South Summit Research Articles

New and known species of the genus Desmodora De Man, 1889 (Nematoda: Desmodoridae) from the hydrothermal vent communities of the Piip volcano (south-west Bering Sea)

Species of the marine nematode of the genus Desmodora have been found to dominate (up to 78%) in the nematode fauna from the hydrothermal vent communities of submarine Piip volcano, Bering Sea. The morphological characteristics and molecular genetic data of Desmodora specimens from different habitats of the volcano were studied and three new and one known species have been described: Desmodora hydrothermica sp.nov., Desmodora marci, Desmodora spongiophila sp.nov., Desmodora spongiocola sp.nov. The species often lived together, but a pronounced spatial specialization was observed. Desmodora spongiophila sp.nov. and Desmodora spongiocola sp.nov. were abundant inhabitants of the vulcanellids and some hexactenellids. Desmodora hydrothermica sp.nov. dominated in microbial mats on the carbonate chimneys from the South Summit, while Desmodora marci was found on stones near vents and in bottom sediments with Calyptogena pacifica (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae). The last two species were already known in deep-sea reduced environments of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, in similar habitats. The δ13C and δ15N values and fatty acids composition of Desmodora samples from hydrothermal habitats confirmed the consumption of chemosynthetically derived organic matter. SSU and D2-D3 of LSU phylogenetic trees largely agree with those of previous analyses indicating that Desmodora is not monophyletic. Moreover, phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily Desmodorinae remained unresolved.

Alpine archaeology of Alta Toquima and the Mt. Jefferson Tablelands (Nevada) : the archaeology of Monitor Valley, contribution 4.

The Central Mountains Archaic began with the arrival of foraging populations in the Intermountain West about 6000 years ago. This migration coincided with the "extremely dramatic" winter-wet event of 4350 cal b.c. and the arrival of piñon pine forests in the central Great Basin. Human foragers likely played a significant role in the rapid spread of piñon across the central and northeastern Great Basin. Logistic hunters exploited local bighorn populations, sometimes serviced by hunting camps (the "man caves" such as Gatecliff Shelter, Triple T Shelter, and several others) and they staged communal pronghorn drives at lower elevations. As climate cooled and became more moist, logistic bighorn hunting gradually shifted downslope, then apparently faded away about 1000 cal b.c. Communal pronghorn driving persisted into the historic era in the central Great Basin. This volume, the first in the Alta Toquima trilogy, describes and analyzes more than 100 alpine hunting features on the Mt. Jefferson tablelands. High-elevation, logistical bighorn hunting virtually disappeared across the central Great Basin with the onset of the Late Holocene Dry Period (about 750-850 cal b.c.), giving way to an alpine residential pattern at Alta Toquima (26NY920) and elsewhere on Mt. Jefferson. Situated at almost exactly 11,000 ft (3352 m) above sea level, Alta Toquima was sited on the south summit of Mt. Jefferson (the third-highest spot in the state of Nevada), where at least 31 residential stone structures were emplaced along this steep, east-facing slope. When first recorded in 1978, Alta Toquima was the highest American Indian village site known in the Northern Hemisphere. This volume discusses the material culture, plant macrofossils, vertebrate fauna, and radiocarbon dating for Alta Toquima. Bayesian analysis of 95 14C dates documents an initial occupation of Alta Toquima at 1370-790 cal b.c., with the sporadic settlements persisting until immediately before European contact. These alpine residences are the most dramatic examples of the intensified provisioning strategies that began in the Central Mountains Archaic about 3000 years ago, broadening the diet breadth to include plant and animal resources previously considered too costly. The oldest summertime residence at Alta Toquima correlates with the onset of Late Holocene Dry Period (LHDP) aridity (~750 cal b.c.), and these houses were episodically occupied only during the driest intervals throughout the next 1500 dramatic years of abrupt climate change. During the intervening wetter stretches, Alta Toquima was abandoned in favor of subalpine basecamps. This sequenced intensification predated the arrival of bow technology in the central Great Basin by more than a millennium. Exactly the opposite sequencing took place a few miles to the north, when Gatecliff Shelter was abandoned during LHDP aridity--precisely when the first summertime settlements appeared at Alta Toquima. This pattern reversed again when lowland habitats became sufficiently well watered to again support summertime patches of seeds and geophytes (~150 cal b.c.-cal a.d. 100). Alta Toquima families responded by abandoning (temporarily) their alpine summertime camps to repurpose former "man caves" like Gatecliff and Triple T shelters into family settlements. The Monitor Valley sequence documents several syncopated lowland-alpine, wet-dry reversals, reflecting an adaptive diversity that spanned more than two millennia. The drought terminating cal a.d. 1150 devastated much of the western Great Basin and American Southwest, but its impact was less severe in central Nevada. Although subalpine sites were again abandoned during the drought buildup that peaked in the mid-12th century, summertime occupation of Alta Toquima became more commonplace, although it increased notably during the ~cal a.d. 1200-1400 aridity and persisted throughout the Little Ice Age.

