Southwestern Ethiopia Research Articles

Managing Climate Change in Africa: Balancing Social and Environmental Factors in Crop Selection in Southwestern Ethiopia

Managing Climate Change in Africa: Balancing Social and Environmental Factors in Crop Selection in Southwestern Ethiopia

Level of food consumption score and associated factors among households in Konso Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundDespite several attempts made in the developing world to improve overall food consumption patterns, it is still a major problem. However, there is limited literature on evidence of FCS, particularly in the study area.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the level of food consumption score and associated factors among households in Konso Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 488 households in Konso Zone, southern Ethiopia. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered, pre-tested, structured questionnaire. We assessed FCS through a seven-day dietary recall of food consumption. The households were labeled as “poor FCS” when they had a food composite score of <21.5; “borderline FCS” when they had a food composite score of 21.5–35; and “acceptable FCS” when they had a food composite score of >35 during the reference period. The data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 for analysis. The p-value, adjusted odds ratios (AORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to identify the associated factors.ResultsThe acceptable FCS among the study participants was 68.3% (95% CI: 63.9, 72.4), whereas 17.4% (95% CI: 14.1, 21.2) were borderline and 14.3% (95% CI: 11.3, 17.8) were poor. There was a higher level of acceptable FCS among households with household heads who were married (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.58), aged 18–24 years (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.30), farmers (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.39), and attended formal education (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.65, 4.21).ConclusionThe prevalence of acceptable FCS was found to be low. The age of the household head, marital status, occupation, and residence had a significant relationship with the study outcome. Therefore, interventions should target younger-headed and unmarried households. Policies and programs should support the ownership of farmland and promote formal education.

Quantifying Residual Soil Moisture through Empirical Orthogonal Functions Analysis to Support Legume-Based Cropping Systems

AbstractThis study investigates spatiotemporal variability of residual soil moisture during the OND (October-November-December) season in Ethiopia and its implications for crop productivity. Employing advanced statistical techniques, we analyze spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture across Ethiopia from 1981 to 2020, focusing on selected crops including legumes: chickpea, field peas, common bean, soybean and alfalfa, to assess the potential of residual moisture to support post-rainy season cropping. Results indicate pronounced east-west moisture gradients, with eastern regions of Ethiopia exhibiting lower moisture levels (< 60 kg.m-2) compared to western regions (> 150 kg.m-2). The central highlands, which are pivotal for agricultural activities, demonstrate significant variability in moisture (standard deviations > 25 kg.m-2), with implications on agricultural sustainability. The northern and southeastern tips of the country are particularly vulnerable to prolonged drought, where climate change and frequent dry spells exacerbate moisture deficits, consequently impacting crop productivity. Despite these challenges, promising opportunities for future crop production emerge in the southeastern region, which is characterized by increasing moisture trend over time ($$\:\tau\:=0.59$$). Findings further indicate that residual moisture adequately meets and supports crop water requirements in the western, central, and southwestern Ethiopia. In these regions, residual moisture supports more than 90% of cropland water requirements of various crops during the initial and late-season growth stages, whereas water requirement coverage drops to less than 20% during the mid-season growth stage. Therefore, by utilizing residual soil moisture alongside supplemental irrigation, Ethiopian farmers can meet crop water needs for double cropping and enhance resilience to climate variability.

Evaluating single and double doses of prostaglandin (PGF 2α ) injection on estrus induction and conception rate in Boran cattle breed in Southwestern Ethiopia

Evaluating single and double doses of prostaglandin (PGF _2α ) injection on estrus induction and conception rate in Boran cattle breed in Southwestern Ethiopia

Internal Self-Determination in Ethiopia

Abstract This paper discusses cluster statehood and its implications on minority ethnic groups. Using the three statehood exercises (South-Western Ethiopian Peoples, Southern Ethiopia and Central Ethiopian regional state) as a case study, this paper highlights the main issues and challenges minority ethnic groups face in the process of statehood exercise. These include the application of the simple majority vote rule in a statehood referendum, the implication of cluster statehood on minority ethnic groups’ rights, the challenge of clustering ethnic minorities without their wishes and restructuring minorities’ ethnic administrative boundaries without a referendum. It concludes that the simple majority followed in statehood referendum makes the role of minority ethnic groups rubber-stamp rather than reflect their real interests. Creating the Central Ethiopian State without a referendum is a flagrant disregard of the constitutional procedure and hinders the full political authority of minority nnp s to decide on their affairs.

