia. Bahkan, Indonesia justru beralih dari peran sebagai “terminal penghubung” menjadi pasar yang sangat menjanjikan bagi industry perdagangan narkotika ilegal. Sehingga, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis alasan-alasan dibalik keputusan Indonesia untuk melanjutkan proses kerja sama pada 2015 serta implementasi dari kesepakatan baru dengan Filipina tersebut dikaitkan dengan upaya-upaya Indonesia dalam melawan perdagangan narkotika ilegal di Asia Tenggara. Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, terutama yang berkaitan dengan konsep kebijakan luar negeri dan kerja sama keamanan bilateral, yang dicapai melalui studi pustaka dan wawancara. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan angka perdagangan narkotika ilegal di Indonesia yang berkelanjutan serta keuntungan yang digunakan sebagai pendanaan terhadap aktivitas kejahatan transnasional lainnya (terutama dan tidak terbatas kepada kelompok terorisme) adalah fondasi dibalik keputusan Indonesia terhadap kesepakatan bilateral dengan Republik Filipina di bidang pertukaran intelijen dan praktik terbaik sebagai upaya melawan perdagangan narkotika ilegal. Hal ini memberikan dampak yang positif terhadap kapabilitas Indonesia dalam melawan perdagangan narkotika ilegal di kawasan Asia Tenggara melalui ASEAN.</p>

Surviving the Wildlife Trade in Southeast Asia: Reforming the ‘Disposal’ of Confiscated Live Animals under CITES

Simple SummaryIn response to the illegal wildlife trade, successful enforcement often involves the seizure, confiscation, and subsequent management of illegally traded wildlife. Unfortunately, confiscated live animals often experience substandard care. In this study, we investigate the barriers to the ‘disposal’ of confiscated live animals in Southeast Asia. ‘Disposal’ is the term used for what happens to illegally traded wildlife after confiscation. Guidelines for the ‘disposal’ of live specimens are provided by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), although individual nations must enforce this within their own legislation. We interviewed 18 experts from seven countries in Southeast Asia revealing eight categories of barriers to the disposal of confiscated live animals. We then propose seven recommendations to help reform the disposal of confiscated live animals, which would support the efficient and humane management of illegally traded wildlife in Southeast Asia and globally.Increased focus on the illegal global wildlife trade has resulted in greater numbers of live animals confiscated by authorities, increasing the need to manage these animals responsibly. Most wildlife seizures take place in Southeast Asia, with global demand for live animals fuelling much of the trafficking. Guidelines for the ‘disposal’ of live specimens are provided by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), although individual Parties must implement provisions through national laws and regulations. ‘Disposal’ is the term used for the management of illegally traded wildlife upon confiscation. Confiscated live animals can be euthanised (i.e., killed), repatriated to their native country and released, or kept in captivity. This study investigates barriers to proper care and disposal of confiscated live animals in Southeast Asia, where roughly one quarter of the global multibillion dollar illegal wildlife trade takes place. Interviews were conducted with 18 professionals working within conservation, wildlife crime, and confiscated live animal management. Eight limitations to the proper care and disposal of confiscated wildlife were identified: (1) political will, (2) policy, (3) funding, (4) capacity, (5) expertise (6) attitudes and behaviours, (7) exploitation, and (8) corruption. Based on interviews, we propose seven key reforms to support the efficient and humane management of illegally traded wildlife for national authorities and CITES parties. These are wildlife seizure management, legislative support, enhanced political will, demand reduction, global participation, registry of rescue centres, and terminology change. This research highlights major barriers to the proper care and disposal of live confiscated animals and proposes key reforms to improve the conservation of threatened species and the welfare of millions of illegally traded animals.

The geopolitics of international trade in Southeast Asia

Motivated by the historically tense geopolitical situation in Southeast Asia, the paper simulates the potential closure of key maritime waterways in the region to predict the impact on trade and welfare. The authors generate initial (unobstructed) and counterfactual (rerouted) least-cost maritime paths between trading countries, and use the distances of these routes in a workhorse model of international trade to estimate welfare effects. They find heterogeneous and economically significant reductions in real GDP, and show the magnitude of welfare loss is directly correlated with military spending as a proportion of GDP, suggesting nations may be responding to economic security threats posed by such potential conflicts.

Correction to: Mapping the Art Trade in South East Asia: From Source Countries via Free Ports to (a Chance for) Restitution

In the original version of the publication, Figs. 2, 3 and 4 have been included incorrectly and these have been removed with this Correction and the corresponding text have been updated as mentioned below.

Which is The Main Concept of Old-Banten Area Development, to be A Cultural Heritage or Not?

Old Banten Area is historical tourism in Indonesia with tangible cultural heritage. It was the Banten Sultanate center that ever has the largest settlement and monopolized the trade in Southeast Asia. In 2017 Old-Banten set as a strategic provincial tourism area that excelled in the cultural sector. The program has taken the implementation progress then even get criticized by several parties which one of them written by the Chairman of IAI Banten. The development process has shown the characteristics transformation as opposite with the revitalization term. Based on those critics, the research overviews the characteristics of Old-Banten Area as a cultural heritage and the current cultural tourism development process through interpretive-historical method. The results might be used as an initial framework to understand the importance of place identities preserved in the concept of Old-Banten Area development.

Collusion or collision? The war on drugs in the Philippines

The spiral of State-led violence against the illegal drug trade in Southeast Asia did not end nor disrupt this shadow economy and its complex links to state and non-state actors as well as the newly emerging violent extremism. The evidence in fact shows that the violent response to the problem has only fuelled more economic, political, and security concerns. The case is the same in the Philippines where an indiscriminate and violent war on drugs has not lived up to its promises. Yet why is there continued public support for the anti-drug war despite its failures, and from among those that are often victimized by its violence? This paper takes an economic sociology approach to the problem of illegal drugs and turns the spotlight on the threats to embedded social networks posed by this deadly enterprise. Using quantitative and qualitative evidence and case studies of a province and city recognized as a hotbed in the government’s anti-drug war, the study will show how collusion and collision are alternate realities and means of adapting to an illicit enterprise that is bound to many social and economic arrangements, including those brought about by violent extremism.

The Administration of Small-Scale Economies in the Cross- Border Trade in Southeast Asia

Purpose: This research aims to reveal that the servitude for economic interest in cross border trade zone can be applied in Southeast Asian countries. This trade cooperation includes the right to carry out certain actions in a country's territory as a place of trade for their foreign citizens. Approach/Methodology/Design: This study was conducted by using the field research and analyzed with descriptive analysis regarding the establishment of inter-state trade zones in the border regions of Malaysia and Indonesia. Findings: The results showed that managing the border region it is required to be emphasized by using servitude for economic interest to establish special trade zone for the creation of social justice in the border region. The establishment of a Special Area of Cross Border Trade, as that in Serikin market in Serawak, Malaysia, can be administratively used an alternative in managing the socio-economic border relations between Indonesia and Malaysia. There are several issues that must be examined as the implications of the establishment of border trade zones. Practical Implications: It is necessary to make an agreement on a special cross-border trade area to complement BCA and the BTA, in form of the Border Area Agreement (BAA). Originality/value: The trade area in the Serawak border is part of the acculturation of border communities, which requires special consideration in terms of management, legal rights and national jurisdiction. In addition, this kind of trade area is not formed by the Border Cross Agreement (BCA) and the Border Trade Agreement (BTA).