The structural evolution of the Qomolangma Formation, Mount Everest, Nepal

Re-examination of specimens collected across the Qomolangma Formation exposed in the summit pyramid on Mount Everest confirms a complex, multi-deformational history. Two pre-Oligocene deformational events are recorded within the calcite-dominated rocks from the main summit (8848 m). The first event is characterized by an RXZ of ~1.3–1.4 in detrital quartz grains, which increases to ~1.6 after the second event. The finite strain recorded in calcite in the same rocks is higher with an RXZ of ~2.7–2.8. The deformation in the main summit appears to have been accommodated dominantly through grain boundary sliding in calcite in a slightly constrictive environment with a vorticity of >0.81. Deformation in the South Summit (8750 m) contrasts with that of the top and is instead interpreted to reflect Miocene movement along the Qomolangma detachment with no earlier deformation preserved. U–Pb geochronology on synkinematic rutile indicates that movement on the structure occurred at 16.3 ± 5.0 Ma. Rocks within the Qomolangma Formation in the summit pyramid of Mount Everest appear to record the basic history of the Himalaya with early deformation likely related to crustal thickening and later, more spatially restricted deformation reflecting the Miocene extrusion of the metamorphic core.

Diplomatic Language: An Analysis of Salutations from Speeches used in International Diplomacy

This paper analyzes the core aspects of diplomatic salutations through the discussion of speeches used at international summits. Speeches by heads of states were chosen from two Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summits (1989, 2005), South Summit of Group 77 and China (2005), Islamic-American Summit (2017) and Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS) Summit (2018). Examining the context of salutations from the summits mentioned above, this paper aims to provide some insight into the international diplomatic protocol of salutations as applied at international gatherings. Research findings suggest that most leaders use salutations in a way that reflects their position within the political and cultural systems of their respective countries.

A Study on Legal Characteristics and Effectiveness of Panmunjom Declaration by the South and North Korea Summit

A Study on Legal Characteristics and Effectiveness of Panmunjom Declaration by the South and North Korea Summit

An Inventory of Bryophytes on the Summit of Pink Mountain (Peace River District, British Columbia, Canada)

The bryophyte diversity in northern British Columbia is insufficiently studied. We conducted a bryophyte survey in a 2.2-km2 proposed ecological reserve at the summit of Pink Mountain in the Peace River District of northern British Columbia. Pink Mountain is at the southern periphery of the ranges of several arctic flora species as well as the northernmost reaches of other temperate flora species. The south summit of Pink Mountain has a high floristic diversity coincident with its limestone geology, which provides a more alkaline condition for plant growth than the north summit does. We documented 65 species, including 2 new provincial records for British Columbia (Polytrichum hyperboreum and Tayloria hornschuchii), one red-listed (threatened) species (Tortula systylia), and one blue-listed (at-risk) species (Mnium arizonicum). Polytrichum hyperboreum and T. hornschuchii have affinities to habitats more typical of polar regions. The presence of P. hyperboreum at Pink Mountain represents a southward range extension from 61°33′ N in western North America. Because isolated populations at species distribution limits are likely to be vulnerable to climate change, the establishment of an ecological reserve on the south end of the summit of Pink Mountain is important for the preservation of bryophyte habitat.