General public knowledge, attitudes, and practices about rabies and associated factors in Gomma district of Jimma zone, southwestern Ethiopia.

Rabies is a disease of warm-blooded animals that affects the central nervous system and is almost invariably fatal once clinical signs develop. It is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in several areas of the world, including Ethiopia. Additionally, the burden of the disease is estimated to be high in Ethiopia, and public awareness contributes to prevention. A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from June-August 2023 in the Gomma district, Jimma zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of communities towards rabies and associated risk factors using a structured questionnaire survey. A multi-stage sampling technique was used for the selection of the sampling units and a total of 140 participants were interviewed. The questionnaire parts included socio-demographics information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community's respect for rabies management and control. The data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 20. Descriptive analyses were employed and multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate the association between independent and dependent variables (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice scores). About 134 (95.7%) respondents had heard about rabies. Likewise, 75 (53.6%), 55 (39.3%), and 95 (67.9%) of the respondents had good knowledge, favorable attitudes, and good practices, respectively. Christians were more likely to have higher knowledge scores than Muslims (AOR = 6.876, CI = 1.750-27.016, p = 0.006). Respondents who knew someone's exposure had a higher knowledge score than those who did not (AOR = 6.208, CI = 2.750-14.012, p = 0.000). Moreover, Muslims were found to have a more favorable attitudes than Christians (AOR = 5.518, CI = 1.199-25.391, p = 0.028). Those who knew someone's exposure to rabies were found to have a more favorable attitudes than those who did not (AOR = 2.367, CI = 1.157-4.839, p = 0.018). Respondents who had favorable attitudes towards rabies were found to have more good practices than unfavorable attitudes (AOR = 3.267, CI = 1.391, 7.730, p = 0.005). The study revealed a gap in knowledge among communities in the study area. Thus, rabies control activity and community awareness should be implemented with stakeholders.

Genotype distribution and allele frequency of thioester-containing protein 1(Tep1) and its effect on development of Plasmodium oocyst in populations of Anopheles arabiensis in Ethiopia.

Thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1) is a crucial component of mosquitoes' natural resistance to parasites. To effectively combat malaria, there is a need to better understand how TEP1 polymorphism affects phenotypic traits during infections. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the Tep1 genotype frequency in malaria vector populations from south-western Ethiopia and investigate its effect on Plasmodium oocyst development in Anopheles arabiensis populations. Using standard dippers, Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected from aquatic habitats in Asendabo, Arjo Dedessa, and Gambella in 2019 and 2020. Collected larvae were reared to adults and identified morphologically. Female An. gambiae s.l. were allowed to feed on infected blood containing the same number of gametocytes obtained from P. falciparum and P. vivax gametocyte-positive individuals using indirect membrane feeding methods. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify An. gambiae s.l. sibling species. Three hundred thirty An. gambiae s.l. were genotyped using Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) PCR and sub samples were sequenced to validate the TEP1 genotyping. Among the 330 samples genotyped, two TEP1 alleles, TEP1*S1 (82% frequency) and TEP1*R1 (18% frequency), were identified. Three equivalent genotypes, TEP1*S1/S1, TEP1*R1/R1, and TEP1*S1/R1, had mean frequencies of 65.15%, 2.12%, and 32.73%, respectively. The nucleotide diversity was ranging from 0.36554 to 0. 46751 while haplotype diversity ranged from 0.48871 to 0.63161, across all loci. All sample sites had positive Tajima's D and Fu's Fs values. There was a significant difference in the TEP1 allele frequency and genotype frequency among mosquito populations (p < 0.05), except populations of Anopheles arabiensis from Asendabo and Gambella (p > 0.05). In addition, mosquitoes with the TEP1 *RR genotype were susceptible and produced fewer Plasmodium oocysts than mosquitoes with the TEP1 *SR and TEP1 *SS genotypes. The alleles identified in populations of An. arabiensis were TEP1*R1 and TEP1*S1. There was no significant variation in TEP1*R1 allele frequency between the high and low transmission areas. Furthermore, An. arabiensis carrying the TEP1*R1 allele was susceptible to Plasmodium infection. Further studies on vector-parasite interactions, particularly on the TEP1 gene, are required for vector control techniques.