Polyphase deformation, dynamic metamorphism, and metasomatism of Mount Everest’s summit limestone, east central Himalaya, Nepal/Tibet

New samples collected from a transect across the summit limestone of Mount Everest (Qomolangma Formation) show that multiple distinct deformational events are discretely partitioned across this formation. Samples from the highest exposures of the Qomolangma Formation (Everest summit) preserve a well-developed mylonitic foliation and microstructures consistent with deformation temperatures of ≥250 °C. Thermochronologic and microstructural results indicate these fabrics were ingrained during initial contractile phases of Himalayan orogenesis, when crustal thickening was accommodated by folding and thrusting of the Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence. In contrast, samples from near the base of the Qomolangma Formation (South Summit) preserve extensional shear deformation, indicate metasomatism at temperatures of ∼500 °C, and contain a synkinematic secondary mineral assemblage of muscovite + chlorite + biotite + tourmaline + rutile. Shear fabrics preserved in South Summit samples are associated with activity on the Qomolangma detachment, while the crystallization of secondary phases was the result of reactions between the limestone protolith and a volatile, boron-rich fluid that infiltrated the base of the Qomolangma Formation, resulting in metasomatism. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of synkinematic muscovite indicates the secondary assemblage crystallized at ca. 28 Ma and that shear fabrics were ingrained at ≥18 Ma. This paper presents the first evidence that Everest’s summit limestone records multiple phases of deformation associated with discrete stages in Himalayan orogenesis, and that the structurally highest strand of the South Tibetan detachment on Everest was initially active as a distributed shear zone before it manifested as a discrete brittle detachment at the base of the Qomolangma Formation.

동해 후포퇴 왕돌초 주변의 정밀해저지형 및 해저면 특성 분석

동해의 주요 어장이고 레저 관광과 동해 해양환경 연구 등에서 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 후포퇴 왕돌초 주변해역에 대한 정밀해저지형을 분석하고, 해저면 영상 자료 및 퇴적물 입도 결과를 이용하여 해저면 특성을 분류하였다. 후포퇴는 동해의 해안선과 평행하게 나타나며 가장 수심이 얕은 지역은 후포항 동쪽에 위치하고 있는 왕돌초 지역이다. 이 왕돌초는 셋잠(북쪽), 중간잠(중간), 맞잠(남쪽)이라는 3개의 봉우리로 구성되어 있다. 세 개의 봉우리 중 가장 수심이 낮은 지역은 중간잠으로 약 6 m의 가장 얕은 수심을 보이고, 북쪽의 셋잠은 약 8 m, 남쪽의 맞잠은 약 9 m의 수심에서 가장 얕은 지역이 나타난다. 왕돌초의 세 봉우리 주변으로는 얕은 해저지형을 보이며 복잡한 지형 기복과 많은 암반들이 산재한다. 그 암반들 사이 및 북동쪽의 평탄면과 급경사면의 서쪽 주변부로는 모래질자갈/자갈질모래 등의 비교적 굵은 조립질 퇴적물이 관측된다. 왕돌초 서쪽으로는 불규칙한 지형보다는 지형 기복이 감소하고 급격한 경사면이 존재하며 후포분지와 연결되는데 이 후포분지 지역은 니질/실트질 모래류의 퇴적물이 나타난다. 왕돌초 주변의 정밀해저지형과 해저면 특성 분석자료는 향후 왕돌초 해역의 해양환경연구 및 생태계의 지속적 이용을 위한 관리에 기여할 것으로 판단된다. The Wangdol-cho area, in the Hupo Bank, plays a very important role in main fishing grounds, leisure tourism and marine environmental researches of the East Sea. We analyzed the detailed bathymetry and classified the seabed characteristics of the Wangdol-cho area, based on seafloor backscattering images and sediment grain size. The Hupo Bank is developed in parallel with the eastern coastal line of Korean peninsula, and the shallowest area (Wangdol-cho) of the Hupo Bank is located along the eastern part of Hupo Port. The Wangdol-cho comprises three summits; north summit, middle summit, and south summit. The middle summit area among the three summits has the most shallow water depth with minimum about 6 m. The north summit shows about 8 m minimum depth and the south summit about 9 m. The bathymetry data around three summits represent undulating seabeds with many scattered underwater reefs and shallow water depth. The area between the underwater reefs, the flat seafloor in the northeastern part of the survey site, and the western steep slope area have relatively coarse sediments such as sandy gravel and gravelly sand. The bathymetry in the western side of the Wangdol-cho shows steep slope seabed, extending to the Hupo Basin. Fine sediments including mud and silty sand occur in the Hupo Basin area of the survey site. The submarine detailed topography and the analysis of the seafloor characteristics of the survey area are expected to contribute to management for marine environmental researches and sustainable use of ecosystems in the Wangdol-cho.

Polygraphy of Sleep at Altitudes Between 5300 m and 7500 m During an Expedition to Mt. Everest (MedEx 2006)

Sleep at extreme altitudes is characterized by the repetitive occurrence of central apneas that in some cases may lead to a marked decrease in arterial oxygen saturation. During the Ludwig Maximilians University Expedition to Mt. Everest (MedEx 2006), nocturnal polygraphic recordings were made at different altitudes and included the first recordings ever made at 7500 m, which were completed on 8 separate occasions during the expedition. The study was performed on the author (K.M., 58 years, 181 cm, 75 kg), who is an experienced high-altitude mountaineer. The standard polygraphic parameters, such as nasal and oral airflow, thoracic and abdominal effort, oxygen saturation, heart rate, body position, movement, and snoring, were collected with a portable sleep recording device (AlphaScreen, SensorMedics, Germany, Hochberg) at different altitudes between 5300 m and 7500 m, and were compared with baseline assessments made in Munich, Germany (altitude 508 m). The daytime value of oxygen saturation at rest was measured at South Col (8000 m) and at the South Summit (8763 m) without breathing supplemental oxygen for at least 10 minutes. The number of apneas and hypopneas of central origin increased up to a maximum of 148/h with a minimal blood oxygen saturation of 48% at 7500 m, compared with <5/h at Munich. After 11 days of acclimatization, data recorded at 5300 m showed a marked reduction of disturbed sleep. The Apnea-Hypopnea-Index dropped from 138/h to 51/h, and the minimal blood oxygen saturation rose from 57% to 67%. At South Col (8000 m), the daytime value of oxygen saturation at rest ranged between 53% and 55%, and on South Summit (8673 m) without breathing supplemental oxygen for at least 10 minutes, it fluctuated around 50%. These data correlate well compared with those obtained in hypobaric chamber studies and show that regardless of physiologic adjustment to low oxygen conditions at Base Camp altitude, during the final summit attempt oxygen saturation drops further to 55% and even less. Thus recordings of nocturnal oxygen saturation at Camp 3 (7500 m) on Everest, where the night is spent before the summit attempt, may help to show the actual efficiency of hypoxic ventilatory response and to detect the individual hypoxic tolerance to altitudes above 8000 m.

Before and After the Second South and North Korea Summit

Before and After the Second South and North Korea Summit

Development and applications of dome A-DEM in Antarctic Ice Sheet

Dome A, the highest dome of East Antarctic Ice Sheet, is being an area focused by international Antarctic community after Chinese Antarctic Expedition finally reached there in 2005, and with the ongoing International Polar Year (IPY) during August 2007. In this paper two data processing methods are used together to generate two 100-m cell size digital elevation models (DEMs) of the Dome A region (Dome A-DEM) by using Cokriging method to interpolate the ICESat GLAS data, with Ihde-DEM as a constraint. It provides fundamental data to glaciological and geophysical investigation in this area. The Dome A-DEM was applied to determining the ice-sheet surface elevations and coordinates of the south and north summits, defining boundaries of basins and ice flowlines, deducing subglacial topography, and mapping surface slope and aspect in Dome A region. The DEM shows there are two (north and south) summits in Dome A region. The coordinate and the surface elevation of the highest point (the north summit) are 80°21′29.86″S, 77°21′50.29″E and 4092.71±1.43m, respectively. The ice thickness and sub-ice bedrock elevation at north summit are 2420m and 1672m, respectively. Dome A region contains four drainage basins that meet together near the south summit. Ice flowlines, slope and aspect in detail are also derived using the DEM.

Seismic anisotropy at Hydrate Ridge

P‐wave velocity increases in the presence of gas hydrates and decreases in the presence of free gas in the sediments, making it an excellent means to investigate gas hydrate systems. However, seismic velocity is typically derived from surface seismic data without consideration of seismic anisotropy. The presence of anisotropy in the hydrate bearing sediments adds an additional complexity in data analysis; however anisotropy can help reveal the distribution of hydrates. Here we report on the evidence of seismic anisotropy at Hydrate Ridge along the Cascadia convergent margin. We find that the south summit is anisotropic, while the basin side (east of south summit) is isotropic. Anisotropy is likely caused by the hydrate veins. We interpret the anisotropy parameters in terms of the distribution and fabric of gas hydrates.