Hygienic practice during complementary feeding and associated factors among mothers of children aged 6-24 months in Borecha Woreda, southwestern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study.

Complementary feeding is a critical transitional phase in the life of an infant, and complementary foods should be prepared, stored, and fed hygienically, with clean hands, dishes, and utensils to prevent diseases. However, the prevalence and risk factors associated with hygienic complementary feeding practice have not been well addressed in Ethiopia, especially in the study area. This study aimed to assess hygienic practices and associated factors during complementary feeding among mothers with children aged 6-24 months in Borecha Woreda, Buno Bedele Zone, southwestern Ethiopia, in 2022. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a multistage sampling technique. The study was conducted on 536 mothers of children aged 6-24 months in Borecha Woreda from 1 March to 1 April 2022. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were coded, cleaned, edited, and entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS version 20.0 for further analysis. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted. Moreover, crude (for bivariate) and adjusted (multivariable) odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to assess the association between independent factors and outcome variables. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of 536 respondents, 350 (65.3%) exhibited poor hygienic practices during complementary feeding. The risk of poor hygienic practices was about two times higher among women over 30 than those under 25 (AOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.11-2.90). Mothers whose husbands had primary education or higher had a 50% reduced risk (AOR: 0.50; 95% CI 0.31-0.83) of poor hygienic care practices during complementary feeding compared to their counterparts. The odds of poor hygiene practice among mothers with poor knowledge of hygienic care were 2.71 times higher than those with good knowledge (AOR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.60-4.61). The prevalence of poor hygienic practices during the preparation and handling of complementary foods among mothers in Borecha Woreda is high compared to other studies. Therefore, improving hygiene practices during complementary food preparation requires the involvement and responsibility of policymakers, the community, and families.

Evaluation of Banana Varieties through Farmer’s Participatory Selection at Teppi, Southwestern Ethiopia

Participatory varietal selection was conducted in Southwestern part of Ethiopia to evaluate the performance of banana cultivars and to identify farmers’ preference and selection criteria in the study area. Seven banana cultivars collected from Melkassa agricultural research center were evaluated in single plot in 2020-2023 main cropping season. Farmers’ evaluation was made at two different stages of the crop, namely at vegetative and at maturity using both direct-matrix and pair-wise ranking methods of selection scheme. Farmers’ set; plant height, disease resistance/tolerance, fruit size and yield as selection criteria to evaluate and identify their preferred cultivars. The results of analysis of variance indicated the existence of highly significant differences among cultivars for all traits measured at 5% probability level. From the previous experiments, the highest mean yield was obtained from the cultivar William I (45.32 t/ha), Dinke-1 (45.1 t/ha), Lady Finger (40.16 t/ha) and Poyo (40 t/ha). Likewise, these three cultivars (William, Dinke-1, and Lady Finger) were identified as farmers preferred cultivars from both pair-wise and direct matrix ranking evaluations. Thus, these cultivars were chosen for their performance in the field and from farmers' evaluation perspective. Moreover, this study indicated participatory varietal selection is a viable method to gain greater insight into farmers’ perceptions, preferences, merits and shortcomings of banana cultivars. Therefore, based on the results of this study, William I, Dinke-1 and Lady Finger cultivars are recommended for multiplication and distribution to farmers in the area and similar agro-ecologies.