The Use of Closed-Circuit Oxygen in the Himalayas

Two days before the first ascent of Mt. Everest in 1953, Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans climbed to within 90 m of the summit at unprecedented speeds. By breathing pure oxygen from a closed circuit, the pair were able to obtain an enormous physiological advantage. Unfortunately, due to a malfunction in Evans's circuit, the pair abandoned their attempt on the South Summit. For many who used the circuit in the 1930s and 1950s, the device proved too heavy, uncomfortable, and tiring for mountaineering. These factors, together with the wider ethical concerns of using supplemental oxygen at altitude, have meant that closed-circuit oxygen has been ignored for more than 50 years. In this article the authors will attempt to describe the history of this discarded circuit and the experience of those who utilized it.

Lipoblastoma of the neck mimicking cystic hygroma

Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryVolume 132, Issue 3 p. 511-513 Article Lipoblastoma of the neck mimicking cystic hygroma Arie Rosen MD, Corresponding Author Arie Rosen MD [email protected] Hackensack, New JerseyDrs Rosen and Respler are in private practice in Hackensack, Hackensack; Andrew Jedynak is a medical student at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ.Reprint requests: Arie Rosen, MD, 2 South Summit Ave., Hackensack, NJ 07601; e-mail, [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorAndrew R. Jedynak MS, Andrew R. Jedynak MS Newark, New JerseyDrs Rosen and Respler are in private practice in Hackensack, Hackensack; Andrew Jedynak is a medical student at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ.Search for more papers by this authorDON Respler MD, DON Respler MD Hackensack, New JerseyDrs Rosen and Respler are in private practice in Hackensack, Hackensack; Andrew Jedynak is a medical student at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ.Search for more papers by this author Arie Rosen MD, Corresponding Author Arie Rosen MD [email protected] Hackensack, New JerseyDrs Rosen and Respler are in private practice in Hackensack, Hackensack; Andrew Jedynak is a medical student at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ.Reprint requests: Arie Rosen, MD, 2 South Summit Ave., Hackensack, NJ 07601; e-mail, [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorAndrew R. Jedynak MS, Andrew R. Jedynak MS Newark, New JerseyDrs Rosen and Respler are in private practice in Hackensack, Hackensack; Andrew Jedynak is a medical student at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ.Search for more papers by this authorDON Respler MD, DON Respler MD Hackensack, New JerseyDrs Rosen and Respler are in private practice in Hackensack, Hackensack; Andrew Jedynak is a medical student at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ.Search for more papers by this author First published: 17 May 2016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2004.05.006Citations: 1 Presented as a poster at the Eastern Section Meeting of the Triological Society, Boston, MA, January 24–26, 2003 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume132, Issue3March 2005Pages 511-513 RelatedInformation

Address to the South Summit

Excellencies, distinguished delegates, and guests, Never before did humankind have such formidable scientific and technological potential, such extraordinary capacity to produce riches and well-being but never before were disparity and inequity so profound in the world.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Accident on Mount McKinley

Accident on Mount McKinley

Cloud water and throughfall deposition of mercury and trace elements in a high elevation spruce–fir forest at Mt. Mansfield, Vermont

As part of the Lake Champlain Basin watershed study of mercury (Hg) and pollutant deposition, cloud water and cloud throughfall collections were conducted at the south summit (1204 m) of Mt. Mansfield, Vermont between August 1 and October 31, 1998, for multi-element chemical analysis. A passive Teflon string collector was deployed during non-precipitating events to sample cloud/fog water at timberline, while three sets of paired funnels collected cloud throughfall under the red spruce-balsam fir canopy. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of Hg, major ions, and 10 trace elements. Ultra-clean sampling and analysis techniques were utilized throughout the study. Six events were sampled for cloud water alone and four events were sampled for both cloud water and cloud throughfall. Cloud throughfall chemistry showed substantial modification from incident cloud water. Much higher concentrations of Hg (2.3 x), base cations (Ca2+, K-, Mg2+; 3-18 x) and certain trace elements (Ni, Cu, Mn, Rb, Sr; 2-34 x) were observed in throughfall than in cloud water. These results confirm that cloud water can leach a wide variety of elements from tree foliage and wash off dry deposited elements. Cloud water deposited an average of 0.42 +/- 0.12 mm of water per hour. Estimated cloud water deposition of Hg was 7.4 microg m(-2) for the period August 1-October 31, approximately twice that deposited by rain during this period at a nearby low elevation Hg monitoring site. Our results indicate that cloud water and Hg deposition at Mt. Mansfield are likely to have considerable ecological effects.

The 'lactate paradox', evidence for a transient change in the course of acclimatization to severe hypoxia in lowlanders.