Evaluation of Hot Pepper Varieties through Farmer’s Participatory Selection at Teppi area, Southwestern Ethiopia

Three hot pepper varieties were evaluated in single plot in 2022/23 main cropping season. Farmers’ evaluation was made at two different stages of the crop, namely at vegetative and at maturity using both direct-matrix and pair-wise ranking methods of selection scheme. Farmers’ set; green pod yield, disease tolerance, pod color and size as selection criteria to evaluate and identify their preferred varieties. The results of analysis of variance indicated the existence of highly significant differences among varieties for all traits measured at 5% probability level. The highest mean green pod yield was obtained from the variety Melka Awaze (11.39 t/ha) and Melka Zala (8.39 t/ha). Likewise, these two varieties were identified as farmers preferred varieties from both pair-wise and direct matrix ranking evaluations. Thus, the varieties Melka Awaze and Melka Zala were chosen for their performance in the field and from farmers' evaluation perspective. Moreover, this study indicated participatory varietal selection is a viable method to gain greater insight into farmers’ perceptions, preferences, merits and shortcomings of hot pepper varieties. Therefore, based on the results of this study, Melka Awaze and Melka Zala varieties are recommended for multiplication and distribution to farmers in the area.

Pre-scaling up of Improved Tef Variety in Chora District of Buno Bedele Zone Southwestern Oromia, Ethiopia

Pre-scaling up of improved Dursi variety was carried out in Chora district of Buno Bedele zone Southwestern Ethiopia with the objectives to popularize improved Dursi tef variety, to create wider demand towards improved Dursi tef variety and strength stakeholders’ linkage in the study area. The variety was scaled up on ten farmers’ fields those predominantly selected in collaboration with respective three kebeles’ Development Agents based on farmers’ willingness to provide the required land size. The land size of 25 m x 25 m was used where all the recommended agronomic practice like seed rate, fertilizer rate and weed control method were used for the accomplishment of the activity. Training was provided to Dursi growers, development agents and woreda agricultural experts to facilitate further production and dissemination of the variety. Data like number of participants on the training and yield data were recorded and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. The result revealed that, about 124 (104 male and 20 female) participants were participated on the training. The mean grain yield of 1790 kg ha-1 was obtained which is greater than yield obtained during demonstration trial. Therefore, Dursi variety was recommended for further dissemination across numerous tef producers in the study area and similar agro ecologies.

Demography and stepfamilies among the Chabu of southwestern Ethiopia

Demography and stepfamilies among the Chabu of southwestern Ethiopia

Does cluster beekeeping improve the efficiency of honey production in participant households in southwestern Ethiopia?

The purpose of this study is to understand the determinants of participation in cluster beekeeping and its impact on the technical efficiency of honey production in southwestern Ethiopia. To this end, cross-sectional data from a household survey conducted in 2023 from 385 sample households in 3 districts were used for the analysis. An endogenous switching regression model with a probit model was used to analyze the impact of clustering beekeepers on the technical efficacy of honey production. The results of the study showed that honey production was significantly and favorably affected by the total number of hives, type of hive, and distance to an accessible forest. As indicated by the average technical efficiency (TE) at 72 %, the actual quantity of production differed from the desired production volume. The results show that the gender of the household head, access to training, access to credit, market information, frequency of extension contacts, and age of the household head are the most important determinants of households' decision to participate in group beekeeping. In addition, the result of the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model shows that participation in group beekeeping has a positive and significant effect on honey production efficiency as measured by technical efficiency (TE). Farmers who participated in cluster beekeeping were technically less inefficient than those who did not participate. Therefore, policies and development strategies that encourage further participation in cluster beekeeping could improve the efficiency of honey production of smallholder farmers in Jimma Zone, southwestern Ethiopia.

Stability analysis of dry matter and seed yield of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp.] genotypes in humid and lowland areas of southwestern Ethiopia

Cowpea is a multi-purpose legume interested in dealing with genotype and genotype-by-environment interaction which has a significant impact on the success of breeding method. Twelve cowpea genotypes were examined across three experimental sites in Southwest Ethiopia through the cropping seasons in 2020 and 2021. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications for each location was applied to complete the trials, and the dry mater and seed yields were recorded and analyzed using AMMI and GGE biplot models. Dry matter yield (DMY) was significantly influenced by genotype (35.51 %), environment (34.25 %), and genotype by environment (G × E) interface (24.82 %), according to the combined analysis of variance. On the other hand, seed yield (SY) was highly influenced by the environment (39.93 %), genotype-environment (G × E) (19.08 %), and genotype (11.88 %). For both dry matter and seed yield, the investigated genotypes were divided into four mega-environments using AMMI and GGE biplot. The initial mega-environment contain E6, the subsequent contain E3 and E5, the third one has E1 and E2, and the final mega-environment hold E4 for dry matter and E3, E4, and E6, E5, as well as E1, and E2 for seed yield. The GGE biplot revealed that the three vertex genotypes for dry matter yield, G6, G7, and G10 whereas, six vertexes for seed yield G2, G6, G8, G7, G11, and G10, scored higher yield in corresponding environment, while the AMMI model showed G4, G6, G9, and G10 were comparably stable and high yielders for DMY and G4, G5, and G9 were for SY, whereas G6 and G7 had the highest SY but were unstable genotypes. Based on the AEC line, genotypes represented by G4, and G9 were relatively stable and high yielders for both DMY and SY. The selected genotypes could be suggested for variety development in the region.

Maize Production and Agronomic Practices in South Western Ethiopia: A Review

Maize is among the leading cereals in production and an important potential food security crop in South-western Ethiopia. The availability of diverse agroecology allowed the country to cultivate different maize varieties. The early, medium and late matured maize varieties were targeted in research in south western Ethiopia. Appropriate crop management practices, next to varieties are very mandatory to improve the productivity and production of maize. Suitable field management recommendations for maize varieties could be increased production and productivity. Cultural practices such as appropriate plant population, timely planting, balanced nutrient supply (right time, rate, place and source) and field management practices (timely weeding, disease and pest control) have been conducted and important information is available for users. In addition, crop rotation and intercropping have contributed to maize production and productivity. Maize intercropping and rotation with pulses improve soil fertility and increase maize crop productivity. Maize is important in the socioeconomic situation of south western Ethiopia, the information related to the agronomic practice of maize production in south western Ethiopia is scanty and poorly documented. Hence, documenting and publishing important crop information can help the producer to get better information on crop management and the researcher can explore more research gaps in the future. Therefore, the current review was made with the objective of to agronomic practices for maize production in South western Ethiopia.

A new species within the Enteromius kerstenii complex (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae, Smiliogastrinae) from south-western Ethiopia

A new species of small-sized smiliogastrin barb, Enteromius gamo sp. nov., is described from tributaries to lakes Abaya and Chamo in south-western Ethiopia. The new species belongs to a readily diagnosable group commonly identified as E. kerstenii, exhibiting a thickened and serrated last unbranched ray in the dorsal fin, a low number of scales in the lateral series (≤ 27), and a yellow, orange or reddish blotch on operculum. Pairwise genetic distances between the new species from Ethiopia and specimens of E. kerstenii from close to the type locality in north-eastern Tanzania were 7.5–8.3 % (COI) and 8.9–10.1 % (cytb). Enteromius gamo sp. nov. is morphologically distinguished from E. kerstenii and all examined congeners from Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda primarily by short anterior (15.8–35.1 %, mean 27.4 %, of snout length) and posterior (63.2–95.7 %, mean 81.0 %, of snout length) barbels. The new species is known only from wetlands and side channels of rivers (Hare, Sile, and Sago) along the western shores of lakes Abaya and Chamo.