The metabolic response to exercise at high altitude is different from that at sea level, depending on the altitude, the rate of ascent and duration of acclimatization. One apparent metabolic difference that was described in the 1930s is the phenomenon referred to as the 'lactate paradox'. Acute exposure to hypoxia results in higher blood lactate accumulation at submaximal workloads compared with sea level, but peak blood lactate remain the same. Following continued exposure to hypoxia or altitude, blood lactate accumulation at submaximal work and peak blood lactate levels are paradoxically reduced compared with those at sea level. It has recently been shown, however, that, if the exposure to altitude is sufficiently long, blood lactate responses return to those seen at sea level or during acute hypoxia. Thus, to evaluate the 'lactate paradox' phenomenon in relation to time spent at altitude, five Danish lowland climbers were studied at sea level, during acute exposure to hypoxia (10% O2 in N2) and 1, 4 and 6 weeks after arrival in the basecamp of Mt Everest (approximately 5400 m, Nepal). Basecamp was reached after 10 days of gradual ascent from 2800 m. Peak blood lactate levels were similar at sea level (11.0 +/- 0.7 mmol L-1) and during acute hypoxia (9.9 +/- 0.3 mmol L-1), but fell significantly after 1 week of acclimatization to 5400 m (5.6 +/- 0.5 mmol L-1) as predicted by the 'lactate paradox'. After 4 weeks of acclimatization, peak lactate accumulation (7.8 +/- 1.0 mmol L-1) was still lower compared with acute hypoxia but higher than that seen after 1 week of acclimatization. After 6 weeks of acclimatization, 2 days after return to basecamp after reaching the summit or south summit of Mt Everest, peak lactate levels (10.4 +/- 1.1 mmol L-1) were similar to those seen during acute hypoxia. Therefore, these results suggest that the 'lactate paradox' is a transient metabolic phenomenon that is reversed during a prolonged period of exposure to severe hypoxia of more than 6 weeks.

GCM simulations of atmospheric tracers in the polar latitudes: South Pole (Antarctica) and Summit (Greenland) cases

Simulation results from two global atmospheric tracer/climate models in the interior of the two major ice sheets at high northern and southern latitudes are presented and discussed. The models are based on two existing general circulation models (GCMs) of the atmosphere, complemented with tracer formulations (sources, transport, mixing, deposition, etc.). The seasonal and shorter term variability of desert dust, sea salt,222Rn,210Pb, and7Be has been studied at the South Pole in Antarctica and at Summit in Greenland. This choice of tracers and test regions serves to focus on the interactions between atmospheric parameters (e.g. the strong and durable surface inversions characteristic of the ice sheets) and tracers, and to limit other influences such as source variability and chemistry. Comparison with available observations is not consistently favorable. Short-term variability in the atmosphere (222Rn and210Pb) appears qualitatively reasonable. Seasonal cycles are in some instances opposite to those observed, and mean deposition is clearly too high. The coarseness of model resolution at the high latitudes and the difficulty of setting up efficient formulations for microphysical tracer processes (e.g. dry and wet deposition) are major sources of problems. If these obstacles are overcome, the combined tracer/climate modelling approach can offer quantitative interpretation of the observed features of atmospheric contaminants, or sensitive tests of GCM simulated atmospheric circulation.

The Lomé Convention and The International Law of Development: A Concretisation of The New International Economic Order?

At the beginning of the 1980s the North–South dialogue seems to have lost much of its momentum. The prevalent feeling is characterised by frustration about the dialogue's practical achievements, by growing cynicism as to its possibilities and by little hope in regard to new initiatives. The reasons for this view are manifold: the failure of major international conferences, the set-back in the negotiations on new international instruments, the standstill at the global level because of the hesitation of some countries, in particular the United States, which is reconsidering its development policy, and the deterioration of the social and economic situation in most developing countries. Given the growing economic difficulties in many industrialised states, the international climate for the necessary restructuring of the international economic order seems to have gradually worsened. This situation led the Brandt Commission to include in its report a proposal for a North–South summit conference of a limited number of heads of states or governments so as to create a new political impetus. This proposal materialised in the summit conference at Cancun, Mexico, convened by the Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky and the Mexican President Lopes Portillo. One of the hoped-for results of the Cancun summit was to reach consensus on the opening of a “global round of negotiations”, which would provide the framework for a comprehensive effort within the United Nations towards a New International Economic Order (N.I.E.O.).