Quality assessment of common anti-malarial medicines marketed in Gambella, National Regional State, South Western-Ethiopia

BackgroundOver the past years, there has been a growing concern that a considerable amount of anti-malarial supply in the underdeveloped world particularly in the private sector, is of poor quality. The World Health Organization (WHO) has received about 1500 reports that mentions instances of substandard and falsified products since 2013. The majority of the reports concerned antibiotics and anti-malarials. The majority of reports (42%) originate from the WHO African region.ObjectiveThis study intends to assess the quality of the most widely used anti-malarial medications [artemether-lumefantrine tablets, chloroquine phosphate tablets, primaquine phosphate tablets, artesunate, and artemether injections] in Gambella, South-West, Ethiopia.MethodsA total of 52 samples were collected on June 2022 from Gambella National Regional State, Ethiopia. Half of the districts (six) located in the four zones of the region were chosen using simple random sampling technique. All drug retail outlets available in the selected districts (locally known as woredas) were included. The samples were subjected to visual inspection with a tool adopted from the joint WHO/FIP/ USP checklist. The pharmacopeial tests for identification, uniformity of dosage forms, assay, thickness, diameter, hardness, friability, disintegration test, dissolution, and sterility tests were carried out according to the USP 44-NF 39 and International Pharmacopoeia 11th edition, 2022 monographs.Results and DiscussionOnly 25% of the samples were registered on the Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority (EFDA’s) electronic regulatory/ registration system (ERIS). Besides, 88.8% of artemether injection products were presented in clear glass ampoules. This might expose the products to photochemical degradation that leads to in loss of anti-plasmodial activity. In addition, 50% of the artemether products assessed were not bioequivalent with the comparator product in the in vitro dissolution comparison tests. Overall, the study findings reveal a high prevalence (58.3%) of substandard anti-malarial drugs in the region. The stated percent of the samples had failed in one or more of the quality test parameters assessed in this study.ConclusionThe study findings reveal a high prevalence (58.3%) of substandard anti-malarial drugs in the region. Only a quarter were registered and 38% of the unregistered products failed the quality tests. Hence, the national, regional medicine regulatory bodies and other stake holders should perform the required roles to circumvent presence of Substandard and Falsified (SF) anti-malarial drugs in the study sites.

Assessment of factors associated with self-medication practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in southwestern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional survey

BackgroundSelf-medication practices involve the use of medications without healthcare professional requests. The threat of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused the practice of a fittest to survive action, with the assumption that something is better than nothing. Moreover, owing to the lack of effective treatment for COVID-19, the general public has shifted toward self-medication and symptomatic treatment, with approximately 80% of people stockpiling medication for use during the pandemic. Thus, this study aimed to assess the factors associated with self-medication practices during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis in southwestern Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study design was employed at selected drug retail outlets in southwestern Ethiopia for 415 community pharmacy clients from July 1, 2021, to September 1, 2021. Purposive sampling techniques were employed to select five drug retail outlets on the basis of high patient flows, and we took the study participants until the required quota allotted to each selected drug retail outlet had been filled. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with self-medication. AORs with 95% CIs were used to report associations, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Self-medication was significantly associated with being female (AOR 3.51, 95% CI 1.04–12.41), having a college education or above (AOR 47, 95% CI 4.32–55.21), time wastage at public health facilities (AOR 2.71, 95% CI 3.47–5.21), being afraid of contracting COVID-19 (AOR 0.006, 95% CI 0.004–0.185), and having high fees at public health facility (AOR 0.006, 95% CI 0.004–0.185). The most frequently used medications to treat or prevent the COVID-19 pandemic were analgesics (42.4%) and cold medicines (29.5%). Headache (22.2%), fever (13.2%), respiratory infection (14.3%), and cold (21.4%) were the most frequently reported symptoms of the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionThis study revealed high self-medication practices among study area residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary reasons for self-medication in the context of COVID-19 are fear of the pandemic and time wastage at public health facilities. Therefore, special attention should be given to educating public and health care providers on the types of illnesses that can be self-diagnosed and self-treated and the types of drugs to be used for self-medication.

Evaluation of FYM and Inorganic NP Fertilizers on Yield Performance of Sweet Potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] in Debub Ari District, Southwestern Ethiopia

Evaluation of FYM and Inorganic NP Fertilizers on Yield Performance of Sweet Potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] in Debub Ari District, Southwestern Ethiopia

Agronomic performance and dry matter yield stability of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes in Southwestern Ethiopia

Agronomic performance and dry matter yield stability of Napier grass (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) genotypes in Southwestern Ethiopia